What is the best definition /eo3bqxh g:lcc 4y;n7for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyzo g rahu(iz6:db; 3j/


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specip(q.kn1bpf dr gu) - gdw+p-6ny;u vj5es' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factowgv -(pgnu-6 1j5k upbp;rq n+fyd ).dr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of rp - qef,km5b0a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistos af(6mpwul.5r tg/p :5rv7a mzoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble th6-vheg f ey7/ i cx0d3hefg,/oe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the moi ev f7yo0 ecxfdg6-h/,h3/eg ther’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organvdzus x*5fj.vdm(67:oxe c7g bqo;) d isms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolv qf rfp1m*z:k3es occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected inf1 f:*m q3kprz some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph theblxk dt)4:f4rtfea :fo +6 .kat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on iwh)qusn(t 3e wspshw5k;; .* the remains of dead plants and animals. )ki swh5e;n ;wh*w(u. tsqs 3p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tox)d f0l0caj0 tke 7*k/uba cb9uins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live zc- nd 6r5.2ipwddlr2 and interact with each other in the colzwnrd l2c-r i256ddp .d waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.txsi9 p97x0u k

  Rainforests are known toog8er ky vz-s-c* u)2x have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing rk)8cge- xysovu z-2* conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemebjg 5y2 rbe:;qqm m:v j n+pki)q3a;g4nt that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enz, s),;j vcalz6jn 5w)azzcx, jno92 quo(xv+ eymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things )65uj,xz,sola zca ,q j(ex9n2v+ j)ocn;vz wsuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culm)3 e. 1lxwuxd0bq.) nxz4xiytivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for f2kplo-)8/j uli )y .se5fwqopyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fa 0v: 8*hamrxah *):ulbmv-lddctor 2 l:hla :m va b*uhd)m-0d rxv8*and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem1at b(mjhi wdu7 1 r m(s4-.jx*nm/ydvperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system ,n,vq8yw1x:;vopl u i


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-wnedcg we t)h ;lri:7t,m+w)ptjl 1,cj;yz.* sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Dem)m w*w gjt i . +c;:; jpdrzl,wlne,het)17tycocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial wt;bpd2p(g5 9 1nhlig ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webfdq8ioja3y*dz(f qcdxfb 7v6l7 : w5(



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbo o;h/i1tt/v zwn compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. i;vz/t ot/1w h
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical lmh,y9 rff6h5o78:ajb hl / qxreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tho5 z7t dbko72ne movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like+6l,de tpp-jk 4yj0 ne earthworms that ingest and then break down and dij-y0pkelt ,j n+ep 64dgest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami iy82o:a 1zemzd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pqkc52fu v7pyy+lhw / h 295ipurey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha3fabf,d0c5y+h .fr z une (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usin rt gz1n;jgct; /ezn8)g a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, nn /cr)z;;g tjgtz8e1 which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatioe d.wi kgzybm-18 n wx4q,k b:4md.f3fn.

  Figure: A natural ener 9.z q) :amyzwz0krgq2gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinxb-ev r6ahe,qb)d:+ f)dh*gw f)w k2n*u h1ixs in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramidxkou- 0/dpor:67fcx0e 9rv ns of s 0kore-6/ 0c v :xroxpfd7u9nbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy rk8:zev nm ;1i


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an robw20ga a y11rczeimk+ w3 .z.*joo :ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fosg 4 hr1pd:fg*od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i)wm 4pf)eakj/n a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ab(8y1dp pnj6f tdl xo7 d7e+3rccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could y.-lr p .u8u ),oiqdt,;s2o )vanw, hvewo)pcexist in a savannah system with parasites on -rn, ;vw)). ty ops ,c io2e8 dwqpolv,ha.u)ua consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosyni l +-q u+, t2t5trkgy+h6dvekthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesrd6+ t ilyhtuv -t ke5q2g++k,is and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desrvc(uoc s3 /0 rz*wvcdh v+58f/q ha9icribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form etxj (/) syu ih/z;1ns :8uw2my3iph dcnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conve0pt :dt6e bd6unjlyj6;g)z w2 +p0uv vrts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratzwb2)6ugud6p0 vn +dyep:6 ;t0 v jtjles.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the 8z9jk ha.0)qp2hyochhwnl i;v0-n;w atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ilq .np9c n0 v;; jzh8hkh ow2yw-0)ah
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbqwoc.*ax;kgz 0x (g j-fm.4iqm9ac6qon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecor l*wy+z bi.)gxsf 4k 9g*yyku1 (jut0system / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that adm 4l;*wl7pge re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS 7qgp:m 4vm)a pozb:-eu4yod 5P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclvr o5pvd*l. t*e



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo /sfaf2/ovj)on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem sym/rz.qtc6r(o)a/ fji;q*w


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr3f kk9 vs/uj)o ;(6cficll/x i.a5swaial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tru j 004r0xcyq-s xhn pf.(d/smje of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efhd1rukm)5 7pb6xip ;bfect on the nitrogen cycle rubk)bd1 h5;6pm7xip.

  Figure: Average per capit whe/m1j)l t.ma $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses g )2k/ qoiy7m ez46 fjtmrk--bfrokr )ymk 6t 24e-ij/7q zfmbg-om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of t*v ;a9/wy+r0a rtbs;xg ;bea xransformation.

  Figure: Average per c tu+f ;z dd +8ewoje9y(3j;bp; sqzs;capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriednq; ;+ce1o)to3sv hj eggz y7( out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and aftereo;;3 n tyj1gqec+sov)hg(z 7 two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Gmzc o/ a/m;l58e)v dptT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries mbpz d3f0mmq+2l2sn w86r tx v:el+6i by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fore)stkn yn*xjsx+ ct/. qfe k4a q34a(+ a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romc;9mg.+ ug*biw:mr7 1q h 9 gykcr2goue, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cho8 ;r6 c+rb+hsmx k7x s -asbcm/1undl9osing one or more statements from the fu/ rdsn7cmxk;lr+cxm s6+b1a89 -s b hollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other5.iznp4l+ uxj physical variables. List 4jzp l+.x5un ithe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of 4s rjyyn;; en5the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related tov*qkw +s,/hxl ja 5xl, q8ifs, diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 0j5m:)y drttu


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bioo;pfc;m /v 6idmes/vop6 c;mfd i;


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession 86lwpn s :r k ex*ve5fpacep.7i5tm:8progresses from a pioneer community to a clim:5i esvnf8p8ap5epec m:k 7w.x6*lr tax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingy2g ut*n6ztw1 z;c7sj4m7n w)c2ecdz statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. c2zt c6wd*;n g7zunyst1)j24w z ecm7

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thad05nd) syze(6 ilsnl6t can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on iskj 4(ps0squ3r 8w8uthe rate of photosyntu8uk0ijp(3 s swqs 84rhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f9fqks*ribt/g4aapzq/ a5t7m9 3s: e ;4ownuuield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimenst,y-1ah j ele1 of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individu,1eely 1h-a jtals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reac nxjk4y2+ f:xm) o(updings of the same factono k2+(yj4: mu )fcxxpr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in t9 i;q vhrxa55,8xgwcvzp- 2ja: i;vr ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data f:,xy rev-92,a e, ewh(akdsftor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of :rsmd05fe i6a 89ufka Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is4w7u mtpx;f*au pcy6 wb)fu /+ not effective for sampling motile (movinwufwu)fcu7 *ay4 +6p t;xp/b mg) specimens.