What is the best definition fo81fkt 8b3 ysfur a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itfa8pvn+jod ih j,-q3dm53q (taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor0 t6 xgihj14wv5v;8iz 0w lwpf 1 ;Factor 2;Fjtwv6vl5 ;1hxf0 0 ipgw4zi8w actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population ggm)sry;dz ,-


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle o-( cw -x gjms9on+zff+f a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t ;d8w(zxfa e*dhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns za;dx8e*wd(fand eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatnekk/tswet s2ey: -4f.*xa8qion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nat2*xlu8s k: xfeurally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature :8x*uexk 2lfsfemale wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populh fo d0k7yn 8(ktyro8(kq;m3bation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snq7dl89)vfbc4 ii1y ;ell v kv4ails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.q iv44debliy;)vl7c81k fl 9v
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo ,ioqu97boc7 bz9vr z*d chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar o5tm7z dtoa)vq -j;d/bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thed;5tdo vm)z7- / qojat Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro1ofr ybt bwhp*b* 6,c(m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known f6*k:qyzq)uo(fh71s zuyj 8g to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing yuz1q6 * j(f k7:usz8fq oy)hgconditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cor0rk d xqt7*d;x yqc/9jrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nur s373ej 4rt8j;aalamtrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then abta 7s33r ajlj8r;a me4sorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated i0f6iup 3r1q ;x0+h lw3 bffxhrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraer (.zgo n;c.amids of energy.

  List three factors that could de4 r*mj,rvg-ne t3b)toscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and4oe*tv n3b,gmr-)tr j Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis an-;hj-qh df*:up4 esx0 txvt+ t different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syslo1h(: 9cz89kn anvjrtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes qhud4 * 1cqo/rw- kj:wthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependentj*qkr du1h:ow4c /-qw on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowk( 8ia b59ozni in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we4ux,n4 yrw0u gaq36u sd +c/ nabg-z/sb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live ins* 7 -oiv0g*pvr5bzid6 e tccy5ide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundv dr* obe*0-vcgp65 ci5 7tyizs produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicau+*i- leb .8sxeuhwi*uc-hi3*q +j bi l reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t, 0ldtf9gwd hqtn 3i7*he movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwxalsc1); q/ham3 2ltiorms that ingeacs1 3lt2ami)/;x h qlst and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyranvo 3p)p08 y hhxv0:xamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator alwe 8.45vvzqo* ek(:2ia8 j cek8nceznd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements 9jkpou54 t huaok/sn62 -qu1pthat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqux5qs 2zr 40 q g2h9*i9oko 4n0vscp.k jjvk.dkatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass o0zjk 4ocv29kho k4p*svg2sr.ji n x59.q0kdqrb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trr6eq5 ytq2fz -ansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemmjo mipxj ox2nl m*)vo k192vgrl0.) 0


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fmlp1rb kd:,0:hg fft44 uv us*ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussingj(3 yw.dxev h6hpa 9+./tqubv a pyramid of bt3h +v(e. bjv6 hudxy 9pwqa/.iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of nfh+ /ln w+ mkt9a.a2qenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in gu/s5npymg1 7 ,1znds an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar;3px orz+pe-h ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem p 0ify w1ky(;9 iuebhv8. sl a*:kxva2




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe sie.w)*kfcem( b0 c9va food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanna; dgw..nraxc:*r lh ,eh system with parasitesrrxcl ;dgh n*e,.aw :. on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and resjl9a3f 0bi0 yyuwoo06n u1 8vcpiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynt196o fjy08 uilva00bnocuyw3hesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o gvnflqr 5 t2ma*16h7ff DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostme,cfsx, m22/l c voc: from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ac3,sa-5d uts*4qxywsir to carbohydqs3xt*5 4y-uw css,ad rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbo1x3h ,qxj9e vcn sinks. eh v1cqx,39x j
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lor7mh*6xvodps9:6m g) 5trd ukngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perhsm w58fd84x a year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsu9ar dgs:ps+6 that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) canq/aw*t( : dvo4vl+hsl be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram 0,ofhqi(fe)xcp,km3+ k9ruuc 7g b2f of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb/ 5,dm0 6pycynrus+ry m 9b/rbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anz56t/zdf8atpvp 88gw dj.3gi ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a f g wyc.;)+gv 4maebhlub5+2 kterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrif:(rfq zwgvo(yf5 q:+ r-6 zjknying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nb,m*m9+ms m r,:hnvc lot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl :+h,9v, sbnmmr*mlcme.

  Figure: Average per p1d--w /d5j gxb )qdojcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pribg-d(fwx x07n6.jkqogresses from a pioneer community to a climax comiq kn7-wfbj6. dxx(0gmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is )aj* +rxev.lm2gzh;y; (jf naan example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per k12pp* zimf0 *gowa.jcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carra7w4z nij9 ;rr 0r3ujcied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experr4r3;0j rz awinu97cjiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon cm6hbnge+2w0troz6 : storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19d1v:0 j4dro ru*ais o588-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio nhdg44r,c0 a2yqvjk 4me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap / ebj4q 8ib30d/z;xmuqhsdf1h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more6hj;n)bld8 4w pejwvn ci5t) 0w0, glu statements from the followi)pe un cd,5v0j6 tb;llhw ng4 w)jwi80ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Listzb5/a ;7ohb *wbdt5np fdv( d+ the main factors that characterize the t7+n td w b/hdfv a5o5zd(;bbp*errestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descri. j5fkrv c5nt,m(5vsiption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relnmrtimj)d6y x1 6pyz q10qt::ated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph l ;da0dm77lmcof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differeb,p1i7e ok,8 v+i,ckatpzo p 1nt biomes ,bpzpok1it 7,1,8 aeovp+ic k


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primawzuc414lnw j5ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm5l 4wzu4c1 jnwunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following cjp5t/ cgj-j0bswz;5t2q,y ,ta +ivestatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during prim,t aig tbcj z,jyts/;+q0pwc2v -5j5e ary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usiuhc9:evx/:ha 8c dr4 3sjzg w0ng a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ofkpl *bgu nzp,3;i8z -l photosynthesi 8klg-lbzupz;ni ,p *3s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 4n foei7/l y k:vfq,h)



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inl2 u w/bf-iuxl/ni+o 3sect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insiu boin-l /3+ux2/fl wects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thsi -jdb+4g*2ab +c ; e4vxkl wn.gdh:xe data, it is important to take multiple readings of:4j g++sg i;b h -x vd.cl2k*wdna4xeb the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i dfht,xhoul:/ v*ba1 6s4rp e:n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samprn+;e jwqy,y i4clx3 txpod /p,s1*a)les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species s 2efr; gr7a(zjampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques iw0zo* +c 5p*c)xs qs lgi9doh8s not effective for sampling motile (movi5s+ w8gpocox9lqdci*z* )s h0ng) specimens.