What is the best definition for a specxuelp9uo /1xe1m4lz 1 ies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itq2uiv27c ol 5+hn6s dvaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors th0r)g t4x 4 ,z/z kw)yfeaphtd/at could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor z tth a/f4e4d),zkp)/r0 g ywx3?

  Figure: Growth curve +a4ilk9krz 7rljlp x*(0 oz w)of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spu:+/g h1s fudfecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir-+dfykv s,5pw affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat thsdk, fpw5yv+ -e leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the xgt7p,+r5 3gf 1oaany groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturaf;hl t(gg ,5u p6lsfc0lly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial 5lh0lgugp f6cs,; (tf, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thauagf4j ;8qd1itu 5e t*z y7)qq.tml 3dt best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snxdtb n7k glc1r-vz 5w 1vsm 8km51,0usails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsr15gbt5 7s0 , zkxkmums 8d1v1wn c-vl.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainasfzr1t ih1 87s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whv mn.bvui(oxl* a;6y/ ale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with eac *nyx (6v/iov;. aulbmh other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems. ,5;khxh zq5zo)lxuepu0lb8 -

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high p6nz6apwha8p dt b-mu. 4fc6:kroductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interafpkd wp6hn- 84cz at6u:.mba6ct with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thatv rlqa.09*qea z5td f3uod9ik4u nv 96 is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivfb-dqwk ay jmow 9t vi:-5ce177 5ea*qe enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and1akiw- -de y*m7q 5tcof qj5 bw:v9ae7 decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysyoo. e(set4 78v*ylo: h9kxek tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrvdgx tn87 1de6amids of energy.

  List three factors that cf1e-w2g/ycr 6 +aakwyould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor e+rw12ay/kagw -6 f yc2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthehi9da1jrv :3xvjm* *e0 se5uqsis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiz3 i a-(xfah(y+eg:btvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the )q0ez.6(7vphpg mzmsfp+u( 8kafnd+1y z(jhzebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be u.hspz p 07am6+)pe zknzgfyj( hf(vm (dq8+1dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enei:9y eglazu1 qs)d+sn +4o)qqrgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food krr8k g:g9 )pbweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that lej ny 8/abvju j: otc*m8v2-p6ive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunligbv8p2 6cu o/y*nvma j:j-te 8jht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: s5wm:5qh kx:;v e 1fdg


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrams- a9xl wzp7d+ of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the focgqlno94f(cky/* 2 ks llowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materi(k*4gc f n9olsq2kc/y als.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of au u3)vot86of3 z a:0tcuvn*inumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denig i77hjlowp6)hvz hi8 0yx82sities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichl j5+pdwh,20jus; d cpq- :cjmih8iym7orodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avai/)7cgkr69s6x48 x qp icw rxm7apn8)uqj: fmr lable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light souqrspgr 7:r6mu cx98aw4)j7 n/8)xmq xic6k pfrce. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampl+ug 0o1ji9ybtsgceq3t* ;u) ge of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energpwvb6 c2 z0m6oa*qsg b7j/)hvy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ifbwe8 ja wh3il9k((( in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following,tiygo z0( s2ck47 wkh statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biom 2 th4ki,sz(0kyow c7gass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ew3 t n go60ru5yha gof 5qy-9tiz6n5u0nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for rephl/,d9:wzf wt resenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin0sf414vh ,6mdj mniehe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec9d0 5w lo6c(amvgn yi.osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descjo;c5 *n4dqs ohf4 xm;ribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savan;78za j,f)j; :lraoz3l,v2; x aycunan l9esi nah system with parasites on a consumer like thivl;);lzu98js on ,3z; cj ef:aan7,yxla a2re lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratype7:u ,h2r; .x txt1c gjbzsah/th/:ion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirat/ g txtcpr,a1:zs h;.bu :tjyh2h/ xe7ion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as avi2nh1) 1 hs:qel orb ykk+)8an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ener4c k1.hpl :oqmgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diox :0 j6;z03hlv (b3chcnmqwiv-0zfiji +wkuy8ide in the air to carbohydratz jvh;b3 cj+wl(n0 iky:680ucv fm-iqih3z0 wes.

  There is continuous cycli*kn rw(1k c 3tjzo6gp8pr7 6cdng of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. gw3nr6rc(okt6c 7 ppk18dz* j
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires t;0zvdhe q,0w e,pw5kp+2hfef*tjk.p2/ u u ov he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in afdpvzzw 3*:q l: u8t.bn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arws.uwzz/5h3x ).xl fye true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatwcmj01uc+ o0: t;+(trjagc2(dmb jbued.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb3ve3d.2t cncd on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonrq gh 2rk58mx,uayx0, through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a1 *y)sz7dy z +udtbrh9n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem io:jvf;k:myt d3a/0ur n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trui /c7)0ot gkvce of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-qjvp9k7d( 7w 3 )o8anjq x3umrinduced effect on the nitrogen cyvkn9arqj)o38xm3 qd j7(p7uwcle.

  Figure: Average per c:mdh w ta9en);evq,g67w ) ulwapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in lax2 rwvc ma0tk ( ;lg2x:8e*6fz5* e)wywgqtbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a *ekl 22a): vlfxzecw(6*5w0tr 8x;tmagqywgpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation. ttz)4o)ln wlldl l2w e0l (wrel3*85i

  Figure: Average per capita ;n wfniu .6zd8z u-)3 agjzp4a$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant incd - puoyi8b:2 water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the o:2-y8ci pdu bexperiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &0padr j,/e -uj annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regi /:yy56 viyahaon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fov,kc ylpzjkjvk4h9- 6s0) xb) r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romezj fk8o6 m exa8*/ux);bdybf5, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements c.v3xsb 0ochw*mz.z+g 3ywfc,)ema (from the foll 3)+wzy cg*(.hmc3w.b e,szcao 0 mfvxowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterize0 a c7sa0jnm0s9 b:wxr;4 gsdp6uemt .d by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the ma0gam0nm74 sw eu pj0r xb;6st9c.a:sd in factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip0:6amhr; )nej u mr.xqtion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.: t0 nu(s( deib;chsa.

  Figure: Climate graph m hyh5.g6o+ bqof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores ur edd48)lwr.u+nzm 3 in different biomes4l edz d+um3)8nrruw .


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre73(knfowz1 etx3:s :f:mhrg4szdod q 2fs8e(sses from :d4o3e7(szf(x fo f rz3h1 mwde8kn ::sgsqt2a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in desc(g/ iooe*sirir(. ebqko6f2da 5 bonl8:a: -mribing the changes in productivity during primary successdq*ib.lo/r r ao (-k:2ge:if6 ( enoa5sm8oibion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dir z s 9u.l60eg /;(qexds:tndisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperat4.xtxv4x 0y+9ut0dvzpyy-l 3ibdi* aure on the rate of photosyntyvx di 9 a. -dvybt uy400xz3pi4*lxt+hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field cqo i/hg4wir9x8 dq02



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specime r8b3dlii-a2h ns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total oi38 lhr-2idab f 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ww45k gbe+ b5tof the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. ktbg5we +45 wb
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol eu b9/y/fi+0mv pv,-ku2vvo nogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W ;(h2z9oua 2wkbozr fnsk+- 4tillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sp)6sk-ed1 jmyi1u/zh lecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampli/g16g(4v:ssptl dbigng techniques is not effective for sampling moti1 sbt/d (s6glgv:i4p gle (moving) specimens.