What is the best definition for a species4rbolbf/dbh ka qc7c71w- .,c?

  igure: Climate graph zq9 :g lfmw5x/u /lflubz;-x .of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors thati/a ( qxg sc0vx8c5mi8 could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?5ig08 acc ix/s8mx(qv

  Figure: Growth curve of fmfa. 5,wgey-6k)j :7rqqjcha population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesmgk4y 3,9(ntk mujyjr2lrh ; .



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized oixj5u 4jo*e ofb haa)c+dr o445i)d 4giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspringodj+4)4dh54 c o5aaui)bofx*i oe rj4 which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the ggvp+in(4bw kdmio /+2*f8 pqiroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu+enxmh*d/nw9 yme e) 8k;u1b rmc);mxsex/ 8o pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their popul xbme)e s)9dmhmw/8+8k ;;u*r emncx/y nox1e ation numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatiuph,c3/4u-s mq*s dibon over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants anq58i d9/vscoiw hga6x/lr o 81d animals.qov /9 1hacxg/r8widi56s8lo
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains gyz6 ltc 2wb93


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other)xa de(qes85 o organisms live and int5)e dx8 (eaqoseract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.yr 278tzdp:t p

  Rainforests are known to have2md5atghz 2o e fn)szqmg:d9d9y0/n 8 tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despigg2fy )qhtoz e5d9:09smzd m/dn8na 2te infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food57jlika s 1y+pk)l m51nnuxn, chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing;9xh(vrd(d, i2a:kur )klxas digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down thikv(adhs,) k(x i9u: rad2xrl ;ngs such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice o(7ub d kyla ,*0mfr;;e/tplqcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used c4z)ldli)6n; *d*t i:,zdx7dru d uwnfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could -aigk*:mh2 fwa;6hii describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factoia hk*i ga-6f:;miw2hr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differe wonjqkie 6 88jka2 jxo4 v8dkx/h+02qnt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst da ez.3(hzlj:em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizgg8 0lay5-h fwcfcq0q0jat.8 ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they c-j.q50gfalq8ct800yg w ha f are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrf ndpce8x i(54estrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web5(pl tafmtu 8t9go31tyovr 7-



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedb:f 7bshe3ed * on the carbon compounds produced by zooxan: sd7bh e3be*fthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chx; ia0 swhm5vnnbr ,7) 7snd:memical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean hcjx74j 9 4-z7dtah wxqfxt6,


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followi rx9)0:woil kvc0-wxlng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that in cx09 wi0rl):kx- lwovgest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramm3-6mqh ar h-u amujjo7 ff+;y)ylg-( id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predai1dybj ,/5wnwdju/k6a dm 0;fc3 ghp, tor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dmasa;.1f:k 9 em z0euyqs.,koichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerci10 )ivsi;)azuj;eb okally available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algaui a 0j; sbvz;)o)ie1ke, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ex4-zg-peln h5gv n,(a2 s nx6 n+zdjk.jample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy cr1 rihj- ; ivpqfr+w+1onversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup 6 ua,l;z,upqkd3,w77jdqe ufof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follow**k.k :ae0ayoo z5faging statements is false when discussing a pyramid of o*50e.f :kzk*ay goaabiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyn cke5lu820+j gsp3r a


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecokf v1rgk: m:4c.j6rbf system.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web)jbx.xv8cl jhgt 4.* t


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem to4 fle2bj ;y/




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doesd yb*f6 +; e i9iz,fjtczbk/z- not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah cfcm )v31y(jckxjoe/c6h20+n etwc( system with parascyxjct)3j0cwc((e m6 /vhok 1 ec f+n2ites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corif8box (r.d4 grectly from the options below.What is Photos 48griof(xbd. ynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descri 5;dl 5js7g:nw/gy fxqbe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystempvo3cb/ - p52qqts 5has.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the w ww*48tqeq3oair to carbohydrate4tqw e8w3o wq*s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospn1w 50onzl i8x):y turhere to other carbon sinks. t0x :ri18n l5wn) youz
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the long xesjeq9 m:8 z/ 9u*;ofomqyu1est time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pe o2kt8hlzxt2be r65t frj h:95r area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that/-k w(5vshx20gansej are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cad)/t 1.ps77 qvc uhnzhlculated.

  Figure: A simplified divro l0lpi )z31agram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of ;dn 8k)r92hasf (/ c:j( bmr/lypoupbcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste4ftwgqb s 2p f5-.why)m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem5r v-ayj-obtl4 2qbd0i0z v;q in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.b +qz33.,cj1uv ww d)yo3la v;6vwbf)d r ,jmt

  Identify which of the following is not a human-icz 1.ysz ir k//5hj8qanduced effect on the nitrogen cyclezrckh/1.z yi8a s/ q5j.

  Figure: Average per capieq: yp6u;f8e vta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre*wv l( bb:jpo1k3*pq1ffrr( pi i)ae6sses from a pioneer community t1 prpffajrp ) w3: q 1*((keib6bil*ovo a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.z;jg 5g o)7hvc

  Figure: Average per ca0 n1h/-+o/ du/. rxee .adgxlgtdyc9 qpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles w3*e hy)oyjx;c ith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxhyxj;e y*3 )ocygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &m) 7q-4gyi 6emuqtfr4 annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiedch68gf b)m;s1i 5ay on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomlw*9w k7cp-4x)o telcp)7kaf e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy n;i m,zr*/uk 3rfu1s a



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing/*y8 kq kwm2gt one or more statements from the folw mky28 k/gqt*lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizedxq; 6ttjw;r +v by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the w;t 6vxrj+t ;qmain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a desc+e r4ni7f+1gsw dnj;wription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related 9l0,ko48 cgde5c umjwqk a s0/to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap sn/hgyn/f93o15e9ln q(pdoc gf6vk9h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity anv l 6zcio2lr ;6n 7y*hm*trcw,d biomass of two herbivores in different biomesh7rr mywcv 2i;c *ntzl, l*66o


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog kea;v :p*lp8uresses from l va*p:pu8e;ka pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cor3 nz:yp uk6is/rect in describing the changes in productivit zks6yu: in/p3y during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor th56frsz j6 fus9xai4e5u 1s -a0v4urziat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temw8hk -kb.;ms operature on the rate of photosynthes -h ;.w8ksmbokis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel4hh/46wru jfmj15upu d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps t inqur zq+*2:c5 kgl:uqnee;-o capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insectein g:lqz2rq+ec;n *u-5q:ku s were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important /zo1nfs-5zgk to take multiple readings o oz1k f-s/5gnzf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec3rg9e./7z -8lpf ebcpdk ed 9tological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sam37e+hmttyqp5 ples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowjp1gye6 kx, x/ Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is nouhol,n; 9pa. d0utxu6 t effective for sampling motile (movnu h a0xu9;.dp,6otlu ing) specimens.