What is the best definiti g64bv6a/wy9(. xytlcyeu3zoon for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, e ::w 5feq7qbiItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facy ic.q3ajj -u.tor 2q cu.yi.-3jja;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofkyxyt yt0-,7b a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci1v+j tr el81pies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smal f3m:6rq:x odnbvk71r l-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be s q1vbr m3x6 7rok:dn:folitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisw1r 5yrt)do j9ms is a population.

  Fact file on the greytqf b7g53da0s6b, s+/o 1rcx lbxb)lu wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolvesa lbb cssqb)03tf6lxu, 7g51br/od+x may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popuog0kfh1eyqqq 3+p54h.:: oom,a be xolation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feeeod77t7 o nil, m:o:f-gp t8rnd on the remains of dead plants and anima: t7l,i7r7d o8- mptgenofn o:ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foptz+ p l-zg(9uod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms g;n215ls kmldlive and interact with each other in lnk2m5 l;s1dgthe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enz 2gool1y w5sc37npein*j75 gergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producnb/ x0(n+ 9e)*juvibnwbe 9rdtivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditioni(jnev dwbxn/nb 9 e bu)*0+r9s have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dequ,)-nbq,oy bj oc +s/pp+c q2scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroa1*.n .qks4w af ciuv8undings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and deccfk*.8 aun1w 4iasq.vaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated r vhmtpm6+l ao, 5p(d9rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener91gl:a. ianix++qzgovi m8 n9gy.

  List three factors that could describe a ssz*i2oey -4+yrdbf e. xvym24z yu9b- pecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fz.e*y-ism bdvr e2uyf yxby-94+z4 2oactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of ph;ro n9,a oq b/:tqbo4dotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s )3jk 8/5ntg3xg ae-xrw1 yrqwystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizmtwd9/tr j0e8z3d6m fed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in tdtj9r6830/ztwdem f mhe Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestriab )pqhnzxm )i53c6 ,wj)8 tppal ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web - ss l ocdb;p9v;4kyzf ha8-y9/uy+bm



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thegb(u. :xzsta )*4eqp f carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellabsq4( ue: pxf .tg)*zae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic(odus,hhlmct- a0 +h /al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocealm89j( kwjeiq 7qr 6fd1k1cq 4n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best p1 f /hfakerz.xcpa88g1s90t describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break .pa g8er/x1 1pfca0stf zk9h 8down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrr2r)oh c9liwrxv0*o 4 amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a po11fj23z8 maz.z 4yg1w )kkfm p ,cznmredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dibprav 32cya;:ne;)weh5y ed 4 chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using aoqw h r+,1bmkpf*i y0* commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ligh0 o* pif y1m*k,hrbwq+t source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example oyyt j/ .ocnwst 8-x.6sf transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systi(,qcnutykn :;;gx3 qem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 24k)vh:dalsakaiz13




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fal /p55 ymagugyuuf0en/ +kf- :vse when discussing a pyramid of biomassya u-yu g0ufp: 5ev5+kn/fmg/.

  Figure: A pyramid of e vh;2(m9zg:o,:z1) 1ta jevi st smashnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprhxjo vk3u;.r2 esenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine ;(w8yflv:gu:2xq.* xpqzrh xfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ece:bhl 05lztz) osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement5-ljw zfcbaip pgcw9;xpxc ,8f( ++5g that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coul+h e-*zo l0vbpd exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer li +lvb z*0e-phoke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly s69bxbbytxw.kg2 oc /ea 5e 62from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respir g 2x5so6web92.6ebab/t kcxyation?

  Identify the statements that describhh*2g y7un6l 6qunij6e the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy ipv:8 t5gzjo)w zf0hd6 s lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to crk i5o3d acm 1z5op;t 1,*nfcearbohydra5 *oi5 d1 cazft; mck13ro,neptes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbonod m502-d0y au ks/raj sinks. /ad20a0 sr5 - kodymju
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires :pif5 kmux(o,h t4 t(zthe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / igj c u9e4p.q1per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.0 zle8; ghfn:t
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcug.7k 0p6 2sg ibtrxb *7rpjn7,imi/c zlated.

  Figure: A simplifiedy4sde8uo, op2 yp8ss9f39 x tw diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycleqye:+)o: jgkx* -go opzd (k+y


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosye e;qbr i0ps5:stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow incqsfl+3ff3y 2 a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha4fyaddsb e*h2 ,2 c0jtok1l.)z(uaz h t is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma d5sbcmu(l 7ik(yh qgfp:v,p+5q mv3 2/gox6fn-induced effect on the nitrogen cy m+p, d3q: g6uci(5vxp lvo/q kbfgm2shf(57ycle.

  Figure: Average per capitax.;m5h.8jph cm jibg- $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primahh7 x;z;)bq kqry succession progresses from ab;;qqhz h)7kx pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following i,98jc uc3 gz8/xatmohs an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cafy.g -he ii mq6 5x.r56imo6rhpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles3r:gl0t0mg cxvk s*r0wx7mu4 with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. Tg 4rc00 *t wkvg 3srm7xlu0:xmhe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTfz a8, w m63+mw-urfzf $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries6n xq u( iz3gvy0x/xc0 by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome+h 3 hrfkax1b(cn9sb:

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaokr)axl k40 s(ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more state/mezbup2m: d. ur ic4.ments from the foluec/u bd .2z 4rmm:p.ilowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicak6t8 apd1/+veiq /r adl variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bioaqpder tv6/ i da8+1/kmes.

  State which is not a descrqfu o6j4/ kz,,wal at1.af-muiption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relate5 xtv6o *s6azsn(kj6h d to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital33 vbb4j eugwnhv(/f( y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary proqeos1aec1qsf)7 h: /zductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biome/ e1)fssoe 71qazqhc:s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiveronznlj vyj(4, 14 qvih5(tma1sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fromm h54i4 1onjz ((n,a1vjqylvt a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo0yogkj4nkf,3 d 7/ta6+hio9wy/ jais6 y7avowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity dur/dk+otkv6ao3an jf97 g,w ah0o4 76i s yijy/ying primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bet8ng(c6qjyt ) measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rateur0b jue2wgr*frb30mo .d; *j of photosynthesis 30u**mboreufb r.r 0jjw;g2d



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in lmkc m9v5z 9-x:2mmvna field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a9/f g xl6, bnre7xri.13kbqxj series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps x ng. /jqrlfb9,367xxei1 rb kheld 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to t-rfp b0x +7t)j, 7iws-ark2 uw2nrrto ake multiple readings of the same factor. bw r2ari- s,-o+px t02jrtw)7u7krfn
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecyhehi55)o 1nt ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W29xfa9o 3a e j0w:nf1uujszg) illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speaid8 ,m ju5.4n r4gzgwmnw -b+cies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sad (a wz2mm e;,y(xca4dmpling techniques is not effective for sampling motil y d(zma;(ewcm4xa,2 de (moving) specimens.