What is the best definition for a speciehmkb n-0jf d5,s?

  igure: Climate graph *a*ntldb/.we r p37srof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could hps l zwcvz6) q2-qg1kvp q mpd;9m5)8describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor v)hkmgl ;8s5wp)q2cvz1p 9 zm-p6qqd 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p-8er k; n6, ecziq-8bhmcx 48f.ldmrpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc.m:mrens lo2; histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe andr zy4c-y)k r3o has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and c)r3-k yyo zcr4an breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organle7h8 j)p8lc iisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North)*azu qc wrx c,yx;m3+ America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, denselymqx u3c,;+xy*zrc)w a populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over ti+v+zv2+p54uk q wjic ume.

  Crabs, earthworms, mit+0ng t4p+t6kamhl77vk4kb/+nt iy pb es and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals n p6kiln0/ t7 ytmh4p+7t+4bk+vgkba .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaijznw j8/ pw40lns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organismdln /5*8a bwrz c91,zhtky us8s live and interact with each y5w1/l*a h ck s,rz z8tbdn8u9other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enelx:h5 ;u 46zp3f.ztyr v yv(cnrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high p8k/4jtm*stz ;coe 3p troductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the m s8t cjo3e /;pz*kt4tpresence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct d z:mt.i *lb 2o*ozhly*escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int+n 0)jzb ,qojk//rv udo their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such/qukbv /jr o +z),nj0d as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst;1ghse8f3z3 w 3ls2q brt:lr oem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ0 gxfxf1a l6i45kwuk.51p pep y.

  List three factors thatjfy 3:om1d.m r could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 1r.mjy fd m3:o3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photop * wm9twto/2ysynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated 0j/ * duxdai67kyctw:t; a 15jr jd0mqrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smx+i 1q h r5zaluz,d)k6all-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republix hi,65z+1alzd u k)qrc of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystez)ds 5kamp1rgnz86/i m.

  Figure: A marine food lq b8g:+lhc2j web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cor(kjw nt r,t5y*als feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae nky(rwt,j 5t* from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following clg hlik( ,)p/sqq7/jrhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oc /u-x9z /3cykir6ss 8rox hba1ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organ nj-s3o:r 0nvpyk/0ia2t c3yaisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mater-2jrs :ovk0y ci/ yntan a330pials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofnkdo 8jrp/ g(0(d*hhfg u82pv numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predq dqj9vv50k bzu i0pw )u+p. euo3ld21ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodbjz16wy0 z-wyy,6ew ykx60d kiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mescl1, m n6g,yvuocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student , ly6v1nu,mcgplaced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampkb(+- wvg)b):4z ih 8q zpo5gegra4nyle of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversio*9nbv)pv 0 agao p.(qnzf0 gw59kj3ytn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in 60 ylj5v xvow0food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fo(.xrqs6 tf0z,i ggmuu5wadxo2 s16v + llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of sgq 15t6 0 g6if,mxdrv 2uowa+zs(u.x biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e 5 v(sngu1lu()xor j*dh is9y(nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystekj(hj:j: s;p0f* bvcx7vt 4+zecf+ zdm.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wecy nr s6(p:6c pdcwt*21pee6p b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a op+/ (spqwh5cc ze )y2-yplb- soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurate-k 1lc7k,0yg rvwo8loly describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that3f)lzjfmna4vr /j+ed 3ds:x3 could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a:rj/xe4f3dv)sj3a d +lzfn3 m consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration 2j4jk8 fh yvv7correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis an28v 7jyvhj4kf d Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describbwd3ci(4 rbya1cyj 5(e the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fpf /4; + jfze6k1hkyhkrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxidm+rpa4;psyhh w a7y- k2b)iv6e6( viie in the air to carbohyd6vpiis) y-4; 7 me 2kiphab6(vha +wryrates.

  There is continuous cynf*v ha z 1g12;ymqptnab v5n) h5m9t,cling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. tmn5q *fh agvtv;b5p9am,y1)2n 1nzh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longej eh7 ppx8:79l 9ni9ri tg3gxhst time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystemqa.aiq: c6akq h 09z2h76aldd / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar0-a lw.(dia dge true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produc:ez d3(tfcmy b)gn42p tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of thecnf; .4 j;4n w(4wrrzgk0nxui marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle i3)lkekc60rci / zt(t5hu px2


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in8cni0nq:*5d5su lg gkl 5-dli an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in 6( maz;6guqctd 6m 9cq(eqqt(h7n 09seyur g0 a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying b m d 7zbf/pue/jh/f0 (jkx5z6kacteria.

  Identify which of the followec3y3eko1tzef:fxk e62* k9cing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.9f2ex ekk3ek: e3c*czto1y6 f

  Figure: Average per capita wr0ks) b 4zhj+$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successi18m .z 8wwndzeyh67l1qxna q 0on progresses from a pionee.y6q17 1w lnenmdw0 ah8xz8z qr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f72r6 :q s.4irtu vm(nuf (fozpg+xh z10vjmg-ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cal++ hv3 c9 ooi90ixharpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in watc/di x qp o. y:29qegsd63y,hter. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the bcdy 6tq:,gdx /3 h2ep .i9soqyeginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flrx28lxa *jv8 aows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2/ so-,,n2jq qcov fr)m020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b4j.j eqr,y;yuiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapzy c9whtkw9tbgq 0s+.7:5m bjh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept x :wqjv6x15 yd1 g09;sp yy 0ogellb3fof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followin5 vy0yjfd x1 pgwygoe60;bls9 x1:l3q g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by x ;-gvipfj0:w climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize p- i:;xvj0gwf the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a depxb(xc (05vq kr4ja u(scription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rew.f qrn2lc74 llated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itajr z khxu 53sf:m-3zzskw1, , jg6:rkily


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivi6d -vw1.sby :oe/g ataty and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes: -/6ea aodvyg1b.tws


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succgpb,s2egs*fcsn.e oz, +vmd :b+6hy4ession progresses from a pioneer commun,b+g v:obp+gsh*e e4mfs.2dcz yns6,ity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descro7 7dvww h1-hkibing the changes in productivity during primary successh7wodwkvh-1 7 ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that ca n, bua12)dkgon be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phote8ob 1u(9g jdeosynthe 8jb(19e deogusis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat ine 2 ta77ao;dbr a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sper u4g 3pupgsxs*1f:7ecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, oss7f1 p:p34ggex ur*u f which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabiljczhgo 0c 7k vu3e rixf3t00qq-g+3(fity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fac30fztu i-c f3q0qgjkxce3(vo +ghr 07 tor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological g3/xtd(fn7d l sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two saddb (gfi9ez /.mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampledv,k9:xd*i l pz) ,sqfg h (qes(z38mad in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fqo+:fb5dl ,wa ollowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) speci5 af ,lqw+:dobmens.