What is the best defi t*nmp s*1bz f,-fh8mnnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, vl(wbswa 1w) +Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors top1*e ngs0mt5.pi jrwp mg4,6hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorpp r nog054egi.t , 1mm*swpj6 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatig3q)pp-)s-c7t1w m f cp6klanon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch1890ne2gwdu tba4+ocqi l0g qistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the z3ko5me: 4ivbw) u djj-ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s mjj: mke5i3w4)vub od -ilk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiduec3 3z *9lglon.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally ilqt6 as41 (no ae ez+)edq:1fen North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherladq+ e4foenq)6z1s e 1(etal: ands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of d4xkb.;c4 mgxa population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of do gtx+ +m/qe7d8ci/edead plants and animals.ed7 qt +x8 odm+e/i/cg
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foocoe.32 v na:yp7zva l(y-h* e xbp5pz2d chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other org),eijnwc7 psi2u-n5 wanisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean7,iw s5 iwnpnuc 2-j)e.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco *x8awb66 lmw2a 2ocmmb3c 3tqsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees a4zve: udd07edh7+rl3y *brs lnd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions h+eh 3y zu70rdslrddb4 *l7 ev:ave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript-1 n0aw*5 tfnlyjey) uion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie hiwpt)/.mq3d nts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, ani3)thqp. w/ mdd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultt wo2qt5.fz+s ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerrjhw(ic1lcym 6 -a:-2ldj5l a/ chlu1gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F;ll .:aaw8csi gsh- d;actor 1; Factoc. siwa-dl:shga l;;8r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntheb;iw lh4cqz23ow*zn 3sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati. jz0tk qs13vrj6 k0jaon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like /h/4qhn yi8bd+8osov a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis qbhood88 4i+v/ysn /h eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionuh0:lsh8vw3e h 2 axeh*dr:;lz 4u4rb of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food whgy5 yzr /-rq/qreo;ut.-4 tweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon cod+ b wpr59u4zdmpounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlighd5+wu9z dr4pb t.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemnn4w,iac+ m6gql1:q. lpdm z7ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementq+hpeydp1)/ s ti0 a s69snh2v of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fol qanz/6izr6)2iltiab; u2id *-jtt c(lowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then breabq)ct ;*2 ni/jdizu2t z6atr(al6 -iik down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami+n6fid 2xv22pcxue7 r d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and ite h71d8 d1mv4c1rzqpgf hhfh gh,/r)) s prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutzw2fsrim:z,2 (oyq q+gcba 3 (3s gy*f Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aq,6rxl) bku: s rgbt0g+:b e 8;3zxvohduatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass oxz :6tb 8 0 o+gvrk:s)el;dr,g3bbxuhrb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trank5 h6 hq6kk1qlpvu:p4sformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sym; uhrp,lt.h 1f. q8lystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsfog(f/kxjooj)b 4x96




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the foll;kei)y2l)nf1 eb (e pmk m5d,powing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bd me;fm5e)i,l kpyk2)(npeb 1iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en-b+unnviw9yf1cn + yr 583 sbnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pro;2jmbuq sre8v xn8;8exsc nb/ c7 :tv2ductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine n6f x10gwj-v y) gkr3qv cqg+zw j/0y4rm.m;qfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst.:zgjq-htkyfx4..s(5a oem p em




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accli( p qj1 pzm039;jmabg vok ahe6k25kwp*6+jurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of dy p0l*y,jzk.numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a co.zpyyd * 0kl,jnsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesibyg 9)/ v0)jenbplq9 ls and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and bl 9ng)9 pbqv yjl)/0eRespiration?

  Identify the statements that des 8wi:*r9ocp(wo-aykzieil7 4 cribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco v9glggdz56b2. mn 1mesystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diw1 5hp2xs d1naoxide in the air to carbohydratex2ad1hpwn 51 ss.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other erqyv5 +1d2-ev ah6 )mwvhud7fm)nv6carbon sinks.v5 7e+r6 auvyh)-qh e1dfmnwdvv)62m
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the4n2it v4zfci + carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys4,kgi oymg h+9tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements h+3+ d/fmeaa .sxe9qkthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconda+nvd-5mnpolil 75b 02ftb 4ro ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tgb es7: gtg2p6he marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caa(wu5f)t t-o vwkw-/ qo (czni 3rxs1vy1u*,lrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ah4e0a/u*ne8olk nt if.u + x9al*hs/en ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre+ bfnf2jq;z-njqjdl /ax 527hstrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bafgqeqv/7a7e3 cteria.

  Identify which of the following is wqj5aiimmju89l 4x 1- not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclimw 8j9aq54ju 1-lm ixe.

  Figure: Average per capit,jpru9,cgq ( / ,h)b 8qw-d8 hnidj5fzu6og bza $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,7iss; dsjg-gt2 (8fb t GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.itgb(gs- td7;f8sjs2
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followii-pc g,3 hhbm7ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 9up9u;quo7 3k ra7kvcgyr z qhw (o//:$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water2 +il+dv fihmj-6y5 ku. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The disi5+ujyf k26 +ldhm- ivsolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in jg)1km)qi p-f GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherie1o +s2 6evinkjjm p.6ps by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bicurz4n. e*ec 2ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iegpclx. 4kv9(mrokb a/0 1 z/ttaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fzqwx ,m;0 e7zrrwj*6g7paz) h rom the fohwaz q;zj7 rw,gpz*r)xm e760llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variaf q40jv(t a0ncbles. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesf4a 0nt0qcvj (.

  State which is not a description of the raix,j4lj)j6ln pnforest biome.

  Identify the correct statem fnk0oe0e4k:v7dm7l /veih;jent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofd 1bl+:l/fim(+t6cld m-do :gbx*ej v Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and big; .wr ,mb9:3l ixccrvomass of two herbivores in different biomrvr;i:.cx,wcmg 9l b3es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andkd06 4q ev3igu NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu 0d4v63q gikeunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not coryxkk hcv vmd.0b). ,5nrect in describing the changes in pr,kdmvbcvk 0y.5xn) .hoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factobe-,4u py*4ql hprwty/ lj 9i,tyj;ba6;xxm6r that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect 37hkzpg vnu+ 6ys,xh2of temperature on the rate of photosynthesik2gz 6punsyh7x ,+3vh s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldehpof 7wzysfh 1)y t2wm8)(m)



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of begvs * onvbm921etle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 4m219ng vb *svo69 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importanlz 4gb/ywge.h3:v6p l t to take multiple readings of the same fg whz4l./3bv: 6 ypeglactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp.log3hetc 8,b07 xkc gling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl8q0x3ttj w3 *2t dj; mioal7f(mh0d qies of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spe13fjo ye;a m;ncies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampli4a-xtat(fxu,qa: ify41h6 xb ng motile (movi,f -4ifaha q tbxay4xtx16:u(ng) specimens.