What is the best definition for a spa0+c8 f-mno goecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita h-1, tdrbu0k2rpl1qd rkr 2v7s4,nsdly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could so 3gw9fiktl46ao, 9 fdescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factokof ,6tlsa woi39g9f4r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio mbyee,-ha *gyq 9h4x;n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sx5zl2o 0 edrlr7jq q3*vm9bx1pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripeskd wc99zrd(;zz g3 9vi that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and (zig9dzd wz; 9kc3r9vcan breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t 6cx0 /z34dpc.zxte jche groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Carqabwgek8uw9 3 m 6oa) fy(6q;nis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf mkae(o 3y)fuqb 6wa8 9 qg6r;mway give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of3x.tbccc:z:ec 6 6e+6zlc eznoc41iw a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and ar 5r(rmdg-- nynimalsrdrm (-rygn5- .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 1+ dg17w wouq6m li4hnr .x0zj


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringh():)er+qiybp oh3ah k d5, nmed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interac3y):ha)en(m , p5kohrq bhd+it with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enf5)ib3u uj5kqergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ/l9eqxg 2z p60cxc- bhctivity, despite infertile soilshbeqx2pc -l0 6xgzc9/ . The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food alkhv*r9:8ul*d0cx u chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surr,.xab wyd(j(j oundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then axa(jb,d (ywj .bsorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemkm *j.:zu j3tw


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ/ /x0g,heolmjmo+hd ;y.

  List three factors that could describe a sk 2.i*tsidcvdy t ze7rfc*8h d/lx2 2v )*a+pkpecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factorraksvc2tz)c8ddxif+2/ lty7*.h kvdi2**pe 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthewhe/dly)dp o ; +0smj;sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys0at9nxt)yz /ntem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like r h)) mmt8rlakh3ymuu66 n*)ka small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fh)kltmu rur86)km*n6 hm3 )ayruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect1,pb)jneq) i)icg6g m description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webp2t0t.f. s;oh zuu sq*



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral.:g(n2 yhh ;ore9obl*ev jl(adwag 96 gu9*ui. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fhyugl6ioje; o .*l2gu (:9 *hneg (a9rvdw 9barom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemwntjlbx*j (;j 83j85.1rqiqk o tei/mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dik: tn +sb2 w.s67 vc9us;fk/covsj3w kagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisy durh 644.p)3iwes s.im (w35dpuzz gms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ma4ydz3 iupwzp)h.r3 e (i 46mdu. gsws5terials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersho 9xlyl1o46kar8d 5q


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofjy xfdije w( prn87:) u(eq.l( a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlojkp 0 g3qpof3vxmbic 2r 4i11*rodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaid(1qq*a6p:+j mfu bzplable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windo u:fpbaz1 6+mpqqd*j (w to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol pzbpf)c8er(k6auv6, 5j k:fqlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energt.h0xxg wtg/9*/eo anl4 q+knmd+l hvk76n l.y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins vjmtpt98(2)we ltiike 7 *a3oin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss4h)/p gukklad5n-a i5ing a pyramid of biluikha5pdg) / ak4- n5omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en7yu tl+8u,jhfergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representa8co * 2fkx;yding productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo t4 yg t1b-q c,k5bfyn;mo84khod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecols zims)+a hhby3qs+ uq2/r, 9gj8vi+system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food s 8u3jmr p,si.jm.u3vweb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in;we)idbk g*t bh w;)9v a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsb vbtgi;ed 9*h)w w);k

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirati8mta j) 1 hd m*gp*wyos-/u qhro,+p8ion correctly from the options below.What is ph**,8/q )-pmas wgudyhi1tr+mo oj8 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements th fs4tw2,)cckeat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en)l 9uj( lx h zfe:ee9*:ifr.oxergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ai2t6pwqw7j,;t2w)o+q h urjspr to carbohydrateshjp qrup2wq) ,7+j2tt owsw;6.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from)nq1.domz j/w6w8 snh the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. w )nw/1m ons86dzq .jh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the c76 nx lux fj /r5ne94w+yu-zkparbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy inr3 ky8qu4 t)za an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru9 whhbmbpdo) - - c0(rxxyz22ze.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculvn-wq;odqp l/v:4p+ynohs/: ated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbm 0k/ +s5rsv,m 7dcnelon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cartd-5g v 4sl4d pzvs9w6rvcb1 r93/uw ebon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemk sh cjb-fpy9s1w99c,


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a *; u,l1qdjw9.ptd m amkyo )h5terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementj*mcc, 44j94aoy n box that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on t:w.jbgemb7l s(7nod z9z6(gthe nitrogen cycle(s6 b(m.oe7g 7 l:tzdz9wgjnb .

  Figure: Average per capitah a3nuy* 9+mva $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPru*+ro 3 q wm2k:vlkwv22y;la P as primary succession progresses frow2k2;+ova*kr3yq m lvru lw: 2m a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo3r5eis 8o5i. mom+o slllowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per 80 om9pne6e od4 hld5xcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was car3s(mcx 96lc cyried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values(cc36ylms 9cx were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages .eoif;nq ;d5ilgf*vm6 o t,p-& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byj7r64)acf q2p x2:o1hph cue f region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome 62:et dsb /h*mtmp+sq-z (yfb

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ityy mfw+h +i;ww2o ;s ez:6h,:pgpiy4 ualy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept 7 e.vz kfgf1/5b- cwv;rw( +n+f f2jggt2fxtbof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.+e wggvf z.kfwr(gx+c;t1f t 2v 5fbfb7-jn/2
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oth807i a2xuab -flpx o7lhh 21sver physical variables. List the main fv xph 1xbsa728fu-a7il0 oh l2actors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptc(hhgdujuw,ex8a y 3/ya2 q562guz(b ion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an za-i7gpp6 ;wue / u;jmecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,la vvvf vm9sn/(g/-l,y i2r*h Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoresnkt k pgep5.(w1su+ez8m9lw , in different biompkwun9 lkw (5pmzes ,.1+et8 ges


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G3(1/rjwt.+or c b7yais2g pqbPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c acr+poj r.btq(7/s1g ib2w3 yommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct inzb0t+ .mlwj-n6q sq(g describing the chang+ - bmwn6 sj0qltq.gz(es in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor pr*-lu jf+vx4y-, zre that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the eycbhky+fe do/0:- ;yxffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthd/bx ky ye:c+ hf;-oy0esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a vf 1to1)g0x4w- igcbffield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s1(s5p6q1u*gi3q mqr j -ficf ppecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked*guqpq1 r3s(fp fi5cm-1jiq6 individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it iswf4.j+gef h0vfcs*. gk vc9r, important to take multiple readings og r +c4ges0vch. k ,j.wff9f*vf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment us ki2/prk:n/uos(qj7 ced in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data 7uh w-t53q(/a(f2dsy msrre a vq*g6wfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in rbl 4pbvf :8inl w2k,ern(07itwo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques isp6663+ferin p0e fsx l not effective for sampling motile (moving) 66nlff03p+xep i 6ers specimens.