What is the best definition for ,+-a m-qzlbp0 jj xl t1dn 8+z)h;cjuta species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italydq 51zw 7jlfw p(n 5m:dz-ish9


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ,s*1kr xkycht qwb a;q88wt1.grch 5.;Factor 2;Factor 3.8w hqc.y8twxkrb5 1qh t;kc *s1r ga,?

  Figure: Growth curve(mpruztipj cv/g*hcg/ p43 , .7br5ct of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp;0,b immld.ps h+ios 8-ic xr-iz et-)ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rgj4fp rjq 3kp1r2 lq9)6ht5ffesemble the zebra. It)1k9r pgffhjq5l43fqrjp t 62 lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of theh 2i-mc-qs(dq zd um() groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis l:d9y8c9zqc, 8jt l jmiupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals suq8 d ijtmzc9yc8,:l9j ch as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a porkp9oiop1s 7l n4:v. opulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and a g7egv.,p esy0nimals. 0ys7. ,gvgepe
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo44e43 +f7zzbw ex 18erc ovswpd chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, 2;zrg ,u 2uemcrf12hj killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcfgu jrzm,22he ru2 c1;tic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enertny4**dteks6d q5g dugfv43-gy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known tkh0 *-wf: k-jzqrf -v.x 9ypsoo have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite inferpf--qx-*w:skhzoykfvj r0. 9tile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de2+vxtf oqx1h0 scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienm1h un d:exi3*ts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, andnh3*ui1 emdx : the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuk :tkrq(9 zu:vltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ecg93/xwqkm t ,nergy.

  List three factors thatriu/*uuzfiu ,e dco d2bh 8/0( could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factoe,cub/d r 2fo/hd8 i u(u0izu*r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differeg+lgbkg++ j +pnt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rico52wh47ti zc. /,ikpjp8 xuflykbd5/ e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembwj(9 z5bo/(x jfu msr,le the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which(b o,w9f/ s ju(rm5xjz continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desk jz xc /n.ip-1eru3lk* u ols5q.n3g5cription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web2s v0kdte+)8 wmk2kj l



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inm (8 pgh1lec3m;tc 1cdside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, l;tdh1 38mcccg mpe1(water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following kj. qw(kl/e jb9g: q 9k0n*hwvchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sys:07 nqa g.u6admmj(ln tems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormsdhghkw2)0 7ex that ingest and then break downe hh )gk0xwd72 and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram.xtspq 0)/n5eu ys *y5r9 ejakid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pi5onrf* e /hgr ,mk/(urey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trueh hfx g2qo9,r,e4 7fyw about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially 9ws x3.jvn rdmvq*2 g5available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of nms. 2 v*xjgrv9d3qw 5the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the folloflqerbq.bfz4k10kg++p-* ole)d2s owing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiq vjng l:ykxco)4 71l-on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in.jmpn2:/6fy+csbqj 9f,khh o food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a of6tf:h uva x12tx(1atru78 ,asbe3p pyramid of bht1e2o7,uufs 31ar: 6 fx( atbvax p8tiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enew h gw:vz5faze gx2u7my sr**f*i,12yrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pro7fo1fa poqt0,ductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webec g,c5kp l(k5


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecof/vhca- ny2j 6system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accw9e9dgk5otr)les;p/tt0 w +s urately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in az gy3aib; 4:n35eg*g3qweyg-o h7egj savannah system with parasite7zbg qgiy35w4ge3-hjnyge:e o * ga ;3s on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below. ,ha 6xt*rrw8mWhat isrx8,a6r m*h wt Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. zd1sr if +0cvm+xp(yz1(p1 i241rsm d3oyvw h
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is d:rr/0u ksm l1lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxqq;a bx drjb(w ;t;p4. g/(hmiide in the air to carbohydrates mrab4 (q;hq t.w p;/;djgibx(.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere uoyt )cj;prw 4(fyn-9 to other carbon sinks. fr( j4w) y; o-pcyu9nt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon*yevwxe+ aemr2- 2p37uj)by x cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystbwphz )6k k2j 8ej5af) iga(javwn.17em / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thahx .8 kxtschi,9g0i3 it are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cal *7s(jgykvgew ny jxaue4l v:e0 75-d*culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram rkw 0+g)e1bauof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carupxy9 1i)( m6g7qof ctbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow s)4yy.rak4l od2r6yt in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecos/zcmy3,vu a( bystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifp hof1;:h3qmpx/ t*dcying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect ke 4waofj(1 a6on the nitrogen cycle.(kae1wjfa 6o4

  Figure: Average per c5g7 wrqe ;ra-rmp2h ; uhvf.j8apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP jpcrt6oiew8.f )1e x( and NPP as primary succession progresses frc.re1oi)p(f8 6jxtweom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example 1 m4azzhdk1civ 48a1gof transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitq4 h2jf v7nml0i sfp xt(ki699a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried p*n llv+cq,n6cn, uf 8h xfm)2out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen valq6p+,vhl,nn) c mcf*8 2n fluxues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storaj87xny 7beh qay5x48 hges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by zlat3o o4 je393p*s vzregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome aj;.z3mq;kwv i u6zgvk /q6ljkfq 6+*

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italdam r4;s1lcv0y



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing 0-lf. lnjw6gtis,0yy one or more statements from the followifg06ts,j - yl 0iyn.wlng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns andh(o u*ji -+f8u*q tyvh other physical variables. List the main factors ttih- 8qvhf u*j yu+o*(hat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raigr uzxij9 vwd/s/c6l-u))ij5jb- f o; nforest biome.

  Identify the correct )ck79s w akvv;by(0gestatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itao4p hyobt/(o6ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two1gqxn 2g 8gs h-.;mflx herbivores in different biomes g; xfg2mls-h1qx 8 .gn


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversithm-d0 5gont+ mt9 qn7py, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community tog dnm+q7h o- t90pn5tm a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describingh2gb-1: s5vxu mvtx iy 0p3gpqq,w g58 the changes in productivity during primary sgy-hmi:qq1 t2 5g s3 5b p08pvxxuwvg,uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dwp j,97q39n pbe -xlmhisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pprw( 3g foj7u0hotosynthesio7 wpjg (ru3f0s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in :t:yb-xewdrh6 zmp w3 ob:m,,a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to cjn.z/ r:qap 50*h aivvapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 3jna5/ ah zr.:q vvi0*p24 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the daflms53(n0gipdof t3 5ta, it is important to take multiple readingss5po33i0f5 mtln ( gfd of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol*nixshr yph/h :iynay:1 q9jb20 ,k+mogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampv;jc-g v sgwdhf2m*b 8)rt 95kles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crehwu ,+*m*t2 j e6dsqehek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for snds 0:q,zn x7 +*.cb(9gj4izq gqa fsqampling motile (moving)bqj4nz( q:+nz .s0 igf,*dc9q7gxsaq specimens.