What is the best definitioqw3nc , 8zq p60je01 bmgizg,un for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, rbypi1ce 9.9f6q x5zp Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a . mflg:ogz(,q2jb-og6tnw.dspecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fg2og.lf:(ng, j6zod mbq wt.- actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiob6(6y1zohq 6 aq kmz3fye- i;sn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species2xl9qcx hi 1a ca3p28y(vbr2y



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rese(c-mk5ayg a*)ho zq5kmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They aly)ah(kk5-mqazg c 5o*so graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pxtx e+l(9eg (kopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wopx3emx .9mm)h 7(a modlf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way 9eom7.mmxx p) 3hm( ador another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thex;u,ezb/m -voi cw3; at best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai b90c7:7lj,jk4zg1uav; v y)zmbqwxnv:fp e/ls feed on the remains of dead plants and animals qj1)kyvz:l 0pjg;ueb va,c/ 7 bxm:n vz794fw.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai/uuzr*((:d b gz3qg2tmu wj )qns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear a+nxp 585 irsaznd other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of th5n 8px +sra5ize Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frov)vxvxujy r *. u)tn(wr.+a) piv5uofhc; .g-m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and:56dtqbqmyuft 62f )wl7 hdc9pp1r1e a large biomass with high productivity, des6br9ep lq1qht:ud2d7 1 5ftfmwpy c6 )pite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desj fcr/x,)bi)3 fvx43g ml4myzcription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive ve8e9:8ibnodcjkg eexww3a 7- 34k. henzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then abs8xbwk9ev8a-7.eg ieo : w3e c43kdj hnorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultilzi9ickh2ob0a 0 go6-vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.i +k qlivk3 y5ukr h28s3c9rl:

  List three factors that could describe aj t.*d0e sf;kr species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facde s*t;kfjr0.tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera 34n y1nqu(yvxc /8w)z;ykm3oml g;qi tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultitc9rb;1nizbbj0n u8 v+ )3ozyvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized 1l3 i2- jlvgbul6g)pjgiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are6l g 1l3j-2ubpgij)v l four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst 5ur2c)q6wz du6n)v( 6oddd ieem.

  Figure: A marine food w p qqa(uc0h t39qi42tyeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that l :bcr-mx b: p4ipcqkq fk:n-93q)+ mrnive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from : cbbcfrpnrq pm:n:xki-3kq-qm9+ 4)carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemd3hb4b7n./p 4fx,(rjaq itovical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the m18cts4qp s+qx .)y6djw lebs8 ovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organfy,kfq u9 -ah6bk05d gisms like earthworms that ingest and then break dkf 50,9 af6 gudkh-byqown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiddxkx6 jia;k,w(;l/u x of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i .r0 6a.e66a sqybovou u oerbroj.)9,:l3gk zts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D)db- 2vo 9kv0 fpr/tkiDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a cd s,kgb6)pmp3;1ej xmommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following s mdsb kpxm)63p,eg;j1 tatements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examb; rlae67xo:ly)x6y-:n a pzqple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ene/h,t gf7drx q2rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foc93+. czlzjqo od chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of th cu8 hm-zhsf08e following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassm8u 0fhsz-ch8 .

  Figure: A pyramid of energy l fs7(oxew ug1 s4n03r


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units zt y86e 3 jw0di+m9izufor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar)d+8ph3 is2nb+85pd hzuxbiwj/k fq9 ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys8os)c4+l338hexvxhzt o npd)tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementx u 6f(u+8vc0 ow0gyuv7,k mmw that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sa jkxf/np 875 o;b0rcb akc.l9kvannah system with parasites on a conbxj7ca8.r0cfnlo k5 k 9pbk;/sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratpybvy95jfn r2 klq210;kyk 0(ycp zo 1ion correctly from the options below.What is Photyzy (jkyp0 09pq2bnlf5ky cr1k;1ov2osynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectu6 )d+6 ajvo4bcbw3 cqicide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ener9ay8 -l0qxydd: eq 9qbgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts car; ) l(x2m fn- wrff7gy (ic)fhf2xto;tbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.(g7ffhc)n(fx fwy mt;t) oilf rx2-;2

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from;e/wy5u.8e .vgpm op k the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.v;weep. /yg8ouk pm .5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes-s -s zj)gy k7smxw(3th4 d/oi in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area )ua b,ueu ua1okc 69i)per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a fu/48uoq f:k+v*zfh (t(fqaare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula*qltg o02q-raq i9q z/ted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the4f 2ubb cl1r+ rd; greo1tscf q93j:9d marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbe/:b8kwglzd ic-c:ja )k m-1bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a+vo;) cq1 vzp4x p7fcmn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ))ll;wpni 4hn6yb8mw )sfgj5gx09qkterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tfx )oypyfx x96tg4+tb8fjal, 3mh u-5rue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cuy3s1)seo:z o saxn;6ycle.6ou;3oszs e1)asy:xn

  Figure: Average per capit-u hfeh)n-lc a34c fa(a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitc )nni+v* ;k2jj90c d3kioddgy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cljcnv d 0kind ic9;2*)+ jdgko3imax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of ts1,lj u bq shg4y lqyl1iie0ht(:8 d65ransformation.

  Figure: Average per capitawn* js3ap3b:/1laqer 9ddf( f $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried kf,cjexh6 , +*ymd7wv out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginf+dke*jxy,wch ,7v m 6ning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stohuqze,qv oc5ssw9w-0gfa s(h1d an 0+p4: cp)rages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish-mpqq y*z02 jveries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biu b+ .)bav8zxiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy v0e y0n(w*a jfs+g)b)sn iq4 a



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’t58 o x9o*nhbu’by choosing one or more statements from the followingh98bun5t xo*o .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varia4jxikt1qd5i7j l8d2 z3s 8 nqlbles. List the main factors ttilsdn i xj13 7 z488dq2k5qljhat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of them0i/e6t +mjzk rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diveruieh,lje;,xh5qt(0rn5 ci + wsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, *juqxms0 n-,viip*mo*l0g c9 dgt39gItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivi p e,(n6rcetf/ty and biomass of two herbivores in different biome(/pctfe,rne 6 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarym3w:s1zsw tcsu4r ;;lown/i2 succession progresses from armi 2;l1w nw/swu 3ss c4;ozt: pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describina+oer:b+ nqk be(xbga66/ww/ g the changes in productivity during primary successio ewa6g / nx+ba(o/bw:+rkbqe 6n.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factors*4hz32kyjea73 u g/ xb 9afvq that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tf)qw:* yn1fxo emperature on the rate of photosynthe xwffn*y1 o:q)sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiellgbt6 tptw 202d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps ot-nxnme ui j2m )8h8nm/02il to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 ihl0 n-tn8 x neumi/28m2jmio) nsects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multijr,0 vtmds8 nes .tk+.hdi (t2ple readings of the same factor sk( +r2.jdv ntd8,tei0mh.ts .
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologimi qyr, -8p)gc37wkshcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fovm*i82g i(noa1anpy u1k-8a w:c7 fhpr two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplx b*6v 6 ijoaqosa4 tki,0zlp5c(r9)ped in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techni(80h3dazxqkgu( ycq:z 7y ig 8ques is not effective for sampling motile (mygd(cg8zq(xq 8kz 3ayu0: i7 hoving) specimens.