What is the best definition for a specieqe ft(4tl +s9ts?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italk:9+ -uqh5da 6h5wwacy-cma ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact i7 kh1fjzvs//or 2;Fact/7hvjszk/ 1f ior 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pq 17gv x oi nok2w)u/)iunc (+/qiek5zopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schf -k0 zpvpk5z*s lxg(;ik:yd /istosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gi3le ai 2jc-p)nej p92eraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns anijc)e 2eeal3 29pnp-j d eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grfe6o l xl osm69u3+*ahoups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturvv0f*n-dbt zbvs /9gzp-s 49x ally in North America and-b s b/z-s*xt9fgvv0zdp v4n9 Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be ws:1uy1tseb3st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feer c arm5h/7c1g kint-0d on the remains of dead plants and animals./nc5 ch -g0at7imrrk1
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fu5h5 4jkjeokg8( drtwfi; 6o2; mzdc0ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polwxv4 6uo:nq r;ar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in o64:r vnq ;wxuthe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lo lgxxa)v--qf7 h(enjt1u 1-oi st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prodmwpm.n z4w5 8*;+qqp io-hemm uctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions m.5 z-; mip p8ho*4mm+ wqewnqhave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that isr1y kq8zsm i40 a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theie* bv+nybp -woan 6 d-nu3 m :p;bcuw61nml-q7r surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absobb e-lo7pvwcm1un- n6du- nq3my6bwn p* :;+arb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riceerfeoqg wm6)i . tuo,e,1v:j+ cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o, c9gu/t b3xw4y2uqlpf ) y:, yot;hggf energy.

  List three factors that couelg 6lf lmc4,6ld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorm,l6f c6 le4lg 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthqt7 f tvwy5(yp5 -ct-besis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation07)opkmokss 45/g ckm system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hand8)ld0 jwg kqh7;iq 3t3+rzh s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives 8hl;w i0gr t7n 3kdqhjd 3+z)qin the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of en.o8gvx)yir 7i3zwht oz+ 14 heergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w:sp gpsp dx3 ,ar2c0(q1n.zge eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alh1.pup fnr:i: xbu+ x.gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunli bru 1fn:p:+i.ph xu.xght.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionlqd0qz v;uy36a3ayeobn 2d4) :


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in theg9h5 bae scr6i96a6jb,cbr :c ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms jv ki5osb85- wsbgi p3 mk/c7,that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgw3mps vib8 gs/c 57,ojkb5i-kanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofp 0jftk:4 znp3 numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr7k d,k/jp9z*8 tot 7rbz-b yzsedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroete5 0:fgyk9nj 5;b vahshane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-kz;:.ifkn o/nc;vj r9 4 jm;fhmu4 7nufilled glass orb, whic nn;4f;4 ;jv/ 9m7kurfiz:c ukjhonm.h included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followwum2x 54)ox tcing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systu:+zgn ti.uv) ap-:kkem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to;svkwv7-0t qfoqb*/m xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid ol51 n6zm65(gipum ifhmca+ 9 hf biomass(am 6+fc5651mhnmgzlh ui9i p.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener hhz 57o.8xfr;yhb7m jgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi5;do 7c+1 kb.sfvgqyfty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food txk -p7b; gw3b *ssp*rweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in tqdek*4mm,)h,y8or w a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.8ed9,dupx k.iduct( 3

  Identify the pyramid of4-s -cx pya4txd 2r7fpu.jf3q numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer l-q7a2x-cfrf sp43d 4jx . tpuyike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.ai qr1y*1pzc .c.9s2ff e: dtjWhat is Photosynthesis c 911*c.frqda p.zsy2iejtf : and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the useivm)3a ee3cg5rnz r,h)87h vb of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energycplhzqcq5o,(j3;q w . is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon 5dx 2zgp(i b)bdioxide in the air to carbohydrd) x(2bbz pig5ates.

  There is continuous cycling of*6hly 0(duj8p c(kv*c *ae kbq carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8q b* pudv0k**ckha(c(6e yjl
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thdzlic3azpw s 75:x-x4n /.fwfe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ye1zl2rrik jp2 4/1o h;bshp8l3nn a yv+ar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tn(fcxcm+wj;r m //xc; hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivec0zce1)t(w8 ht .*7cwm jl+kji o:glity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagra 1h1u hee:fz0 b45hntrm of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb+ bffxk0vzl )1on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy2-tia yn,p7;5 bdvkz4e*jll zstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ep7k8,4 3az rs a,ky1zbxbw,m scosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactegpol ae9 *,hq9w jz9)uria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efff3+n .ox apn/g0y+dqpect on the nitrogen cycle/y po3pa q+g +.fnndx0.

  Figure: Average per c3w7sz4n rrox-apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP awvl38sjgv9vrx/l )(is primary succession progresses from a pionee3ilvjxl w9/ 8svr( )vgr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following 58 x 2lxa,i3jpv azg/nis an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capdr vrey 5z:+cut yw:g/,ea;,nita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out gnxr9m p hfpm,fxu)09 uz8s+3using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in botmp99hff + zpr m)0s8xug3 ,uxnh bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagkp2,o h9032 t uy n x1ftkmzeb po,a:r0zp80bmes & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by s yddo7j) 2gc*dv1*txregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dataezpc q.zi:96- hi8yukn,:e i a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofu9v (bv-a+o (ffqjq4tgl ,3 ij Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stajb*hlwe8k6( p16phhp tements from the followinbe wh6pp 1(jh8h*klp6g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablespahc6 s:k*wa5pe8 ks 5. List the a5 pc:ks5* 86askpwhe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th:jy gjffqc(2 :e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ij1/6w 9 2drnis e7,m hpifh2+ zt8fljyn an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph fnzc;m-tsd6od*c x 01of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomasoxsibw8 6cjmb/, o-2 xs of two herbivores in different biomebmbxo /w,ji2s6x c-o8 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPlw/epflg1 zck2u46 6fP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to alz 6lfce 6gu/p1 f24kw climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of th3.di6k5tch tr e following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successh53.t cdir6 ktion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a wq1-n zm 6.kks ft04gdSecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate( u+e99.a ja*af el+u ylrte7z of photosynthesis y+re9z7e atj9*ue.alu(+fl a



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field lakx,noi,gsw :9f(2n



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture speci u 61mypkrrt.s:tc x;n /byy98mens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, ofr8.9yk;urpy /bmct t16 yn:s x which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d,3. eyxi73omsrj kl(p ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same 3rk l. i7,j e(poyxs3mfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used if 7xxwa;.kz z4 biw43ej6wn 8vn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cgczko64m3 m u8;r:, ykk, zyldimm98b reek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cfkj a-k a rc/x;gid(k.1tp u1s-3;tgj reek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techni /b vrxem jr 9vi ,)3y(avu8z.mh6fs*hques is not effective for sampling motile (moviijxm vyr h*h/az96s) vru83m f(.ev ,bng) specimens.