What is the best definition for a spec a yu2j3e5o5wpdke 9v)r 1n;kcies?

  igure: Climate graph o7 d) 4mh wmie7-4-tk6 ffmafdmf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F+ai3bg yrst-;u 8;vzqactor 1 ;Factor qyt-z;avir 3 busg8;+2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatioqkk.dyg b m2;(0xkii *n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciego byi 6v8k2wiw64.bxpe ;w)os



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zeyg 80 xe zcf.mrf2p;a6bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one o0; arpcfm ge.2z8 x6fyffspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups z4a6u,hiv kh8e e)h* vi0w0i (/klqfcof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally inn(w/y p56j24*vbf n(wsz vlyv North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their populaw2vnn(j /*zbfpw6v 5s vyl4(ytion numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovgui zmi.74w7h er time.

  Crabs, earthworms, miteu ynaj:62it 89rql vo.s and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. 89tiq:jl6 .nv2uorya
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxvru-a6bxto6; /7 wiakins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kil9*wqqy .ms(adt 06q/rsjey6 ller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact withrayq9sy./( dw m6sqlej 6tq0 * each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro rt)we2sf m3pd7iv: f.m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to havedmhslo f:vxm3;sw4 :9 by ia)2 tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. m av9y2m ;:f : 4hl3idosx)wsbThe growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of ((vp d-k 42goa yqfklp67q avbk,e-gg zq.5n:a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrof 8q -b7-/mcruauo)bv undings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, a-vo8/b ma -r uuf)c7qbnd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivating, cq +7hrcu8on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for p( udrt;5kqq*v yramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What iz.n. lh(.kf+vlam mu8s: tmbp n43b,is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factomf.u. h. lkbtmn ni(lbmvz3 8s+a:,p4r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temwkx/+9ny.qeka m(ue)7y 7ht xperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riceouc(xx wrq hc)*6el77gc z2j4 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraff(xsq u*x e,:fye and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tenqx:y,xue s(* fd to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecttif8vz q. xjdv5)h8hu)7aps* description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodd ;e3y8lyox yx kuk5q*th;7 pmf.e2)q web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algaeznq8bx( /q2u7 ylgvw* that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dio ulwg 8(zq7yx*vb /2nqxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: gtnibb +()lxb uz.5f8wxd nw-x5 wy 11


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrijv psa8gyv c3rwp /c2j;*. o*am of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like ea8f0 t 1fwfjm*srthworms that ingest and then br wfm0j8tfs*1f eak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n, r .rg/wh32drneb -:koy jgb)umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat azp8;ujot w/g (gy58n39q4.xbs2 qwpll axx6or and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are v+d.ob0)hd ypwf8y 5oy 09jm;k tlb/ rtrue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercia6qu8 dv tlc15xd3 -3lbno.rtlt: h0 dzlly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and graveq0vtdb8ltdr31tc : -dn56u hlo zx .3ll. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra- rmhw 4-uw(j /ih-jhinsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver/+sqil),g p), wzxc is w)rsj64e-knzsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi7mrb f3xbg (x,w:tn9uns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the8aumy yg*bj3xkhkg+j3 t4i 0shi; ;(a following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biosu0j8 g(bj;i ky3;* 4takxmh+a 3iyghmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener) lrqukw* )z4hqsn jl-i:i;r0gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.*r l :lj debfev/3ae;hq7s-w)

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo,05 i,m :kq in(xsmjibd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosiu8l9l cn: 1muystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wehb uyyw9c)6q+v8w94 sib ks6hb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers,p3af/g aaep 2ofu 3v9 that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consu/pa a,e9ua3v 2f3ofg pmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration c-jtr4uf4of : ycq-0ui /r v: .qnecn*rorrectly from the options below.What is oie nr-4 q/nuff.*trryq: c:4c-uj0v Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe thelt .fd5 w9k+b lt2+hkg use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enh0j (cb: jw3crergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tyd v)+ qmz 1j*yg3agc-o carbohydra cgv3 z* md1-ya)yj+gqtes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t :9wxwat f3i:fvqn,i jb2;l;the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.ia:vx ;b:l, wnfij3 w;tf q2t9
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requ/anzsjqb85z 9 ires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pz / 2cdj3l;nge2bh w.hry22neer area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are c 5x d6pk(6awc+zqpu /true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (a 1(zwu ;b)zx(*ijeceh -7kxtNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of hc(l 04/l6 g cecvd56wil;lovt,s:xh uz5w )gthe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon c4p cnsnb5c* b*i0x2q gycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow i :lhx*geevr j:d0s(2 rn an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste e57der no/x8wm in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not 1j x6.j((xhxkx; a jpbtrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eazf.6 l4nw8yuffect on the nitrogen cyfw4.8u6ynza l cle.

  Figure: Average per capi3izutgqxy dp y /j;89i0jz9)pta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP 05/2/ap d zspwtsothz0s8 y1j and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commun50zyws2p s1ths0 pd/ /j o8tazity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationxzroq6**vfk; y/ ky w6f8)y,lytp;k n.

  Figure: Average per c.w 1rkxu7qd ) ) kas1a;jqosoy59xr +xapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterf0 y y , (nxeh-wa*bw*gam nvju.0ga:/. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two day* (0.e0nja-gh/u:w wb vx*n ,yagmfays in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stormflcj 4e1q3o (sjz/ *tages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20h /9e 2cpgc;tf20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data bw,5nd +*zrky ylif)) for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyan i62 )r0nywz



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the5eb2;pph r;c remu+f: fp:;b5;r e up+hr em2fcollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and e 0forfp ;r-6fother physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestr0fpf; -6o frerial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the4 .vw 6/vazone rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an 7zyz,n9 x) ykyecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of f 32rva:dfx.msbyu9 2og+qh, Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomt d. +x*qdbfmti*b 4c-ass of two herbivores in different biom* dtbift qc.d4+ mbx-*es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe,o an0:m9fpsoauypgn6z q/7. ssion progresses from a pioneer azy6nqp.m,so9un/p:f ga0 o7 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is9 b xys9z47:ccyjoj1z not correct in describing the changes in productivitzb9ocj9z 47:yx sc1 jyy during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can x9n ya:y1 dlm(be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempe4*cp6,9gou35dy btu vc3ug larature on the rate of photosynthesisp* dbo4cyug c l6ag3vut, 539u



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fg62:n2 hx hvk/.zqh mwield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trap*-ul xwt6pufp t j5,jm lzj4r 3+iqu+4s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetlfpp36 l u+ j+4 xj5u*ttq4,wr-z iumjle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take + b(qrpcu4ls+(g,uli:*b ein multiple readings of the b(s eql* pli+ni:4ru (, cg+busame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eco az/u*pl 7iwu5logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two 8 fe)n4qw la c9:ocyoy9y/ bru/t2r;lsamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wd idu5g5 sha1 +km2i;dillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplings-g,;wygv0ee rvz c3. techniques is not effective for sampling moweer,yg z;.vv s3c-g 0tile (moving) specimens.