What is the best def z*xzh b (n-icg6*b5fvinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romw3 p v4 q;js ks,;zfb-5wp/etje, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact vqrh6n +jdyar;(aq1*or 2;Factn6h+j (ayq;*r v 1arqdor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a 3.n 8u-jirboa population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of ahn/+b grv-; (3lfmqme Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-mw 3 pf4k0i)6 )l+tnugumohb: sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in ttun3+kl4up w6)go)hmi f : bm0he Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popl *vv e7( pq4ik2- d6dsc.bdcculation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus 3f(dpyxk.;x f)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in soyxpf(x.f; 3 dkme way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pu s,, cim4sol6k4fus5opulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fee -maj cr8b)rd2 u8/nekd on the remains of dead plants and animal2u8m rj-)dnrak8b c/es.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains : ary);v i2v;f xzazt7w/e ii2


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otty 3yq59uv+c 5 yxftm)her organisms live and interact with each other in t9m5qc+uxt yv)3yf y5t he cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eng2+ mrc muv14zn ,fhx9ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi0oncf;l3- hs(*kce +zwp0 jk tth high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact;ptc +-s0zlkcj0 o3whf en(k* with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desv ql15d 0jkm09t 7v1) cewdlpjcription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive xrl2+ *pyngvaw5zi k;730fzqenzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the v+7wzzi;5ky20l*qf x pa3nrgfungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice3qf j u7x8eysz47s t*c cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of /xz ord mw*1v0wtj(k3energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.n dn2l jh w*,sr3i)qq;What is Factor 1; Factor 2w2n hn,3j*;isq) drql and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures (irw/sjrvvmf hem3(wep v1+q * )9d:g

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rifv a ywb,b0+ag-8k jr4pr+l8ece cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tuw-o8 -(f-nzrmafq u 41 ctr;qhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congor -- z(afr1wfutu;qno-4 cq 8m. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ,s71 c wpob 0bivx5czfke. fd.-*ql5m terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web -hy /(lqlbqa mqb57) t9 n7tsb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comp5mi(pktt od 5x3thc *5oup hkd*55c x(ot 5t3tminds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following clc,gp x-u2b,uhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean ioxbrmd 0hz.- 86g/qm


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follow/fy grn(1u:ax1 h: pvning terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-lg/:n1farp:yh(v un 1xiving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py 66h9d9)y6m 3 suu-hu kh*glvto i:nqqramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densin /yuv ixhkymp1cu,f84,4za1 ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements t97y+z icfv2qehat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocox 2tfsb*p5)wfsm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included alfpxtw *2fsb5)gae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following isnm3wn ,;q3*i1 3tfojmsdi ,ai an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy c7m) y ,qifybwk)/s i/tc)momeqcz 12j7nr6w 8onversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaincu b-g0e(gib ;s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dr aim2i8 s+):4jc.dt;fkc ewe3no d-hiscussing a pyramid of b4i+ fc- dm 2ha:rowsj)d;ieeck. n 8t3iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of edw.r;*z i-s2wtbhqlv 39 d mjmno 0-i2nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repred7.hbuwuo: r *hbz;3g senting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine vqt.oc7j.sx2rfl9),- gwo(m ebre3c :,kzvofood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys gr yy+ymm(e)wl+vp( 6tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that d2y d,y 92h/pceb p+jywoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tm; 4b3pt nb*y,wlmh l5cv8 wh7hat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on mb;5tb,cm 3vnww*p4 lh8 h7y la consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthf8f b yl:0vn;kr18 kegb1rcn 0esis and respiration correctly from the options below.What gflbc8n rf 0v;k e8 n1y:0kbr1is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insect ; adjg.0kh4sxicide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost 5c3s t 4xv*n6p1.foszsf7 el6y*cq*6x y w quqfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbonz jrxl7y+t4(x dioxide in the air to carbohyx+rjtxz( l47 ydrates.

  There is continuous cyclin:h8kw6d7exj9,w lzlrg of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ew:6lz dl,wk8xr 97j h
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest k8wrjb,wfq 4*time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosy-.) hnhc 1twoahj0al+rl;vw7nzet3 e tf43 .zstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen za7oz4ottx dy( 2 ot/ic303vpts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatk715)9x6 ,hdqnqhm +hv yydvxed.

  Figure: A simplified:bx x1on7 gt-g .y5maz diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throufd6 ;:yt.cu7mi6 miw() fyv: ein9kc ngh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec.i( v5ma ++z.dvh.udhr5 lhfoosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemswo r/3voj3v6 in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not nn,zebgv a7zj kqmwm25ma x 5,-94zv.true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effz -vk *l:cs82 8m(8qnqifotdbect on the nitrogen cyv lf88- (cmtqdq:*8kb noizs2cle.

  Figure: Average per capita tgm1 f/wen+7t$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s1vq 2r) g,criauccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax cigrc1q2v,r ) aommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following u** 0t;v9xpsl mcd8h eis an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capy)6be2ux 5 xjik;2cd tw4s+ rhita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bott7ni2d ;b dm9yxd0 .gtcles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkn7xndgbd;0ytd 9i.cm2ess. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor3q*e spek+4k *wwm,snages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriei- hg3bc7k: nrs by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fojpukir)9, +h djx7q9gr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro:l2ah)ei(w i y- cu5fjme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cai7d yr:l 7ya v82b(1lhxd h,zhoosing one or more statements from the foay d 7l,2yvh7alrhzd1 :i(x b8llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns anu;83m 4d9 eocxm 6jqnufat3i:d other physical variables. List the main factors that characterid;tna m6ioq9 8f4 3:u 3xumecjze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description :, y yjv kh r,sm8h.tgabr25+dof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyst:t1j h71iyk (vx)onooem.

  Figure: Climate graph 9m2xgds0 ) .gsfa p nw:x/on,yof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tmoagzr/inir i 2 kws)2;5z-1eu7d k x1wo herbivores in different biomesxni; k7 /io1im za)2zw1-eugsrrk5d2


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, pcjdvz ezquu);38 et7w(mq(p-t ,0 fh GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to -t087 tpz z)f peqmju( q,w3ueh d(c;va climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notm-bp 8cullq nm; q*,j1 correct in describing the changes l mmu q1,l8cpjnq;-*bin productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be r+.cqr0 ocg5 6cy daa8measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat18+b x oe7n5nhi josm,e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisn51,8onx7+bij e h mos



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi- k0(c+ ihutooeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spec 1mv9uqu/. k7qm2mzlgl qy2 g6imens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day/ q697g2gqy1mz2lklm .m qvuu the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of tfh86lbrr 4c;bhe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sam r b48r6lf;chbe factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sam l kjsug04tgxe hnm1+6yj)7* mpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willohtjry542w;e: lpotk m6 0pp7/b ulyq2w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciyy)*vcxwv4qgl0n;j 2u* iv;mes sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follow yz+dapn:a9 4hing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)ha:nza 9 4d+py specimens.