What is the best definiti/wzkdto/)o+i;w p*ze on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of0yfixc *m 1:0a ax+ajt Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specie8ew 5av2ysln/ s' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor veyl a5s8w2/n2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula 6(qpt).:h gz4sjntn r)hh+5pos3ipation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species ivg6gw52/ 2je8m fmzn



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and h*vf 90h3y o3- .xeqo jfsjvw(ras stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. 9sqoh.j v0 yr(3 foj-*f3xvwe They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organismsa-l;+ )pbtv qu is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur n/qn mxyox- lag0l o-ple:78l2 aturally in North America and Eurasia.l-ym qga 2/elx0-opnllox 8:7Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over timcvhx 7.nn20y2mb :xo ee.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dscdzx w*vw( +0ead plants and animals (0d sxc+w*zvw.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ,.uyamndun7 1 o ( eq)ym1ifzp2)dzn7in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer mz1q2+ktm3)d- li fn wwhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cw m k-lizm13n)dfq+2t old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.j h8 5r/4y2l7,tv 8ol,nq7z qbebk ayg

  Rainforests are known to have tall udxsy.lzx8m7 8g- 5 tiig, 4pftrees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of8i5ztlsgf m8dx4 -p.gyi,7 xu many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is anyyhz dox x1y ;1+7soeeg,5 w0 correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasingvs. -di)tm 5o ;hia0gvg*xr 9l digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and t vlh.i9 o*5a-gr td 0s)xv;igmhe fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systems m9,vkz vu xlm r0.hbea,kxs 5h3)08g


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enb)l0s :1lk axip)d pf5ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a 5 fadrxje4l)gr /k+kbg4:yj 685va owspecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factoj jg xe5vdl46)k+fak8:arb /o4w g 5ryr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of eggaqo t9qa+f4i 0f+t/ b.,jc photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systefmgsubk0 hxn89e);wpu zac.,6mt-6,5w wm z tm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebfq7t( 5s,woa mra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Wtw, sao 5f(m7qhen they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial h*cp-v 4ms o:xk1:3xkk/ egeyecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wfg s h 1mtwhsud1)9;6jeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alg5 / ,y2aeqwo;f +fkhj y0kz+phae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced b 52 q/ja+e;yp,+ hyof0kfkzh wy zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi bod*fng7 0.i/rzl h/ew:0fvt 3fbuu-sf25w lcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of ca1fv6rv ;of )l2cn0k(pdz;fe jrbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like e47jrq;np/,fkq;m o h harthworms that ingest and then bhhqfk;r/4,po;j7 qn mreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p3lfqzvig nz;j(6sck .3qw*9tyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its px-+o3kg h.1vw xmfsi 5 wcm+.srey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodi*szn7b n vs8d5phenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avaw,jngrs8 t9rc7boro 8j7s wp.p7 2o1 milable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and grar. pss2tjjr17,8ng coow 9b7w pm7ro8 vel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example ofirv7r 1jx jvjj24lvzu oqq.p882*wy 1 transformation.

  Figure: A natural enedi;thwx:40 zdb5 is z4rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to431qnlxhclcoj*t , fvc(e5g;/gjv c .xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements 5c s ,lrpq0y4qis false when discussing a pyramid of rpqy,4sqc0l 5biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enddt97h7uf7 *6xwv b lk /gfy6cergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ec1 q/.94l wqwo)omee2ylteyy 8 osystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 8-fks 6y-khl 4x geb,v


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inlu3) 4q-x;z:sm. .em pb-m q7gkxdthy a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does ne) 1jchwwdg0wm6jj.:8 rh 8kjot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could u3xcy( d.xgk4 exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer3y xc4.d uxkg( like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cby. bm;vkuzl70r41ctorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis anb l zr10 tv47c;km.ubyd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descrixx;,n afm+w lcew7,aw*rm -4b(yd qn, be the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem 8;p7 hntoyqbb7o;.cps.

  State the name of the process that con /otgh : v*t,ep( fopmha(+8waverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohypwat,8o * h/v+a (pghtm(o:fedrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carrfq yww vzr;1wu,g-3g -8+znnbon sinks. f1gw8u,-w;r zwgyzrn -3+ nqv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon f6c4 hg4qrh/ccycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / p:g-g xcpx l3p1er area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. w 7j op6+wbhxh2z7ed: /mryrj,+kum8
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarozb3p;j bn8 2ey Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diab )7g2ezq.odr gram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through uqj3r;b ;w gy0the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos.-pv,8 gkr +q9avmc gvystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys. gtmlt*g.l8s tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denia:4pr+4muz8 jzd jy;8 ot zqk1trifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a / wnx-1 s zeg/:tp8evyhuman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.n-/ gxewsp:t/8vz1y e

  Figure: Average per cak2h *bi3h 3dle dl*3grpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successio +n6kk6lsj 2kwn progresses from a pioneer community tojk 6skw6ln2+k a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.qxcrv h +w4p6.

  Figure: Average per c jpkd 5ufzbu7g3r v*41apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles f2 obg3k;4hmw*s 1rvbwith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygbvwmfsb41 okr g*;3 2hen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annnxwu4 enckk x+/- )xol1vv 5*nual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries ijnap nb3 bu:d2h-+8pby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for 4swa*n/mnm2g8i )gpsa biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyvb1bv; xgvf aru(e/, pjnq4 02



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements frofh)u06 kw r ,1jlppgi,m the folloj01hg 6f rw)p, ,iulpkwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other afti 1ne d-3er:6.xon physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the t6 -1:aon f .nreedxi3terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th2q.pwytc4z:m e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyi( xtpx- 0.fzistem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romewyevjtpq ;bwd; (/81l nx :hk8, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores ciz1a(n9/ tr uin different biomeszacr 9inut1/(


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biod,wtvd2r/ j5 - 1jv,)i jnen3w;wzuhsxiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax n3d)2h 1vjw;xiet,v 5rw wj/zs j-n,u community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thecn(esv)zhjk;qg 6 g yc+49) a28on fpr changesqgnan8c(+vzfjhg) pce9k y ro)s46 ;2 in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi di bm w)pki ( u 5-johdto9;/q.-q;aydxisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investig/i3qdq t 7ueq.dxvv. 7ate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesq . t/ixu 7deq.vq37dvis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a evqja6g7g mw,015ujxfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spe0d tvirrj 5,+d6rk si8cimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this speci8i,r0 rsjrid +d65tkv es.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reu-6r,fc op;:h)up ufgy ecr/4adings of the same factor-e p/fop,uyrh cu )uc4;frg 6:.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use 9,jr 9kco8g-dhyh1 upd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampn*h086 x z-ldtm-w xsples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp-phx*889 xfj odl pl,i+jp-ehled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampl-ew 5s1rq47cc2brde fing techniques is not effective for sampling motb4w5-rsd rfe ce c271qile (moving) specimens.