What is the best defil (z a isodj4g.0rp6(dnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romn-gg (f+ 0)fadqz inp.e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors thhhk, o(/lkqcb/v8k 6mat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto k/6om v8,hc q(/hkklbr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve oe4rxqcgwrqv tg 0 2;)ip.cf w477f8 kmf a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species l t3+3r, *cproj x3maq



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that q9g:4k5f bt0io k nod8resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continutf:nqo0 k9g8i5b4 d okes to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gr1tw7 r**jhjnj oups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occvys* )lu7puep x)(6rtv-0yo eur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Ueev 0 pr7y)tlusxu-yp 6(o*)vnion now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growthyy.qs g0yrs-d5j a:,z of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe ng.:n 1l2xoasug7kic3pg/i:ed on the remains of dead plants and animals. n1ki7gp2gu3s.:gn/xc: o ail
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxija d) xs(fc0y3ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live aikrl;e )u8cd wz626ib nd interact with each otk 8;z2i6)bdl6wr u eicher in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco 9ud ((*bqx2 m,tbrf-x mo7cdbsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tv.jy4h5ckgq3ed/i idab pwi6 f3 /- 8xrees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing condi6d3bivgpcw5 q4h/x .y/8 if3-a jkdeitions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correca.5 ;/u8g1kcklpwcm x6n 9oh tt description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive ev08 c .): o j;x0ymoyp(3hu)pwjsc ytpnzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the)pxmso 0 ; c0u8.(p3yjwp)ycthyjo v: products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation 5a1veujjd x slax8.66 )) duakmak73g system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ou8icp0b jva33f energy.

  List three factors that could describehey1,k8k lx l(7 dr)raytb41n a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facnhd4aek1)r yk,8 1brt xyll( 7tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynkwy g 1tksp 09m-y0eq.thesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysry +9dmyoei)a)j1u*t tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sr3 pl20fbcu:sy3s zr.q2m9otmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also gral t 3uzyrps r:2mo32cfbsq .90ze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow 1qo0 jhvjx;*,wrk1yain a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foout 49aei,;isn d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals 0r1 vzy b qaab psg,,zx;cdn qk*b/ c)i6kt58(feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxa;y8 gk1/aqic rb,ds*q0 n5xv(b,tpa)kz z6 cbnthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionijb b hzqf9sth+ a4l,fas,r, +c5z(g*:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sg(wie)2ce 8vacko(2n p ;8 wioystems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followin kq:hs ia.w58k+-f3ge axx6xsg terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living oa5kegq.:ax f-ss+xiw k6x 3 h8rganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers r1gk2 ( 5 jhhhhk2j*rm


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dens/0vr xg yo f644yqry(flud9b18n em7o ities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiir,d c+lwxnae2 u/j 6i4z d-3b( mqx-iphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seabp0n :e p/f(x6k (zzxiwater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, kpzexb 0p/n(6zx :i(f some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follo o8nzelr60e *o;fa0w9 4 wdmaawing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural eneknog8fqv7j xm n5twpe705 t *5rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f *fx8zs3t2e odood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sta+:3ux r d 3j,vi0 yrct+af;kjf hwja4;3 ujk/mtements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaskm3kjuyia,f ; t3j+ w3c jvxdfr hu;r/+ 40:ajs.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ)i gv ddywt7:+y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity ini3 tn3d9r24-ytwj n28wj ew/k it/b dx an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f6+s uzctz dm83ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil m;2 vh yk i+oum:c+rr.ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web6c vnc y- .1ijzn(kv-jm1 j7om.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exu*y -v0 -yo9thdow6(l 1zfnyb ist in a savannah system with parasi(wy 0z-vlby*9t o f1dnhuo6y- tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bxqa 4b6r*pfhx:a ;jv7h3jy8 welow.What is Photosynthesp8w*;j 4qbaf:rx6 7x3hayvj his and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. 5v4s6dv0ea hpq6hm t1
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from e *vt)xer6-n bz em-4xhcosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbfv;lr7 octn xzj/8v,8ohydrat rz/j xv8vnfotl,8 7;ces.

  There is continuous cycling of cza8ojr8f j:,tx ,c2zlarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8foz, :tc28jz la,rjx
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the c.v2)k3o :fd9wzum c mwarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy ih )pwsw0j:+vk n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are/onzfp 1d/; uk true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) co: nd i-rusjsmww1dg (eh5655 an be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbqw :l z)nf 7c6ivdp22oon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carg.v uln, t-hgu*er9s )bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in axm)en iu8 ;8jfn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri3nab e6gf,+ik al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying -ac5.zsihv , hbacteria.

  Identify which of the following cff6zj: est+8v) mg)n is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc6zfnmgvs+ ) f8c): etjle.

  Figure: Average per capi q4wr0lt7qwv3ax8 r6-;jr1 hytiyb 3 yta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrepbg ul-/2gq5; xv5u ( lxeg1kdsses from ax/ g; qpb5u gkl-x1lvg(e 25du pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ex x mz)og1 -h 2ta+l +mvh,d5snuzt6ot2ample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitq ug5hprpptsm aa7;; 6 6ug,6ya $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ou7 q 01yf)4grwkaeam/eztn - x1wyt +k1t using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experime0 e4 1fmza) +x1ak/1 ykytnq7w -ewtgrnt and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storags.urs;m;cf5 bzj)-d8n 6wslt es & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re r19slutg-q h- 6ddj9cx5xd pa.g,kr;gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fnxgm(kgj kl6brvf8u4 y(/ /szo *jv6s 664jmvor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap07asl3hp ic*bv h 9(hah of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosi-yai*-ebgyge/5 fiz+ng one or more statements from the following. /5-zi*- f aig+yyegbe
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cy6wr)kqrj47 (anv hmq01 6ye jlimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the mainq0mryjwy() 7v 6q6ra1 ehj4k n factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t-ogk( n up(e +3wvbg5the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.eci n6o)-// ei2jix;mgtbo y 8vz5u 7n

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita/+v p2nj g8gc l*01csf. pgomyly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productzq+y(ojwr 23 oivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomzqrwo +y j2(3oes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succesrji5 7j9*bg fo sr)p vjsi:.v0sion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. f :*j jr ii)9.prgjo7v bvs0s5
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the 2) zmo(bws+ ahnna;p- changes in productivity during primary successio oasbp2 z )n;(haw+mn-n.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meas 73;su nmpi1yqured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on theaoa yn78w(tt. rate of photosynthesio 78.tawy( ants



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiq7+wvncd/nx q7 :2 cn+3ob eioeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series om2r1:gjhi2yd;1 c(md c d5ub zf insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caughtd cizrhu ;d: 15dcjmg2(1y b2m, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im,rzg/b66p hnmportant to take multiple readinghgz6mp , /bnr6s of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecotvf yt,eq 094f4gl /meie dh99logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Will cx;bi tna1wjsk:7 ;o*ow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for s tql sz704dkh- clea;f4s/c7ypecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effe rjk )rf+q8hwg+wq-k5ctive for sampling motile grqwhk) wk5j q+rf8-+(moving) specimens.