What is the best definition for a species?b (odvsrh3uu1 d7:9d5cn3i ic

  igure: Climate graph of Rzi86naaz 9a*4 ++tln 8hsy ccmhkwt/-ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couh xc-sh3yah dtc: 67y2ld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact yh6 2c:sh-x3htdc7 yaor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populativ-wf.wgwru u;f mye .v 3wc,;c/ 9/tfkon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a 0vv ahba9-nc*Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma qgpr ts9fynu5ay37/(e1z2g ull-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on thefp/yt7g s3z2u( qegaurn 9y1 5 mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the( zq(.f l/bfri groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Can u *h agi)xi6 wj1e;dlu0nd6x(is lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hu 0 ujw)dglx *u1 xi6nhd6iea(;nted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populat:ps+ ,mp2q cnpion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai;g1 jnyl ;g+z5ym ngg5ub*x l9+w ;espls feed on the remains of dead plants and animals ;e;5gnwguj zlg+b+5x*l9ms y 1yngp;.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of4ic1 agdhiu 6- toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,o0 :xqt qsx+(z polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each ot(xqszotx0:+q her in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco. fxr//mxuk6 n6n rvb:systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and*otloyff 3gp ,4w41sv a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many intts4 vf,g34lwp1o*y of erdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food ayl nb6xh+b t ,xv0)j3chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dig1-as6y0 v hluvyc-cy 7estive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, any 07vy-svh1a-yu6lcc d the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice 6 osj9(oj wpt-cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enes 5r09.g gnau4p;/yopy:s eey rgy.

  List three factors thatp 6h u 3u8j*bd 6lm7uixf/m,ocyv8qc1 could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 1 l/ j7iu3fhum q cv,co8bxd6y*u p68mand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photo* zhb gj2 gz+d3,ojp55h(slp-z8bd ggsynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation d17o1 w7m+ rn*tuo18pbmghm xsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes v): eiw2l yd( e(t/ihwthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds olet wyi/(vi(d) 2 e:whf trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial eco b6dg66+tjm 9+vjdlr usystem.

  Figure: A marine food we rfc(k7 3-njwf8eq;9zxz/uj: r kbs9idh5p0sb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that qhp incl 0 kb 171;-w9uoetti;live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthn-eo7p9 itcbitql0u;1k ;w1 hellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionpp4/zjpmofp /xd1 ( :t54kggr:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of car/m8 uscyfe b djujr v87.os2u1+*j:onbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like en) a:o vca)f*narthworms that ingest and then break down and digest nonc )n)on va:*af-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuum;zo 52z4m*8d c6,jigei j7i aek + zjld6i,pmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator 7y r;+s f4jei +n;lyqiand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlopk:p8b3kq gbhps320( agq r s-roethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciallyds chkuxnr(j8j+5 27b m/j 92 mix0loy available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimps y7 9n8xo5j ml/bcih2km2 jux0rd+(j, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the , w h2r-i;rpqnfollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion ss,i.g /wv8opqba8ca6oqm c 73ystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chvzjj rj 5 3p.bw6hj,gm m)hw27ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when di zmli93u9q q :o*dzysar20,dnscussing a pyramid of bi n0ldoz93q,mq:2d*y zi u9rasomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener8; a mdjnq+y7agy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyszw rps6tjp5i n tu3*np(,b0z/tem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fop0n m50n jvb1vod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysteml.q 4mi o.-vsb




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doezx;+xara8 hj ,s not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sy32l8 n.mswbjj stem with parasites on a consumer like3nlmw.js 82 bj the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and r/ ietnn4ixrc6n :jxg jq0gtm +hg0 72;espiration correctly from the options below.What is g j0icx4 hrqxe/7in + m:t;n2 gtj60ng Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describ pwrf+8t54: k(bw/p6kbp mngse the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from .+ mc*dq7wdl uu:g m7becosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carit.8tw rfj-;e su:exrg// vk -bon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesgtfvj:-/e/ te. ius8x w -;krr.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon froboc s1z4z44wjz m8ps) m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8 bs4zmj w44s zzpc)1o
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires th 5fklxbm7 b).n vq3k,be longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystmzp 4b4+;4 yvz:lolhjy3 ywo8em / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. g4r)at34l 2x (y3fg mi;huxon
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary n 4k;3g-y gjqg/nz 9arProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marir 37-rf lcux5ane carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througn4eegj9zp5wiv 9o cc op w6/(:h the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in 7h 91 ,1g twhxbh6sk;akmmg6 qan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ gike- az45*/tyyv,d bwj6 p-h$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tq fpv:vop.48 y.)p hyorue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is notg1q9bui vd *fx*3 i(da a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle d*1 uadv ib39i*(qfxg.

  Figure: Average per capita quegktgx4;i yly)1/. $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse vf pkl(y go ;-xzlxv2*w(xy:+s from a pioneer community to a climax comm v(x f*lkpwyoylz+gx-x2v:(; unity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinkl*.36wb rgh rg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capixr4bsga u6w 0.7c:os xta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wa(jp:rj n4 x 4we4ucif,ter. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygcjxn(:j4fei4, rw4 puen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon st*/joomu4wkn8 sxyjryeh rl 2+ww: :7+orages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988*bk6dpfr9a8 a,sjh jx 9*o ,bd-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fo w7.( eejbf+f+bj 3wawr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italya 7jh8n3sd6gq)f4lm l



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosp02p1x3o:hgd pmj/ c sing one or more statements from the folldcpmpo0h1x / p2:3 gjsowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic k379k,gk4r bsltb y :- (fueyzpatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors t7 z- ybk:k4 3k9yelbu(tsrgf,hat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rai ogn*z3u4vu q 4y:(s6nfq fy01nxfdf:nforest biome.

  Identify the correct sw8 ,l5u/r; hbg rmwq2;b w w;tar+8ipctatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I/uj mqrd)g2 k*h8q9 v zy9u2fjtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dif(:5 mko ewgri1ferent biomes wre( 5k:o m1gi


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suce yemjrq-e;aa rs2d xn6lw:7 /se. ,:zcession progresses from a pioneer zw2slxe eyq ;,as e-r:n7rm6ed.:ja/ community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thl*pzx*s9wi0 5bh yow5e changes in p5y*ip9xws5wo0l* bh zroductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using apr4 ai1t 7jn izeguc3/(yot-2m (k kf5 Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rat*y*dvi: vg4zrz d--q ve of photosynthesq4:y-rdid z- vz*v*gvis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a awkrg f:h+ar:byq 7u06-7avhfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of becv*qe2 dy,o/ii(ow8eetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this s e 8owdo 2i/*(c,eivyqpecies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability-))*qe ;dz;teavbj2vth4kx / viit 9h of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of t/24x ;ht k;j9iaviv*tze) tdbe q -v)hhe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolqrkw4ce1*w iz1(oa /xogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplekf81c;sfwa6 2whbj7mma6(igj9 z . kqs of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spy4b.jf6og*5(xj ; 2dka mywpxecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fo1n7iaj+rqaoqd6q 4 m3w)-tpu llowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mouaq4w ar6tinqdp3 )1+-q 7jmotile (moving) specimens.