What is the best definition for a spec bt ev22jf+r+qies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romeizrif,n6u ur+4a + d.2folwu; , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that6jntswd)zkw2f+s ;l- md 2 8,11 rfxpkask 6yt could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2rm a6l+2nfsy8k ,d xsjk1w pz6wk2dtt;1-s )f;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population)y9mogprcns g1f ( + x;clz-0c


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoe2;etftd6e p :4q m(amma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-so /z(f(a;r7c ybw0dxa ized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can (rbf(7/cw y dazax0 o;breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org qkb3x3dsrf9 p m0mrr)a)ucco69x i*/anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Noru8(yzk*a* t5 / 7hla* kpzv6j0u uhqdkth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hun*kv85uk6 t*u* zqhy(h7u0aa pzljk /dted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tmqzs2crx.*3z.t c+ b(3x vezjime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plant4 rg fl(v2 ;jzf/(fszys and animal(v2y fzs(4jf/g ;fzrls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c1;1/zrm;kt nggm q,e shains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organism3,m cgec*cyguy1u06t2q6s m*dop n 3ls live and interact with ea,gd uy1gs um2m c*ce63qtoc npl3*06 ych other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy 6v4qqz qvg,gl4 9qr 2dis lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produch 3kk t1wa1*xno0o62w 9gsygrtivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These spwx 160w *stgykoo39kngr h12aecies also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cxge)5 , e phkza1ohghc,+z.52owg4 ciorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientso51 5ztm: pish by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb th:zhospi5m1 t5 e products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culrzcnik- u0yq2)u l*2 ttivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedk)q-bl6 ks (wh eon4:t for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic4kdp+vcc- 0 hn49hih qhe.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fdi qvh9+ph4 -4nch0kcactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different ; aunwt3www5*jr60s7u ml zn ,temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri h/do bf-iivo*fg-5xit:(8b2af- yd c ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblfuwr7ry n;3 5te the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees f7r;w53unt yrthey can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terres1n+po(ka3 dtptrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food kj6 uet5 u6.y.j m2xohweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cor6( t- odf w3/wctppt,xgs*)uial. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.c6p3)d(uot / *,pf-wx wt igts
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: p,gly6no k 7g+zyd00n


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon:w(p pq*c:4x1q b/ fpg3qlimn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followizkc9q-) v4k hang terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest a4)vk ckqa-h 9znd then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ob9cp7o yq5:he/5foh b*p6qvvf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of ap 2fg((tvx q2c predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tru6lo24q0 - pwb)bugfe xe about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usinywfrpg i 3wn379+:+q snglrj4g a commercially available seawater-filled gla+4r+9s fgwnp3:r yw3ligjn7q ss orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfokc;r(n:,femm ylkph csq4hja4q./+8 rmation.

  Figure: A natural ene 6xdadxha 5bp: -t8lq j24k/gkrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo*bbhmm t )3z)w08z wjhod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falsyxg+m -:u+ ghme when discussing a pyramid of bio: g+mgu-xyh+mmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ ;dr0z t 3p)p9ou5kymqy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivlxvmm jy 67zo))ci9w /h va0n:ug k8(gity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web ooah,yuh l82f)yw8-b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 4i9l7 k r8v;1xsccw ;oumqpnrq5d y22 soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement t:w4p8y:d3+be u1fdfnk* x5earvf we ( hat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist f -oqat7gxa bxh0k.+:b8k , v1sqrsw. in a savannah system with parasites on a conf .baa8 otvkx: s7sq q+k-,w1bh g.0xrsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rek* rz dp/wc9ggt1b0b,8eaj f-spiration correctly from the options below.What is cgtb rg k9f -wjpz*eda/b81 0, Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ofy )eh5 4ugpa*bsc/lj4 DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy i4f ggycjgo gb5ra1+.- s lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the propr f-p9 tkk,w/cess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrkp9p/w t-kf ,rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carb 6y16sy,nyafl 4.cdb won from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.. y6, las6dn1fw4byy c
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle :7us.uw rb nybeydq0u* s(m41 that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / persx3oq);oial,77ua h c/.y*i gzvi -xh area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are :6*we koc796 eb2wtx o o4rjg7 s9urrwtrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatedi)oa;bp.yxp mbqr7-; by;jj 8.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinewh14ccsms xc b.x3h8+ carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo5sl.y+j-zr y:)t. cr)dvx ygcn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anhat*vy3sch(qg8vz4-ce q :e+ ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecsqqa8* 22*v)*xuw gbhjcs4i vxz ;) zsosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thati v. xczcspe3q+- edik+x42)k is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-i h2nzo8 +e,rbbnduced effect on the nitrogen cycle.n+h 2rboz8,eb

  Figure: Average per cao r/9sl;opdp+0e f:gob7o0 prpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary surmwda2iq 3:2vccession progresses from a pioneer community to a 3m wiqa r2v:2dclimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the ltdk-;w p6yx+myg;7 tueeu , 5following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cttd4 . mzfjt5x,fs9y;apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriei:9ni3e, ba k(6qdz eyd out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two da9e : k bna(e6ydi3ziq,ys in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in -g-ggv*. qmxr +igt p5GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regih;q .h18k3joksdj*8ip iqx-aon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomex t ;y4 *h*a)x2ebakay

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro,m8 6u/8s p g-7u.cz y ftsmvb27tjrbvme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept 4s 5wg,es6caq:w1 qldof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the folllqagwe5s qw,s1c46d :owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other pv7kej/vc r 62, iv:bbahysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terj/v67bbrkv 2e ,ia:vcrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfores4lk ev.no84x ft biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedz d.kneem11( n66fjdd to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 46rinsavei.i 8-si4 e of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass o;;g m ,oyrle2hr4 o2oin.ye *hf two herbivores in different biomes nyoe;,l .o2oh24heg *r m;yri


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nh(vzrh g-5c h;5a) relPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communit5lzv)r e5crg;h(h -ahy.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol9u3k.f9ng rp oi6s,0. vuzserlowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiosg rpu .n6,3.sz 9kiurvfe 90on.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sej+tc52lo ocsqkl*: m6d ppg 9.cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on,55f yin-wmrwx . snv3 0+pxja 6isv+l the rate of photosynthn3i. lvsxr5x-j+vwn5 + p0sm, 6iwayfesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 42,zfl ne ;l1k qc/ebqfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used j r4qtp:r4k x;pc.bgrzp 6*4ka series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were4rpz t6*:xpr gjkr4qbpk 4 c.; caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readi ;o xuvfc:-eg7o1 e)mr)4bcajngs of the same fabafm7)gr co;x4e )vujeo:c1-ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp1(.gqkjj vyg 3s+dpw+/8kw ykling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creeqco2 * xbt oq/xa/f8+5zko6h xlkrr( 2k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specie8hyv,*ccwfc+ e mm (z7s sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplini,cp,be2lo i r xi)de--sraa0)mr- s.g mol idiesp- ) mx0ea.ra- )c,oib,- s2rrtile (moving) specimens.