What is the best definitbvj7lxs0v1 8 :(pzlhzion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph c9 +9jr0tla +t)c gtu/n 9 g0bd1si0kriq/abaof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could x,tqk) (ss2af- 8y- hb*vs jkddescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?tqhb d*a) -8ky2s,f sk-jvx(s

  Figure: Growth curve of a ss8lh 1o:akd7qq, q7 gpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom6 m zi-d5;z y,,vpw/oithe2eepsj67qa species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gidc: ubj0f qoeq28+oo 1raffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic q2 uoocbo8+ejf:01 dq Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organissy .*1o yn m)d8m4k9wiamz 6udms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolfz j w 6h4ib/ps4d9u/jl (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to thes/iju 4w6h9/jbzd4lp sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population overx q83ijf lr,3f -t:uoen//imb time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and / tui23qy v f1pb hgijs6nc t2-f3b(,lanimals (3 s/nht3pl figvb-2b ic12,yujtf 6q.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food clcp0obe3w+ hz n9n 1*zhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed w82on*effyek2gm8a 8 seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the mf 88ak*2gne2o f we8yArctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lor3(zz-cgt5 thtgbe.h w45u o+st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass withgqtz u i m3s4zq0*f85j high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent orga8t siuq3m5f0z j 4*zgqnisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of uzl/ wmn:ub;) a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientbq b74f1jj x(au4 cem,s by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products4c7efj j, buxb4aqm1(.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated n( (xc.r 5nui/c whg,p6zkf2o rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.c5*6 wbib du:/ h:wlvmg5ciu0

  List three factors that could describe ao2xu:,nxv1eli7xp uu63 /igpo8n k1t species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fu 1 :n2uuivx13,7gt 8 pnpo/ekoxl6x iactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the raz c75a0pxyu1f2pyiqa; r52qx- y,fwtte of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysbgu 0n +o92m-gpfl 1wjtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffm .(9hwrf -avne and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives(m.r f-nva 9hw birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a 146v6g9 hhduxiu;mnryg-1 wy terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wv .vd8yeru k-nl1 x;d9eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside 1iazm h4j.v0u coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced b4hmv1 0i.za ujy zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti 7rcu82z nebyg zwxid;by* /19on:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea;egfm ow xuch602z- r*n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes ro(oxr4b)u3l organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materia3rlu xbor o4)(ls.

  Figure: Ecological pyraqx*.xp cm x// smo;i+cmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its p whf 3tw uz,li/)sgok*+q;du 9rey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ard6dlu m-pqj( 3e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocow- er 2*bfvcqi 5t:c n4s;tjaeb3 fn35sm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are tr-n2rv3tceef4tfnsia cw5 * :5q; bb3 jue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatz6 dey /0+vh: j*gdls5ghf,skion.

  Figure: A natural energy convyds 1a 12kzo(i8a/ ghiersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins :8q; et19kvipi fd+sb in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the: 1f/vamk5 ;)pqjtz)ne5 nqb c following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassqfm)ap:n ;t5 /cez kn)qj15b v.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy aol*xhs 1 gv;*,ztd w;


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivin2y*b hpxe s2*zc19e aty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webp10o gco sl 9u 0gbrc2c4cmd/h t,9;tbys:i4l


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in mnmy+ x xwe6u 0c,bq:1a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dtwxa7 vf8te1b24,ctmwc h q9 4escribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sysm94eqy vu -z,( ww9 dmrh*v*lvtem with parasites on a consumer like thehemrm* w*-l4uvd v q 99wyv(,z lions

  Distinguish photosyntj o4zx:(fo* abzz/,f hhesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyn/fxj ,afzz:4(*z boh othesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that z4jv t/2i/jxfdescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energar6ty.za ,bd 5y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process tha(,(egk6b44sme fgz6z 6yn itmt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.ymz 44g(66benfk,mi st z6g(e

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to :a5 9 thjvra/* x/dfufh;wcy+other carbon sinks.tr5/9/aj*hcfx :; yv awufdh+
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tim g5lpu9) tvqkjzn2 n40e.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeadrsvk -o 8(.jir


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements mk )/7 hqpx-cjirz jx l*n+,gh.b dy9;that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be kjc( iy/wp o+xmkyw(0+o9l e ;calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marineu60 iu(5 htjek carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carc dq qwofk8:5 hp)je91bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosydrypf2b0 mz:) stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecr16.qza cflmhegx5 86hw3 4ajwfx 9 4vosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying1sqd wxcw4/ ((c ismf7 bacteria.

  Identify which of the 8p vx9 kmi;.zuhv23 h ln5+w 7cgcho7rfollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclexch5 . +lghih739ko mrp2vcz ;8uw7nv.

  Figure: Average per capc:e/a z pd i0w*p0rgf/ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim lqy).,avihjn7 r*7iq4esh)mary succession progresses from a pioneer communiev sq 7 )j)h. mnliyqir*ha7,4ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examplu7cdl7pfmn ,hg.o. , le of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca5a/bk e u,e2hcpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea planqolpt/ + vk9k9t in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen vak lt9pqo9+v k/lues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT 4 ukni*fs8j++z hhp9y $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 n*9pq3m1td fi2:g fh68ltujz8pn:stp x- pr(


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomes5/j f/naf mbf3sg- c;

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Royb upsxeie-si 06/ w3esh/z 89me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the conceptk09eu;, iq gyr bg9zh0iz5jw/ of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followiryqgkzu/i5 ,hi wegz j 090b9;ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variawya tpttd(gv,0 n+f3 1bles. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biome+(fnpw,1 tv tt gda3y0s.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest cv l1frh*+456suvci gbiome.

  Identify the correct st .c;dtlh2ud). qj ) sz2ioup;+dl:up eatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, gdz yd 0 yvsnj11mym67n(o6e l-3a4ms Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bio. pu 9)byvq*d.1o*m hd-f+.zqi5hwfhq4 yj pames y-q hqaphib*o) .*dpz4m 1u. +f. 5f hdwvy9qj


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressrxfqc;z3tuvle)m 2 5 p wj:.m3es from a pioneer community to a climax c f3 ):e;tzjlpmcwrv .3uqx25mommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chye xptzp y.x yk4r+xx/)w4n9e5 2- yakanges in productiv+-/xnpa.95yt4 peykxy)4 e2kzxr xwy ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sg5 y6+o el*a,0q9r8 8z txrzrsukog(hecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of i glp b/8-h+mvbuc4e d-c( *oxtemperature on the rate of photosynthesis dhic4b+bl(-pg/mouv - c ex8*



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field *b q e*+7vyl.qfw jl c/jlt4p(



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beewij32ozf1h m (g an06rtle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, o(h3ozm01gaw nir 2j 6ff which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliazr2)*zkfze u)i b)c (tbility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same f)2kz feic)*zurb)t(z actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling mois6j0m+og,lo iv1*


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples 4-4 pbp :spwigof Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specie9: zj)gb2 saiwfg0t x8 )ggh6ls sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sam. wnwk l1o,z lav i-cfx(vrf5*dz,1w*pling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movwv lfi,awor(*1 *,fn zlk cwvd-.5 1xzing) specimens.