What is the best definition for ar.5s*4va n rkddco9g8mv+ hbm/w: my5 species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, jt;r i.;s d clx-y.:pmItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could dl jud0gwfs ):*4,ale vescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto , jw)0ld:f*aevu4sglr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio *s1kbnw)-recmp rwei0i v:vsy3 -4i3 n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specirl9 axkpxdnp.25i9 gc sdu0+6es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tr4u-+*xsq duih pa.5u pe ifl4 :+yf.yhe zebra. It lives pd aiui lx4ysue+qu5+.fp hf*.r: y -4in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populz xpl7/a21s rhnr8br0 ation.

  Fact file on the grey wol rxho3 j-af,,ey0p3 nsnc3ry9f (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factosn3x,rah oj3ey c0p3-f9ry n,r that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that le g,is/6g1nwbest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed onzg* x.)sbf2z sivh)0x the remains of dead plants and animals. sih0b gx).v)x*zz2fs
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai yjq.sz6i:a-;7b guz pns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organ5) xpzmqz ;ly9isms live and interact with each other in the colz l5xm)y;zq9pd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystjd+h79h qs:st (q-bk rtaee71ems.

  Rainforests are known tmmiwp1-u vpxfu7dx 3b4.10 cho have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interacpd 1p7u-4vfw3mx h b1mi.0ucx t with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement-ryg5tp z 9:op8-mt eg that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutmz1q gy)qn h ovo*:8d,rients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prodz myn,1 :)vghdqooq*8ucts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuz34pvpzrs a6,as(/ 8 nciddf .ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids p,pbi( s. o6itof energy.

  List three factors that coul4ixu(y-skabq )mgf y2af,/1hd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 aa xky-uyai4q hf, f(b2s1)/g mnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temper nd2m.n 0qkq/xatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric e 2iir;),ti4fhy0re0gu v t9q:wng*ue cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized 3 plas4:lqi 6pitm3tg2.t 4 nugiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other o.u2g46s mt tplti3l 4n3ai q:pkapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow 0ptha8-ax,v oin a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food d-5sishz,)drx7io. a; n/nu cweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live mzbu mq cs9iw8235h +dinside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water,cm3 dbiwq9+m258usz h and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalu0e eg l qnr.u-b-7q rl6:s(qe reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocvqr2*3 bcg+ qx )r4hp s:mtob(ohni1 7ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followins0qt8 .;jnxs6oj+f bm,xdf9fa a,y s6 g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mate 89ynjj t+bs6a;6xfo.df,qm fsa , sx0rials.

  Figure: Ecological p// 5*a43mumi otmkhxe yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and k *-.st3j+ 4:jqtmm d;v 2v9orqw,fntmjxr;m its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements thatm8a1ts -hu0f mnf4 il33m -bzt are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sjm*mg9 .w0; xbjgu7goeawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windowowgb;j7* g9 mx gjum.0 to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of t 6t4 nve6 g90qh)h1xitumqqt* ransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemc(2r3 sd)ql5g,tvlti


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooijarxrm0 os,o p*: 58nd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statementsbzzmofk (en)*-0s (ci8ib x: h is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.c: b(-0nh sb(kxo *ii8)fm ezz

  Figure: A pyramid of egux*x,zs;-n i o7:rtp nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prod5dab x;z 4m tbwd0z 485xa*bneuctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marigx uro pxzl r4dl;82vddg k1s4w-g(yh4*(7d jne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil efwy82 bu)b 9ayc9f. bkcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelf(6 k :tegsd j/x/-ebcy describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tha1acijz p1g (:zt could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lijzp c(1ai1g:zke the lions

  Distinguish photosynz;nigw9i . x hw.r0m qx0f5to*thesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What isw.x igixozh;9ntr mw5 0*.0fq Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDrt -abpys6)/j T as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lpgzvv5 69ah :8:m (i *fuwkajgost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diouk1dgyglq ) i7p*0si(jc;5 qw xide in the air to carbohydki 1 du5 ;7q(qg0lpw*iyjs)gcrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carboneg-(qsp(,qa675 i9vhxn m oyo from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.5 (a6q ,ox9s(vio -qyg7mphne
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti it6f zk/j :xhr*zgl)1me.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y4zz, z qa1+/w p0tcphiear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru 1 pkm-hen;vu jq p:2+tjkrcv c7;0tu(e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) canv3mq-7wkl8,(ej rd1 bzmtq*y be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinee*hdp sw9 dp9+rsu2t) carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclea,rw*ommlf8 b .9ev; r


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecy , o2r5r:pi b2ceaab.osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in*1 wwwxuk. .at3 pyfn0 a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying *tne sj: cgv3.bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effef+)0py/1c rejv l -fxect on the nitrogen cycll-ex e)p0cfrv +/jfy1e.

  Figure: Average per cad5nx lnut:; p6pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressefw. 9oey40 gqss from a pioneer community to a 0segwyf4. q o9climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf1vr5 e 0poqj/3phegm 8ormation.

  Figure: Average per ca1rpz jm0l25 busti94v w;lq+ epita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodeak3ql(*3yrn h6oi1-,e sb emkj plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolb6klhj (m r3k e1y-oqn*,se3i ved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages ;sf.m.;hg7k u2mnp a9*ginpn& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 mcp 7md.*kh l)


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data *2pzv 8k;yhuie1 ns)q for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom)q6 nmuudet*(q /)fu be, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cho j5a qt;n;qtg)osing one or more statements from the follj gnq;;)5attq owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lidle6 v3*y: n(lt1snyxst the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes6e n*n( xl3t lyvsyd:1.

  State which is not a description of th+04npp l :9;thsijramv 8d+kf; kz o9fe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverszrkz7f8nw45 n ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita8g9n5(rrr ywzly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produco71q/ i nifpq0tivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomo170 /ifqipnq es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionkxnksxai wgnq, r12 99600leh2 my 9hh progresses from a pioneer community to a clima skiqx0hn19x2hhy9 l6n k2er0a,gmw9 x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol jk2bo7 qwg-f2lowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durinj7kfgow2 -2bq g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured us rpnce0 o7h/l2hh75 riing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effec 9vz ,lxpit2fu,xq0x7t of temperature on the rate of photosynt, zx,qv 20itxfu xl7p9hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel+z(y6lzu40:zf wqc4wsye ; qmd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect z31rf +1-pu qg6q fcvttraps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked indiviqf+vzrfq p6tg -1u31c duals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take sfu2r.n.duj6w4g d 3,s(iby2rk8 mtk multiple readings of .ur y3(dtm sks2bj.dki4,8rn6wg2 fu the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usea5wxug-8sq mt/. k9h ed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek 4 mum(0tau bv/ lb3a30nhpxg)




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parmez; e3b:ncn d:prg1 x 1oac2,mvv 31nts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampgn)9,s sq e* 2xzeann 2qk8y+pling motile (moving2anqgs,)2+*8s 9en k yzpqe xn) specimens.