What is the best definition for 37 ukqh jzqy(adb,4p/ a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital q1gecb/d;qg:tj)h4 o y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that +5n( ko-7*fj9hfwf+nk jf(e:ufpxgwi8 yf m7could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3*yw-kp hwn+8en7m o: (f i( g+f5fffju jx97fk?

  Figure: Growth curve o, do-5i5w 2pn0;lwb8l dv7ekhw 0owelf a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomz rme0-lfn+( ruys)k. a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strpt81ga8 zgcsn2,lza) ipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one otgcgs 1pn 8)l, z82azaffspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups 64ng:ng ycz o:e/*lhaof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturallk sc) g(wax( d;(*migcy in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have re ag;*mw (g)xci((scdkturned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rgk4u4u61ru wh9qd5 cx.q2bixeflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plant:q)suc-/mdt,e r m h+e xm*j+fs and animal: rhm uxmd/fm e,qc*+jet+s- )s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxkj :jn(c9cr 4bins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otheriddjd5b 3 4g4v0.xjx e+( joys organisms live and interact with each othxjjbvjs 4e(d0+. d4 yg5iod 3xer in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy im5ag 5kx9t7-xcayfk37 z -azh s lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall h;vb(j ,i. :bbp wtlk8trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms;th( 8bbb:jw.plv ,i k. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cha,t5vmv2lv- mc in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing.y*4:gzy djf (k*e 7zrwmbz2g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thenz gy d wrje4*2y:.*m (zk7gfbz absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy- d 5umqonkin4o:l a4 r5-ztkv1p0bc5 stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ej4w+3fxn*)yqo+u s,nbd fx w e/j80yd nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wha: q)t -tp:1t eff2kj)e4 cxgyct is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facty:fjtkg1 xt-)qpc c4 e2e): ftor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phaho ndcg*u 34)fp /oi2otosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri kyu0h( apfep -.gbw0axp +1u9ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble sdvg8 m5-bcooh4 x3f3pf c;x .qv8v i)the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary and3.gq8vs; m x)3b- 5coo vfpv4fix 8chimals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowl-grkxv1( sa: in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 03x.vhs+k+ 7mpro evxf:+fa x web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compou3ob*.ombx m .g xbmr:/nds producebrmmxo: bbm*xo3.. /g d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chobcktx.y 8wjuoo;k oqxe/5 y 9-24bk0emical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems d ai1z 1itq5gbv4+oob4iagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwor 9ulg 1hc5p3lu hjvzv5h9:kc( ms that ingest and then break down and dige z9:1hkvl 5jcgp5uvh ul 3ch9(st non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyelw txq01/nt+ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatend g( ybw:.wtfix14kx4*e jef0) g1 hor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Di rd -s1i1/zhofchlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticd6h,d;z qa33qr pznp( mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whic;hzpq6n3a rqzp,( d3dh of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfofmh (us2( (exbj6c le8v3 x6ijrmation.

  Figure: A natural energy ja+txl13 r:f /1q kvonconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain0csp8sor7e bf831 xkv 8 1 whdos.q:fhs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wnq,3qe)g yaa :ja. 1qmhen discussing a pyramid of bi1:e.q)y aj 3,qq mangaomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerzv ol.p676s icgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for-vjo-t (2n 6rvm 6igno representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wem p exk:ib**cts,mzq7x .)2u)ztpemaq7z0:ub


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem kilj1c3a08c ;8b j ab( +uzfzb




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foyo mnbhlyc9 ,tz0y*3,ua( 1ohod web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system withm hpwfs 2oto2w c/; 3 ml.4v*9wt:jhsw parasites on a consumer licslvjh.2 w:w2s/43ompwh t wo;t*9fmke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whatxv(. lwfyl m*a :oz5ybj845 wl .5y:m aofj(4x*vyz l5bl8lw wis Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements r;t;tvxl* )m/cf pz:k8aed b+ that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste9raih r8 zq 8hze 1:m ,dy(utqp1og35qms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon ssu4 ,7* jfbvttc:w5x dioxide in the air to carbohydratsfs:* 4 7xbvt 5,jwuctes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frms h-d.,e1qp6h.ol/j5 c6xh 9 njegslom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.nh9.hdj5qs e/x1emcg6-, jlohsp.6 l
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thee7s/:ow. al2v5l vmtp v u81uvr.(y ev longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystn2lh 8daj 3r5pem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are ap2grf7v 4br* ) .pe iwhkbb9:+ 5rehmtrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodj l 69jus8k,rmuctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mad:xpbfk g) bzb0:rp1+ rine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thewn(bu ep;c)-(ugi zd(x(nv 3j carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in agc99 l q18qk(w iz2cnvn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecox,eip3wzr atr p 43:g:7r4nuru1fc9 msystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true*r hw h7 g5,/mjuiev1r of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of th/e v1yvql:/ ap(ryg1b e following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle/l1 qey( 1v gapvb:/ry.

  Figure: Average per capiexw zhinf46e6:;fx)ggrss1qu *v 1 y1ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as )794gts m ;zj ydfgf-gprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community; f74tm9zygd-g)j f gs.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.+qq92-b ,nx7axr i wlnwx+il+

  Figure: Average per cap64k 5 9oktjc7diiu 9haita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elw ,w fnk mxx3ct3q+:o)odea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained k, xmn:w o3+3cwqfxt) at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fj(q5w.o0jbvd 4h /u xhlows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishero194k5n8d q+ul kh bkdies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat 667;qebyk/ cj5 .2hfrk xgjlea for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome d9,0l:abdkuu, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by c4 pxmx7r. rqxjq+y6: thoosing one or more statements from the follow6xprq7j y+ rx:qt4m x.ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other pd q: e8 hq/t7:sdkqzo0hysical variables. List t k8dqz:eq: 7othdq0/s he main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a deslj2llm2ks n*ztmo1+b8jh 7 .bcription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to jftm a6wjfx l3v5+j31diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph vkei 7)k8jn 6a+uq3at of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productiva 8 x3bdxk97z5p+dxe vity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomxe v89xx+b5dd3a zpk7es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionrft+ltn- q0qfwoc/7 w zfm;,j4ehe4( progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu thlm;+f0jzew4qfe-ow7q t,nf /c(r4 nity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cor4f4iwo( *qdj 05(jhx qzaa5 s06wbrw xrect in describing the changes in productdxorw0(q jas 5haqxi46 wb4j0wf (5z*ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can: (1qaczn q+pt be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the thwqp5/t*(ta effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntt hw5t qp/t*(ahesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in +so .tx/en1 wno/aesx. t7u;za field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimed/xx)q 3:ity3he7al z ns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects wer yht3qd/i:x)3xa zle7 e caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of theze 9 :hjb)j,cl data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factoe bh,j9jz):lcr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used xdy3 u z mbz5 /h-(6ckq98yhahin ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sa 1t:67vdkwhjw.oe8 . ub;mj0pqn g/se mples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spofg ubf ;m3c/0arnk/.ecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling toszkpv9*n+-b +3x2i tyc ozc(echniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spes c zn2 3c- +bo9pokit*y+(xzvcimens.