What is the best definition for a spet* +dt*ez,g, qvze )ypcies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita9canq.+ x5aanc* 19 kst hsw;qly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicjb3:3v6a4n mhp0/g6 wvqq dddhe.What is Factor 1 ;Facto0d4vad3w /bnqhqjg6p36dm: vr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po:0 jee9j kvpk t809ycopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specij( iiq: 2qcqj9es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip(3it4 o7zo+u q7ao8h6 huk mvbes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring vh ih7q3(67omu+u4 akz oob8twhich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organi t*,p2p ik0jf ; pmj2rhr2)kr x4pg*-k*qzuytsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amem r vi03ux0lyl x(,q;mrica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherland3 lly0(mmx v;ix, uq0rs.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a poppt4l5b 1vy( mpn*nav( ulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on th mj)d5s tm ul4e751ze1q;p rs0r8i6 qsmrcfb+e remains of dead plants and animals.ireue1s r 5 cmr5)s+msd07q mf1 b6qt;4jlz p8
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins is6sh-4cc5qce n food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,:+mmzm/f qj 7r killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thmf+mrz 7/qj m:e Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy )ae/ udb8/ ,iboi ;beiis lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tre4o6-na smjze -es and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of mas 4aejm-6on-zny interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that istl4fxx2r+) g g a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nut3ybm.w t.b;pm ( 0y am7,gtdojrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead andm otm(p yw j7byt0. 3a.b,;dmg decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultin8v :9tt,jdi)di cnx g/k4-qrvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enk:lkbp q:v2v2e(.4 t9mpde isergy.

  List three factors thbuqjp1 )d(; iuat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3p )i( dj;u1buq?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at difarg35n f9 g 7fe trd2thv5cn)6ferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaf*mx5jn(jrhgi: 36 u ftion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that reoy 5y,o que-/ *8phhymsemble the zebra. It lives iey5o-qy u h /ph,o*m8yn the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desf -sie.qksmjy2 -3g :5e qh3rocription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webf7;vq am-vav1t 3;dsp



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the ca.hqw0- auk0;:qcuhz o rbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae hq :ho.0 a-cz;0wq kuufrom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following c aco40htojwx w 1k2/hm(v:wh6hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement47:quua1 ,hiblkb vr; of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms that-y-dsbh )v9w4ix:y;. 9)l vnml dfrgd ingest dl;-fh) yw lr9d)b4gv xivdm-syn :9. and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of wr 2ymse5bso-g4 n()hnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densc 5qodfxsgz,k-+ln j 889 b1jbities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloryd(l bu h4x- w.thbky)k(astfe h-0(4oethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerchwvdo+;lkk-l, i xg4+;7j wpuially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements , +d4-;xh7pwgl+ijkw kulvo; are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo/f q 2fnv*seb;rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy 7(rzh -m+le vaconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i, e1q uqa+b0pyn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussi7. 4b2yc b3dbin/wbkv4x ui) ing a pyramid of i4cd buvn)i.3by /ik72x w bb4biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energm (o auu)l4gxw9 3cs70cyg7ehy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for cl -mt)rai1ylv-j*tke7vj -5t/duh ( representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f kcmkp3w-hg ct)1gzqef6)zw8/ jpy.8 ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i42 -vptfd9 8vn zxlgb:25onxi n a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelsjc(g( n,sf+ch )bf8my describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sdv biyk h0o4,tqv0t4x ,1j d8yavannah system with parasites on a consumer lok10t ,qtyx0 d b4j,vd 8yihv4ike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and r 4q eaxgw1v8s1espiration correctly from the options below.What is Pq81asexvg w14hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describefyvq7s(ivtfn +ft ba5t8 144h the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecou ljy4g)igod0tl (-( esystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxit kc3k* ph4a7hde in the air to carbohydrp kkcht3*ha4 7ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphe /yalxrvl g f+t+89a +xrzt4/wre to other carbon sinks. +vtx gzrl y+rl4fx+w//a9a t8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time8.48sduqlqx)sy /k ih.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per argv)z5vykq/ir gwo3v7lk .a ap: 96o+ cea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement.ok 9cku0y:x.m f) /1hycf 0bdjd 2azws that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatn+: imrs 0wzoa+d 8:cred.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ca1qv3 ut*xsh/hd 8cd i*1azrx; rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon5mt3jt-w ui w5 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyh7 fy 8hjcic6:stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr-z09sniepo p-bfa5(o ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th/vxbxuu3h+klxwp:; 3 at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following ia6 fk8edccpogna;eu-fw +0 3 5s not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cywfnd3eog0-ap6 ; ce85 +u ckfacle.

  Figure: Average per capitgu24gfjt ;.tzw 6w n,ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog ;o4k m(m4ae diedg3*h f/cpxqa/( z)hresses from a pioneer community to a climax communiti kg ae/fhh4(ddmx/*mz);a4qc e3 (op y.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatizbaca c *5,fn) ur4a-ion.

  Figure: Average per cap3w3o y9 bqzdszhf -cb:* *-nggita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onesud. il(5fe j/3w +xyq was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the b5sd3x/iw+jy .lqeu ( feginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flow 1a63f 1urzl7xs;obdfs in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20lmf jk+( bp9 9vn66is*vz9bei20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for-k7 6-7f5kyanlw rj vp a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome5 kp23un5 :, zewpmcql, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one yd2b :k/0y4/dr j+igde o/vkr p*6xkbor more statements from the fo boddk/v:2/be* r4+yk0d/ 6 kgxj ryipllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized;ig v,:v mo*mq by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesgq,v:m * oivm;.

  State which is not a description of the rainforeuson:p3j-d) amf7k l9mm,;n hst biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedead ;hxlsyda,4b00w) t d)ft*xh7 l.q to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ,sk*k w/wfk:i:t 6iir) g:qug


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioez jx k7-uy4if,0e3n )dihbt :mass of two herbivores in different biomh7t0ieey4, :uid n3kfj ) xzb-es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progri3wd4 sa3 yu1uke+ 6gt cdr.2resses from a pioneer community to a climax come3d 1 6wgk3+uyratir2s. duc4munity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stat:x(jo2 o hhgv;ements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary shgo: ( xho;2jvuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.0 k,:/q yd3kpu;q) doz4clly lggf(o 5

  Figure: Set-up to investigate twe xmjra 7t q,4;yv)4jhe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthey t 47w xejrm4jq;)va,sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a -dw.xxrfy-3 p field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insecmr- jz2fx )+tq:jm dy-t traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held:zjf-j2 q+r m-)xtmyd 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to t5rw:x3 whzg.nk h xttlhg*.;5ake multiple readings of 3 t5x.rg:hxt5gww.;nk *h z hlthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used indp1 *w(5 nijbt m(cm;z ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C1i9+9ls7 bs2k9cjxnxq )ctcq*t 6bhjreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pd p w8l+a8vmxt*/( qpyarts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingtid 6 sa:jf,i6 techniques is not effective for sampling motile (j ,sf6ai ti:d6moving) specimens.