What is the best definitiotoj9g b91mx/9lqoir 4n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itq o3x :*hhr1,xdzyn(r-a* shealy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fg;x 4moprl.a3fh:k 1ow9-crpactor 1 ;Factor 2 rpgah-43rwmkp9l1 cxo;o.:f ;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop2 j zi,r,xvbq7ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specieonq l*;hlqy7*bmw8erk (z0z2s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip4 )sdv*)m ;azrr auc85anbt4i es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can brebv s4t)5uicr a4nza8ar* m d);ed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thrt z+5 i-h,lx.(p tmbfe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natural x8c pgvtyc/ n*h/2jw-ly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protec wy c/gp c-2hj/8nv*txt the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph th6ie02 d+kr /armgk2 vrat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dea8fftn2ic/ gm; ( 6warfu9 *ouqd plants and animaln* f; oc 29irwfma/guq8 f6(tus.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ohg1fg ;vo8l47nk pik1f toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgp:n2e 7bc k+vtc:h 1c/vquf -qanisms live and interhe-+cv vtqp7 :n2/ 1cu:fbckq act with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ec.1eq wr+fix6 8g. xdjnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producz qrqmp3ic w4/*(i*tutivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have *r qt*/ iuc4qzwipm3( been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descx9is 8j9j sl(iription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymbh5 rfs-uq1 olviu/8 3t: m*omes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the p /3v m8-t1ormoi subf*hq:ul5roducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy fq43a3,uwypv stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram+bu5swlqdvd7 t+pk z(.hr u./gw ;z6j ids of energy.

  List three factors that could descr0 *ajyl: coj 0h;w0sjiibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact:c0w0j0osy hi*l ;ajj or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rann9 ;vuwt-; tvte of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated-p h0: 4+b mztnt r0wuyskhy39 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a h:gyums 6/9dv small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tey g6su dv:h/9mnd to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysgn0fq :.tut93 e6ez + 5 (cnjdrqqi3iwtem.

  Figure: A marine food *w,;dn hgk e(dweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals /3t q*a fxb5 y:as)wxzfeed on the carbon compounds producx5)xbta3qzfa/w :y *s ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following -a(r12z;;u k35 hs kpml oolebchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagra 2fo/6(cqziif m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following ter)kyln 9d2/cr ams best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m k l2a/n)ycr9daterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbmb)l u sym1/hz;*r,yy 4 rom(z0jw4lbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiv a(a0djtia-2kj v+qw(i tl4- ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dich ggz8 :: mhso-.i5,hb8pbz sgylorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquataotqnux)c.2p orz/sl7 i 0p nf7p md.7(.2j gkic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Wh./f x .s) ok7 pcr tgjaz(o7 nqm2n2.dpp07iulich of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatzb yz*cr5eu uz51)ml0ion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys8ma in lz(r *99pfp0uytem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in a,atg mxtb/ i;z5vyr6i-(: yd food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whend;lb/tona9 ( ;yk+ htv discussing a pyramid of9(;bk y;l vn/dht toa+ biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of6jwu;)-xfmq w4*z+cnbtfh7b energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst--m enwe3n m gbyvsi7si;+a 1.em.

  Figure: an Arctic marineni/rzofx, g:+ food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web ipfj-thzu5 3e6 pwe3i.n a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura5tu 6h u09wtfy e-e6ivtely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wzhr,uy 96 uc(g4s/mpyith parasites on a consumer lhm, 6uz9y u(csrp4y g/ike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctl 1nn :+n8+*t.inhioi z;lggvly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis 8n+ ng; h .lvtn:inlg+o*zii1and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descrilf6s;nix8p z 0( .xo xso3cd;fbe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecotj)hxt5gux+2 *ht+ uf systems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aj mk )/*b euhk2,w8hchir to carbohydrates* 2h8) bc,khkhe mw/uj.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon l2xg) 9hcyuu(sw, a *jfrom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.9jga(* y u cl2suxh)w,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tho f)e6 2b, :5dhwsbowv+rlk9sshb 4n* e longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y+q 1d.(armyod4afv m8ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true./dt(h,hq kgm bx8k957 f0eky v
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pr-f2up crd1b,h7gq6xn6or/b foductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marly j7v:;nm yz1ine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of u,,)qp3exz r8f 7 .rx+weeh0lt5fzb xcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow iy n*7adf s.-vlnm) 8 sn x4x4n,dh6iknn an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre 8uay*7ajut ldx tvad:r9 1(g/strial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is pvtz2 d *e;c6028 dbc,szrxr1kex2c- ls;cdbnot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indubwbcd/q+9m/1 5 xrwqqced effect on the nitrogen cyc/drx 1 /bqb9q+qcmww5le.

  Figure: Average per cap;a3df b hg( p9iqvp554;s ygkjita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as p9k2 kfa1w(v s vx4 v7wmph(s8drimary succession progresses from a pionh((ska1wxf 84w pdvv2vk 9s7meer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf6m+v bix/x (ekt,h,if8cmo* u ormation.

  Figure: Average per capitah2f 9l4z0i pjc.s +war $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in w 4yw ctb0o l 54d: :vqbf5bfhlmg*..avater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtai4blo:v4 0d5afl* 5tm.qbcy g.b:hvf wned at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora23+zchk;vg n wges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rymp.j/0;j ixcaxk*(2pedu-t8r qhp: egion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datga +kcv6 q/1zia for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital 0 zmt5hiry+22,ovnupfb* m9sy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’dwmy*41bl +q15yv 0) btp qwmp’by choosing one or more statements from the following.plq *qwybw1m bdmv5)y 1+0tp4
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and otpm.n7.2y zcvther physical variables. List the m cm. y.zp7nv2tain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the3u4s .1 oqwi47ig cdtq rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco :b .4mitshen7w 1thq)system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rdi 10m7hvmm.some, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivs+inbc2 )scmbiein,dmm (2*u x5 rz52 ity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomim cssm 2nbemid+5rcn b(52 )*xz 2ui,es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaib1isfy4k* kyvli7pn+a 349v ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitan+lviivp fi9yb34 k4 s7ky*1 y.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing th.ao 8t,cy qnj t+g.kv6q(ou t4e changes in productivity duri8cojkqt 4oguv.(n,ayt .q +6 tng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a7s l8bfqe 94 fb*f:dbd Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the7 ptez-g .w.um rate of photosynthes.u7emgw t-.zp is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fki w,+24m8ngvckx s ivc3( gg+ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimz8 lvza-6 jdi4 e0d(qpens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked inz zldiaped0q6v 8(-j4 dividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impoo n6mt1,qp gk3pesq6hx8a ;7vrtant to take multiple readings of the same factme6gaspo3q8vnk 7thx ;,61 qpor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampl+;s2d 3wpkcx*uaq 0jking


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of4 1r5.bec;tk9k oturf Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samwa6 r2k7gd1: hx wp(ui43id nopled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplne-cf,e b ch ,jt(2nt)ing motile ,( c2e-e f,nbtct)hjn (moving) specimens.