What is the best definition pxqtz .1n8cz*for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome7 aqb4 0miv xr97s/pmm, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could t.tv 2bmw99mr lf vz3g.;puo7describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 32p9 urtgv9.;f wl m3b .mz7vot?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popug4ee:b rp1 eg*lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle oejxsv9 /l v2xuc5,3hr f a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip1y zey(4gcf6 tes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which con1cyzf6( gte4y tinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ow) /wq0 s2ibdqio4*d4q*2 +r 5tvz y zdt9mcwof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Au uvq ,ama ;ik:j*wz)jm1m k oyl9:q,9merica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claakulwkv:i *o9jz ,q1a:m ,m9;jqu)my iming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects they .)oq jgu1k)5ei/r sl3f5lp j growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants annsl z- gn3:edr lk():6,7coaxlu pgu1d animals.-6ge(,k g n1npcl)lz:ul:73roda us x
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ahc6dcrr:e 6hqlec(qsz,(05fqa7:fof toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live d0 :qk0j52z2lgwp ylband interact with each other in the cold wated k2bgwpj y 0l025qzl:rs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fmby5i/61ymj from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees andofl3j7h:,zog. qxh z 3 a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdep:3 f hghooq,zjlx .37zendent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correc8ionlyl p957p)okiq/o 2-1 ;t mstbivt description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients n8-rw)eicd3qby releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayi3)ce nwqd i-8rng leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemk*c m4hg*km:7;jhr bb


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids v :)m iyc*rgb:of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fau;bzegwag2oni4f4 b3.c9n - tctor 2w igabc9nf43e g-n;u2o 4bt.z and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate og0q ugfl2*9ay,e q9:myu po tg ovf::(f photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivada8 ca+htse-3ei adbt -0-4iotion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gira 4x1stfx dzl.iw-+d h5ffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Cong- if5+x hdtdsl 1w4zx.o. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terre2v.0ym zb6d vestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food3aj1*; 4nsqyrw uo li*fps7x0 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside0msa)5h vwi h- coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbo h50wis-vham )n dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followii viu /j hj3td-2bkd89vrp*q6ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag6p2fzhlfa17b1r5 d cq ram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms (,j 0whxs qv0f4mt 2nvlike earthworms that ingest and then break 00 vn 4m(jht2 fwvxsq,down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbg .0:p30rttx/onn oqu dc24 rvers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey6d wj 2fwym. 8w;zrml+ ty+7 (k,dmnzh


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT4ut7hcpa).1hga v. z o):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using j v47*1weq h+ypyqr g6a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, sop rjq67yvy 4eh1*+w qgme corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example oa/lhsx.*+gctom . t4 tf transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerrzd2;z idzf*ex)wxf 9 *5 pay*gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains5 jjr8ri;p5hc




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follo//-jigpq3s0 0xcc mq dwing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bi s/cj0icqqgx- pm/03domass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy5gyr :5eajz n:*dll :c


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi 016:vu0wkw3 n9 339yajsvajmbc iq ayng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinest- sui(irnv7* ;c/mw food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web ifss3t 3**hw70fb v5rjt: wzv);cfp kmn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe +xfxakmvtl3*vau h7,( 9g2e;a:evu oa food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tha9dksgo7:wd 6at could exist in a savannah system with parasites oa9s :dw od6gk7n a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesq wz152t:m0( lh2.adln vdeem)1 cdtpis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthel dtz)vw1 mn eqdlt5h a2e2.c(1 :pdm0sis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DD i c p:f04xkc-j4owun/sy9+mhdc3i.jT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste.o 4ga stu2cp(*qax h(ms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dim3d-xpw c(j5z2je: s7k /vonzoxide in the air to carbohydratesjpz 5nwkv3smj7 (:oe2 /x zd-c.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the ycan (u0 but3m2/q r, go3qsv3atmosphere to other carbon sinks.32b3,uaoqc(3q 0s n uyvmrt/g
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbobi*k : qd(3u;nese9nzn cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per areazsatsqfi *-s0+ sb shq /f6b2,ku-m6v per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementso*k:69npkuf p6,irc+e8z g uq that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) c3r+ ijk)u uz38-knea4;enisk+p5 zvhan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the maril5 f(ik-in1l 85qnyx z7ewn n4ne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c/ini *d bzp2 +og/fx+yarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemxcfji6o *ja+n-0hkpp xb4 v2 5


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in vc,xxc5ot xtrpo1/*5 kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteri*-o v b+n71q2 excjmomdi:eu/a.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma/g1*y ottc h3cn+*iktn-induced effect on the nitrogen cycletni*gyc1 /3 thto k+c*.

  Figure: Average per capita 8oc46z(3 ug*)q jlgeuas k(vac 4 6sml$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary surc jjtq p226s4jhhn/4 ccession progresses from a pioneer commu4jhpnt/26h c 4 qrjj2snity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a 6svj6jsww/ ii4 wjm7tox(7;xn example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per c+l7ryeax j1 sv1w(fd*apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wi ee w3d(fdz-6a ncdh34c 4b2wlth an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bott443wad cc fhwed 3n(ledb-z 62les.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua;- omb sg:fyx6 xab7)ml flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region. h udfql(u9a4 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome5,y wul6nytp +

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph oev:b.h oq9qm08e, c7sginpm o38q* l gf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements 7w7 i:3lcx6aqtjlse gq/ )u9ifrom the followingeqj79alg:wi7uq/s ) itlc6 x3.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patter7pt:wv)sxtq*ne+xgk 4v 1m*lns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biopn)4e*sl*q 7wm x:1g+ xkt vtvmes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforyuykfmp bd( v l*02y2*+bx kd,est biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to dive4lj bc(kuvi( g1inb ;/rsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom79fc8fecuxk3*b ; o2rx h eagsc.)n:rug(k +de, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differenugin.k; ju.tz)2q b.r t biome b.tu2 q. n).ruik;gzjs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession px(jb8c c-k yb2rogresses from a pioneer community to a climax commub8x ccj-b2y(knity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing n3afb-gy* t2+ k6ubnwthe changes in productivity during p yn2bna ug*wtfb6+-3krimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.o 9egqo- ijm-t+ z;ng/

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn od3 u3+z2jj8 h8gmh9s5abtg pthesi+omt8g3z29 jsgj hp3 a5b8duhs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a z3i)2aeq:f jvfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect r+h mfp( sl5tq *h3vpn( q np-f-(*rmutraps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 wer(+mpl rfh-nr-pp3qm(qv*5( s hft u*ne marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to kmcfv5g+;k07fs58cgg0fm qxtir1w 06n r fn3take multiple readings of the same fan3 m 0g0fr5c8i f;kvsgnc 06w 5fxkq1tgfm 7r+ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological w ug 6n1ec6c h*kd/*po2t3pek sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two s 8i/eb a5jul56)m6+ef aqalabamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willov5c sk43zerdm b,64g0s1lvqy w Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fochi3y5v 64l; s ypk5z nwgt5v9r sampling motile (mo5cy6is54t zk;vp5wl9 y 3hgnvving) specimens.