What is the best definition for dyucqmzsv( y5w ;6hp k(,/ (cra species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italbvm;. 9/batwsy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche2n5.ydmq q nh 0)p:.dg-pes ef0nilf3.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac3i .ep0ypghn fml20 n-.ef sd5:)qqndtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curvez2 edyw+ 9- db9tpf+oq of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist99 ouwr6-yts vosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb,xx8 .n:afhk:lgkb 4 zle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the ab8xh n,xf l::z.4k gkDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms vx11dh+mxc0*;eij n ais a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)lam9i6)f)8 gvr1slx w 7a*q kuWolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by 9 gv wfxl8rqus67aalik1)*m)law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refk.ue5 z/l1eqq z*bz(vlects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r wqxq9 (/8ypsuemains of dead plants and animals8q(xypsqwu/ 9 .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainbiwmwzz2p b(mj6 )5 zr3b;e 7as


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bea8q1 bntc67 tlwr and other organisms live and interact with eachq7c8nt w1tbl6 other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fvv .huvx-aj4lc8qbg-3zf4s /wo2 t/crom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known 2(.x 4n+ vf- px/h,vrp9+eirbpfordh to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also int-94v p f+ed(rpi x. r+v,oh2h/fbpnxreract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaf5kwfrx7, po 9in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enfu k /cm8x5*tvzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes breakc u*fkm5 8/xtv down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationfw4q 7(xm. d4 asrycy3bl4k 5u+kgwc 5 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pye)mu8ogru7 hgt)/16 j,bdb i b*g:ihj+lrso ;ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speciee6 q zco1un(j2iatg.+qt12xks' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 anq26c.uz1 ao egjiq 21tx+n(k td Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ratecdcgwz7 /3( ;zagct6l of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy5f 2 ua40u-tlascb gl3stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has 5eetbber- u8 zhbk(8, stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republir 5e8,bb 8h tu(kb-ezec of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrialymg,mqd 3:+2 llbkzdxg1 0qin3ey-+ w ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foody) *c l1 d-7,oostjoul 7h5roljz m8p7hw( a(d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corg2m yy3bhe2r, als feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae frm,2y2bry ghe3 om carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cy3glk; d.xd8ehemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems v 6 +l1lz.xt/ t4a6uj t.1mquke6dpok swm9p3diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bed/6ycrnj m, ai r(qxc3t:0 ,smst describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break d3/x6:dm0ci,tc jnmyrr qa( ,sown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers u t:g6/eqw3ul9t)d9 h jotgk1


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ajkod )e.yolkh*s0z 8 *nd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiph),tcld ldw iae--.zpqr4zc 17enyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an a ,:,r/gr/ixr pdaeeg 0quatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some cora/,gepa dxr/0:,igr rels and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is antwv2q,w/0q: ef.q5;s kzet:uh j iwh6 example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syfj0a: /nd z1rimzi**dt1z13 qwz e1eustem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chye6b.l;4illi( 3k.p cvz43am e -i guuains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discrkj9ftnp0 z97ussing a pyramid of bin0krp fz9j 79tomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy)ak2/pmv,qn5 wcw g/yhm7ygk cr4;0fu: :yxg


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unitf0c ng a;mzb d/71ek3utyn4u8s for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinepmk qm*h 5s3l5ew(l:m food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s5i9vdoch , ,+ )coisvjoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foz6u,nj6o i6epod web.

  Identify the pyramid/ soi (n xk:)- ykk,cvc9h/ ez(ajm5od of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the s )o v(od,yk- /kz9ki5xac mnc /(hj:elions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whav,)pi:uqx v yq:16e tct is Photosyntht: uqcx)eiyp 6q,vv: 1esis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidn gtr 0 cq2yf/u0ya.a5x x,bhc7;/zioe.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem9rf-dz (ac e do7bjh o,pt,y(/s.

  State the name of the proce/zbjr/vl:atz8 u: o0j ss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat:a jzu:v/b0rjt/ ol8zes.

  There is continuous cycling of cca(v6 4irk 7v)uu cip8arbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. iuc8 7i4v(k 6uca) rpv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requireyc8)9,znsyr v s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per9tgwk 0.fmd n;y 2fh:sua(e*x4 ,vvkd year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that .;esowuhaon be8(l1vcd p 458are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pr8 -5a3rtablfc oductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon co 8 hpj8,n rz0.5vrv d8tdpc8tycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carboe+/ /qmp xqouw+je5pj6zw o-:7nqq o2-5schm n cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosybv vaztt4tn zo/6*0 p-stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ci1 ve:dmhc--terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyfjwn5( iu+ka5iv7vf c5 :w5uking bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human- 4 5urr baizfs.r(8.dxinduced effect on the nitrogen cy45 z rr .udfs(x8br.iacle.

  Figure: Average per capi(re.9ej+4rn u g*qqxnta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse , d5n2:ycxij.q+gf w6jbdz x,s from a pioneer community to a climax communqx, 62ncy:.dgjj,5 di+ z wbfxity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin;x 3 bbtu(sw+qg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit*7cx3dc wil8j a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using boac(j ms -e2,,amy1vfwttles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlee,2(,ays vfj-cwm a1 ms.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTwu;-h5cxzfu o3xr c+oep+41q $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re1ihl )m84*y4nbl yc xfgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat /ev pc 4bkge7d;)6o1z tbj4pka for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ctm*k4x68qyem;+h ujrl): s g8n( iefof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from fn(7w )lc e-khthe following. f) -(elcwkn7h
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns an lzy*f)3l 9 pmhc.qb9gd other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terz3 chq gp m9fblyl*.9)restrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th /har .:l1 fes3rst9eld5sxa*e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystdd.g;e*:.gfdp xflx4 em.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romempj6gd 7rt4k(s+j s h+, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different xcz)j3 8 (idbqbiomes qd )cbji xz8(3


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prb*dfzic-* t2 kimary succession progresses from a pioneerfc-* bzikdt* 2 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the c3q:r ,7en u a6spyqi+ghanges in productivity duri7 6pie 3a+y,sqrgq:un ng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secnw8 q4fxri/tm, cofkr vn4h7w9 (en 89chi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on -k5zy je3kx *fthe rate of photosynthesikzj53 -f kx*yes



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ffs:7s8sq+ gb-zfly vr00z8hyield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapsej2 ukp .b4x/ni i+za1 to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caugz4 ejx.ub1 k+i 2p/inaht, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of th43vlw p-+x7 bg6zpc lg0p im0ze data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same f i+l 3zmwb6lc 0x7gp-pz gp0v4actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling; pictfhak5**


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek -mj k3v 9d9cksz-r .r 2w)/l xm8oksno




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled f9knfhft w 7p7ps 2u*;in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followinge,o;.,.3 fzl ohnmy-4ob zic j sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mo oz4lojm e,z o.3., b;niy-hcfving) specimens.