What is the best definition feg64zikd vf i5*-azq,,ur+mqor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom,ttf(.c9/ab3 mjsra c whl ;cr*p m.r(e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1)b0bm b34 81gcmeybuh ;Factorcmh0b1b4 3meyb8)bg u 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of amc7:deh -yu ,l population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe) d,m8 qgg) tgxel9wa-xagf-7 cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that reseg*tuq-wvj 0/k-,ojt mmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gjt-g/v,k* o- twmu0 qjives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups kql 5b72q*jm azki861 c xdh1bof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wol1u+cz 5i7b3m0zkdp *ftud v2t bv*sw.ves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Neth71dvczpbu +tv ftudwmz05k2s.i*b3 *erlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populaa)-5e1 *lcg+n pw avi)zaciix da0:u1tion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on )3gfd-vm-c :qzb e 0wvthe remains of dead plants and animals.-de: mvf 0 wgvczbq3-)
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ta)uv2 3amre 9food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other3ge++y8h kaq,ans:ph organisms live and interact with each othern s:phg+e 8y k3qaha+, in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lwc:l+ijc)b0 v u /pe u-+uro1lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to 4jnp + jgr*hdj+)q6e( u2qngrhave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical j)jn6r2 *eqqdu +4n+gjr(g phenvironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thatig k6.p b/;-aa: rpzzz is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dmp:,1hb:l7m b 9fzr f-j clan0igestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such aba1,n zjhm07m-:frf c b:pl9ls dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrate,hev foq/+ 5 ujxsnue*8h(c e)d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramirlrjj nw z g5+f,l:.)fho(cw.ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fabf q7c3sp,my(ctor 1; Factor 2 and Fac b37 cym,(fqsptor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differw i iyqnp2lj/70sxxk3g (q(9re3 )wx jent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst4fepo: dq i1h hfv1/ 73io7qjtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized*fffenlns( :jadwu 5b*5d*:j giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but ond5e djaff::* u5nwf(*sljn b* ly with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecn4p1o; no zg((gj7wmmrt4 2t oosystem.

  Figure: A marine food j-*lqwzs8g 9uweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon c j,-vx5ki;)crd:jg g eompounds pr,)v i5jjxc re :g-dk;goduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicw/ eczx /n9dw-al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems cgsg sa2- +h)rdiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followif:g)fkfh3 2 q+ hyb(ecng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and thefyefc:bh k)qh3+(g2f n break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe 5dli+ 6p.9 mfhloc /vqv2, vaa3il6iw5by+kb rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pxcc8tgc* h o:6prnjb/,:k ) znredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thaowd+tks52we ( atn48 st are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic meso v9vb pn my -gf+;g)(yyifgp04cosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The stbi(fymfgv yn p49v gp)gy; -0+udent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tz 8j seob 8tn5*c; tx-xkk2s2zransformation.

  Figure: A natural energ-y v(p1fam)3jg5fehg(*ars 4p gbr y5y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinse-mh5me+ 0rxe vip ):i in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dip ly*7p 4kfka.dkyr48scussing a pyramid of biomass.p 7kadk.ky4yr8* f p4l

  Figure: A pyramid of enerrcslp -siziy4a8 . r;- d3tx/jgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fol vgzsk,5c7* pr representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w9cz6cyei) 3wea r/ f/zeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy,btb(ap) hbu4m sl.4 hp7mq,qstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foo; 7lcix0j-rqud web.

  Identify the pyramid of numb*pg og8khcy4p ; )zux1ers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionokx)h 1g4y8p*;ucp g zs

  Distinguish photosynthesis and uugo ng8g/n)*c37 j3-rr mxv yrespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respij8x7 )u r3gn-c3ro/u*ngvyg m ration?

  Identify the statement,q qcd0a3zyzb 5m:(dvs that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoyhgsdh9 -0y9/ pom9pqsystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohb *bw g0).9lmm8izy gxydratesiblz 0.ywgm*m )8b9g x.

  There is continuous cycling of carbwvu9d yhe, 9f.on from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. uew,9 yd 9vf.h
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest timyo yv8kn,;saq) ek2 h1e.

  Figure: Flow of energnrv3 i7m)9yk kg+tg3x y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru;e ;0cm j6vvl2indv*se.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prod woq8 xgit,38ductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbl3z;u t1t57 br nwv:ygon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca,mnm n t;u hn1r2/ n*f;rpdq(krbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyxx a6i7r g1d 6sbi8o9mstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tert::po3npde6 v restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifykjjrex 26w w7 );*hgkzing bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogegt6:v:h4g8 euk0ogggn cyc6 :e:o0hugk4vtg 8gggle.

  Figure: Average per capit,l.k;5a0r kdx t( jsa9atfjz :a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP 8uq :dllyq-l2and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionee8u2yld:-llqq r community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo aunx72oyoux:q-2 mk9llowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita j.k*qqkygov k2). a +x$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wq1sw8p wn-1m/v rv qw*ith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the ex/w pvn-vmq1*w w8q sr1periment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT 1og nae9uf 3 ,x*yqas kyb8:61b o,vjc$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byna8vp p g98:hu akgecyrx4y3 k,g 53)y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data ob/jl b;ms 47a*mpof2 for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iu*-nu;ek6 au ytaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onew093km3n(z ao .ue)qdjjsnk - or more statements from the following.su3e kn j9 qo3w)-knzdm0 .j(a
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattr/ i,sttqf9o .erns and other physical variables. List thet/fr .q9i ts,o main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description e e.gc4 jnbo5 0(ll,dmof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemen,tz:m + gpla+ht related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, (r3hw g-h8-.salfc-u k6d a2c0 y.kihs, nkanItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores i) 0yf3 uhl1wkqdlx9a;n different biomes lhx9 0;k)wa fu3l ydq1


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversit zhk9t z8fi 5;4vb);drmp uha8y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communifh;m zik z; bp9)u r5da4vth88ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not l jyp,ii;nq3* bwb3 k4correct in describing the changes in prod,wipkq33*j4i nly ;b buctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that z7*gq gr3cc26rqo3zh can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect t(bw8 +sgr s lm,ppdfn0ki328of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis fpm(,n8 dk82iwtb 3g+ rpss0l



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field cbn7vh madt,h;o3rzx o ./-8 5e y9q:o.oojld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s(2j6a5 s 7toevmrq)5dc1fpb9w65cg w hdqu d)pecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were 6 m7hdo5b) 51f)ws2ag r9t5ep6 cj dvqw(ucdqcaught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability x .+oj lbp2(c3 /vjpw/ sqinz/of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. +jw/2ipn( 3ocvbzqp/. lj /s x
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplin :fjclg)ugx t4cx k:5;d8*lqcg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sct;*am5/j g w-i h+brtamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willo0wgdy bdt -br** )5hj:k nq1vtw Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effec68j(m ma e c8qi)iivf)tive for sampling motile (moving) specimefi8)6(iva imq8j) mec ns.