What is the best definition fr(3-ev r2 jl:hlxt7)pczk8 cs or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, j(8 ksi)cop zy832+zuttp o q h,p++zzItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could dek-25aoqf9 grd*sn7n zpkja z2q2z0i3scribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor qand 9zpz-jksqf2*5 n3k2g7z o20ai r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populaw9thz.enx,w rr38n + ttion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species /yn/4p 8nx,q fxfu bt-rdz,l ,



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes5hq9cf1b.1vtk*5x dy sh n+,2dymsk;ioks- t that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on thech *dq5fn-iyy5dm1b s ;k,s+ ko92kt .x1vsht mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organismste kavk3/d-1bkr+mo map((4 f is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally ex3aax- o1g,j+tz q)gin North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of t3gxqjz tx+,aog1a-)e he land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gr -jycezkwm 70j)ci+5k owth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remainsacm/9rp+x 6up /3nuqj of dead plants and animals. j6+ 3r9 /uup/pnxmqac
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chvgt,l)j ehq59xs s37p ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killeop :gymc93at /i;cv9yr whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact withyio;c 9t/p:3gcv9 mya each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lostu2u w/iz-.cl+n83a2l pmr mpe from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to hfa2m2q.fv1v/r/wy rbc;b )4 a q8szkr ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent org4cbsarzq ay2mwv/ k) ; .f8 /f1rqbrv2anisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct des+ e7cyubrs -g66jx*fhcription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrou)r+ yn(+ au3w -iu ntxyjxsg*.ndings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the producxgnjua + (nx 3s)utiy-rw+.y*ts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cn +/ya,ecg:lkod u uu(j3 gpy;c4 ++mmultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of e2io d5n w,zonh o5n-y+ -7tjwnnergy.

  List three factors that could describe a specimd7t+lu)r4tj 14wwjw6tm1s o es' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factostttj6+11 7r )ummljw o4d4w wr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diff n;ny*2:w t9r.hw-nhvnedh(g o7zy 6ierent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati zbzbl7m;*jmqricos g r6:)bc ;*r93don system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-o6;ec;bovl1jv :s vx8 sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years oldx1:e v8sv;vbloo 6cj ;, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysth s5a 3yqm*a,jem.

  Figure: A marine food wyb,61 /pig*l:gw(moc (gvy v ueb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the cv .)ggnt/*h; quw*pf harbon compounds p ;v/h )uqpgt*f.*whg nroduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ch 2d+j8g rto2u-h/kjbeemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movz5qup x-3fn/rmk*5 so ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms li(gm wuh qc :f*0x8ypd l577joake earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living org lfmg0hx opq(ya jd 87w*:5c7uanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py+yut lq,nne 0qv*1b zkh*il /5ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pbc lovn; 9i.m ;fnb+7lredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):,niq:-wvc1 k e epa/:wy 7jyy.
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a-( i8) 3 ugt,vfk6dfy.degs+x0l eoat commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the follov6i0 ol-(.g+eukgtyxf 8df, sa)3ted wing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforocscao4*8l 2 hr44kh+vq ueii+ c+ xm(mation.

  Figure: A natural energy co5w v0c,n ;9e.zwd,fdslck ): s4:r5 coyhqzv bnversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in n5udkg) .eiw /food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme +8cfowddc6c5 nts is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma fc+dw 65o8ccdss.

  Figure: A pyramid ofu 7wg2t9gv( r,k0m /vt6- f wjir2besh energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi j5mfwss9b g5)ty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fotun;,yt75fr xod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosb+/3ja /:una/byjjmg* pw ab9 ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementbc5 3jly qdio4mdn4o12w(3wi+2xi cj that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist 0 xo:na;x s5yvin a savannah system with parasites 0n5a vo:;sxx yon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respir3nosie) ,rytf;tr6l+ z)iu w3 +,u dbbation correctly from the options below.What is Photosynwdu)bs yz+,r f+ln i6ro )tt3;ue3ib,thesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that des;hkdx*3kk+oxtc cc( 5d6c; locribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lot1 *ybz tjk)9lvk t7j v.m9c6ost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to .rvj:v2 -wsgdcarbohydrates sw -v:dvjg.r2.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othert wqn:/7:jjfgu .m*9 g mi/eip carbon sinks.i7j*n gmi9 :pmj:/ uqg/te.w f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the coxs 9f*q/d e qu)+4uw2z)jpn,mtq5 ucarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year j x0fkbeq.gvr:yge. *s 6y o -d2:nmi.


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. c ;lufo0)q.g z
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatd2cm c -:+p zusrry2s1ed.

  Figure: A simplified diagr cn4g1mhfir:v/vf abfv 6*.b.am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thro;2 t sx9v9luvux fvc/:g84mkvugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eces*9/u ,e5dyrn3wuguh 4df0 6 vxbw.nosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in :y:) / dlct/b)d;g:pqh :stc.srobgja terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying murvz2./ee -jl3c , wnbacteria.

  Identify which of the imzt: ckha5o.k8ae/2 yj9 wr:following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclyahme: ckot9 58i 2w .k:j/raze.

  Figure: Average per cafzlrtx+ 1+rja o5 e+6apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivwt 71, kznkc3gersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fr1k7 twzk,cg 3nom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an uwg s w,omu1gz+ame2- e6/b1c example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capk6cihx wg ,6 uw7zx.1kita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried vd b jdv x-g0k3n96pq)6v.pzz out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolv3v .zbpv6d0 djqknpg-) 9z6xved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon store4eo(hj8 tq:6v9 c cxrages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198nj 7ezvl*wt :4zr077sbhlej 48-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomve* o)48e cr)fg 7omnme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap.dai8 sq-r9dlh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatj 9:5i xls, wpto(dt3 :koxwa4ion’’by choosing one or more statements from the follo o:,aw lixj(5ttwopdk:43 9 sxwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic qh5 vnpl*s0( bg/yr.zl .gr1vpatterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ter. s/gqvbv(hg.y lpz r*r5l1n0 restrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rf ug 6zq)h(ugg1 py0h.ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystehn-at0p1wczq :fn wsh(c8 sd,z24c3jm.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome9+z0p /s0gw1qazs6 w/vr ko zk;vxc1vc tg,3q, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary promy3co5 /) etdb*,lczp rsx69bductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ol3, b)ytzs/dr5 c6pb*x cme9


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima xk dn9u 6:md3 7rcahvqrj:/4mry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commcx4 m kr:auv69:dq3 rn/mhj d7unity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descr (gj0jco*ttz an7 *7clibing the changes in productivity dc0tnjto**z ( 7 cljg7auring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usincbj)zdqmac.i3:e)c5 m. w 2lfg a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate a4xx5zqr +u 7akiv s6yiv:(3cthe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesayv3vru4:i i(q sk+57azxx c6 is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ffrsh uj*34 u/ce/p c)tield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.zl4o)jd9at t+/squpr*t2n r 3 On the first day, 1656 insects were 9z dr2ta tp +/3our)4lq tjs*ncaught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it io6q.rkh 74cnp ;v;9 rcfq*togs important to take multiple readings of the same factor. o vt6*c7rkqpq. o9g;f n4hcr;
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological jayo1sbsziu 8esx(s1k u/ptb /w872: sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twoql rf)hai uzzxl812rk,t-+ ffmh;6 1i samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creekyixn+*n/i:ulyup dwz /3/ ,1eo ,rc ny




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqa jat.f50ljy16ei3 xrues is not effective for sampling moa6lfetar j10 .x 3ij5ytile (moving) specimens.