What is the best definition for a specibp. ef1xz..qles?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital/hwfy49. fwpqtix9p(s . u 0zwy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' gd9x l;d6hg6 dniche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Faddg9x6d g; 6hlctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a :i:ger08 hr ibpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of -utzqgrj)sm yy/mz3d ( 5pz)+ )*qsk,xt5etaa Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe a4wi ;xt2 uf7zm9z utr 5lpq3x2nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yea i f;um3tzu257p4 wql9x2rt zxrs old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiu+ow50f9d ,ow xsf: yson.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup)o76w6i z;uaqs+; g he 3sjkjius)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals suchjkz3i ;6;sg6eaos7ui +)jw qh as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the .(og4p6 vnaa a5mcho(growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead p5*abt ouu;p- uof6l 2 eg.)cablants and animactpuabg- ;o e ualf.6b)2*ou 5ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi+z674k*,m2fae kc 2kt qesh vgns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms i;3dp6 : zf ,yto5avqulive and interact with each other in the coquiv;dpz ft5 ay6o,3:ld waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.f4c jqg1/6hd 5uhrp 4u3xhv 3p

  Rainforests are known to have tall tre)rw lnybr/:nzt; - pa0es and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interr :nwp;tan/ l )ry0-bzdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tha1lrzn ll /g4u3t is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive edkf4q c 1toqaadh)16jr** 1qenzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things star1*e o* hq1kfdq4qa6 )dcj1uch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysk .x.5pu0xz bytem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids oqz.c/0j8js 3h/hd tt xp*qo ;xf energy.

  List three factors that could describe a sp-tt:b zpww(tp(elw14e7fs o )ecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an1bt(e :f zww s4p tolpt-we)7(d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturesd x7pcc3qg2v:j3ik 9t

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuz aoz/8pqbz5f/o* lol(z;:d pltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smalem+8 oniu 934ipl fef5l-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues teifeuom+l8f95 n3 i4 po be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionb -5hbsvo)ek,6j7zr. fh5(tzvrj x(b of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooi ntmxg22bu2- d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside l-)m ,gykzgx)dmev- zsh8; ;m coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pr)-mlv,hz;xs zg) ykdgm;8e -moduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin:k)wqo;aaqmu-z en6rk8be, 727hxlg g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movg9l 1jl+0e yew5zyh-cement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describe:8 scwivs,z v:er84hh s organisms like earthworms that ingeiwv::h8szcseh,rv48 st and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramic r8 o8xlc/ez5b:7uaod of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey c0ajv :m8066 j0*o0gziaw0fhp zjw gv


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphef*dwu-e07js2s wg5:h kqx9cmnyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commersj9lyp05 yxh.7 cs o*kcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed itpyl9ycko ssh 0.j75 *x near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of thdtw-0bq ,wbz; e following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enc1:j/g b z+rk ):karsaergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins p)a cgt+/ksz9 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follow r542:dfe6h e opebnfs 3**ryoing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomasf64*drf5eeyor sbh *e :3op2 ns.

  Figure: A pyramid of energfknrb0fj :e;bto:: m7y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pro6d7vw i4 6w7kwzpk2liductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w-)p*iz mjl,mz)/ bcr(cb w jt5eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy au)w8 aph;q0 dx3 3.wn9f6by+g zajpcstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that d briv -q1u4di,oes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist mb ay 7wrn k7/ok(cu8(in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the /wymb8( k krc(oa7n7ulions

  Distinguish photosynthe bfv-z)t 9sx e(*+gxzssis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is t 9b v xfs)-ze+*g(szx Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o uldo crnnniq4ydw9hu7l;6n/ 9s-y( 2f DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoz*v9g+bn or-kao it,6 cadc)-systems.

  State the name of the process that co ycs-h71iji9n nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates i7-1yhn9ic js.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon s, vafy 3/qp,kj.d ;k*ykxd.tsinks.3 *atdykpq y,.sf.vd,/j;kk x
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon*frl47v:svyr v c ;k1y cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in aom56f sl 0-jq ne5 vkaa95ki2qn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. lm-c;m sp4(d;6riwd j
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodk; vlwgjcr k; luw1t ecq6+4(4uctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of ut(x4fgpi9d+ww 0u0k the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thahu6fu-+w47 gaci wjk v q+q),e carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys1rb c4bi, eiw)tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ gtuh4,yz 2k6j $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteritgc20 0r- fpf.8kmnzsa.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitroge-4rgd snj 53pl rfpqc3l914;ofiu.gon cycle.f g4-5 o;.f9s lgjrdurlq i3nppo1c34

  Figure: Average per capitar*djq,z+ ; ry/cclpw3 $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession gz:x.b-s9*0 5d nt,ukkebw ef progresses from a pioneer community to a climax x9- w, 0teb nku 5gz*:fsbek.dcommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of6 :n 85g rabjomd(aw+nsc3fc8 transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit7h i 9 5q(m 7p7bsjg.ec)cqeaha $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Eol4gv;(8 w7xyw rzrz9me)1eg lodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days i8orlwz1rx 4)7vme 9e;gzygw (n both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storage3bhk kor o5.* ,h1dvbes & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiocpo 2o q4-lg0hn 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for uk:x zy1h9c* z hge- s0um8cu,a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italym(b1g c ,u-bzavvy2c8



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing on.u * kbfh/kvfnf6mmbs1sc;1 a/i1af+si*0b ie or more statements from the follumfcf1mbkib *;b6. ski0v i fs// a1*fh+1 nsaowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are charactertrbru 9e:gh6sk p62;dized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomeb6k69 tr:2p e dhrsgu;s.

  State which is not a description of t0ctn+ v2t.zvry9,t+ -d3x lstz b7lcihe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to dieou4l1 44qi:j (ldctb versity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of o 9uvi05)kfe8 vkrzs 2Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prodb.-e* k7 q3riqc3i qbnlr/ ma4uctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomesr4.qbn karli33-*qq c bim/7e


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP ea)s xp)y+u7e1gacej +me b-3 and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli x+ -e)uecgs1p+aa 3bem7)e yjmax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describn inx.ko-1 e-p i6q7tqing the changes in productivity during primary successionp i-e1-qk6it.on xq7 n.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be m vm2,hc8 2whaeeasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temper 1/(mtq6pyr6xfc,knv6i p)amt- 5sth ature on the rate of photosynthest 561t qty)c6p vmx(,/ma f-6nkhsrpiis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ftlms u 2v*.vu4c,l;yl,o nb,-h*txhbield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insebtmp7:o10ocm zxo5 3qct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were mark 1ob50xtc3omq z7pm: oed individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the relij l14,;cl krf9h rj(erability of the data, it is important to take multiple readings ,rjhlkel(r 1 cf9j4;rof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s;s(:rq 6 x*eahs6iv ydampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two dqx;v3 s .jj0zsamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek o;8xudx e*r v5




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effect37 /qpf.l89 3eyz7agqq1lx czepu:fwive for sampling motile (m7 3/ez8le7qw:afx9qulcygppf 31 q. zoving) specimens.