What is the best definition f/y.fwu ut,(qfm r qu21or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital7)evjr(g .eg m p;djl3y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is ff+vka.n2u2r i9m i6oFactor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact oi2.+fk62num9va rifor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p24/tijvry )fd opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma u 2vqcl(qnb :gn00rxaif) 7t:species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has zi;8ctre)en66 5n e qujhnn- )stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to on tez)i-8)u nenc 5;rh66e qnjne offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populai t)ey(dmrzvi 50m;c0 tion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oxrdr x6 d-tc 8med+18kccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may gdx rc1-6texdd8mk8 + rive birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growt/ a4kff i4kc+uh of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains (9fw2 i6:nz b pkh,-lhucjesu *6 ek.iof dead plants and animals.kuuji f lz6ph.*c:6w2be-9nei(, khs
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to1l6)hfz2 a0a qisho5 jxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sexce/v7ehs3eu , 5xsx.al, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each otherxevhe. su,/c7x 35xes in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemspv y7e,88l6hxkg q*krglh* n)w2j u -n.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomas: v1 r4;3iu+qyi owdpss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdesy1wr;p dvi3 uo4 +i:qpendent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a f scqmg6 3vu*h46x;pv:0: inu cyq9 kmmood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrouhgpg,dzy3 dc(+ b/*9mxxrqg 9ndings. The enzymes break down thingsrdy+ 9b(p / xqgczh,xm39d*gg such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati)ao2 rhxoq w;3on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fn14 ntm 8palm-or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faxw mu.b7vx+ +lh81vf/( y0ewp zwv q+xctor 1; Factor vy/ velwu.8wz( +m +xwxpvx+q1h bf0 72 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynqz: d*ogp3efap;( v/ q 6fsl9si(v+a,rqe s9xthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuxmq (sy-+ v:kxltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like+ hnxzmzfzidl8lkc -) ovy2 294z76cy a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okay -ldhciz2c8)2foz zyl 7+mz 6v49xnk pis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terdwp0a (7 .ad6owwkvi-wu 7tc; restrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weh +x65/pard p8qacor 0b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on 9v xxvwzc:9v17 p cxd4the carbon compounds produced byc c px9149 v:dxzvv7wx zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical uast )*7 zatskp( c9(lreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of ewmiya2 kt-n,7pg4qa2mu 1/f the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followi-7j;x fvjmrpakfu*5 ;ng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ma ;;vkfjfp57 ux*-amjrterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid rmh1.pe2i 7ubr5o i2 oof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i,zeut3 by-(*;tz tg8gy iqk* nts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): -wbh + 2.sxbxe
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availab*/pp2dh 4ugkl le seawater-filled glass orb, which inck2gu4pd lp* h/luded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform twe)0tw 8vvl)ation.

  Figure: A natural energy converso +9+fwf2i 1 kciqs1ftion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of 8(yoy lm6r 1ekpp3xqt fr):f0toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followingtcqr z8lut40 .zw m.y1 lafy23 statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioc.r23 lumy.tzf alw1 tzq4y80 mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy c,tuiu )b48 gp


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produdm. h 6zg/zm:7c5tr z6myxp1sctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 2w cclx0/g t ic z+/hbd3itp:-


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ay dsyu3vwlr3 c/y ;c5ae18f d5 soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratq 4mfs,pi,ug;7m)k)* kcv mtlely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numd 4v6/k, eo.mhkr phs-bers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer o/-ed s4h,6pk. vhkmrlike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis a e4m4pdc-6 dpand respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis-m6ppd4a4 ecd and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the 0; sck mj);01mui n pezamw2+euse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fro b- 8fyg4vvwec:jb4) am ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carb,pfuxe10yh5 ycd8 f0w56 l wmron dioxide in the air to carbohydf8uh05e0y c6l ,w m5fwyr1 xpdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon si-ti wbth0b0sscz 7smkfa)82)nks.s sm kt0btz7wis0bfa82h- c))
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c+ szm0p iot9m,nx-l v/ls;-k w0 rd0sfycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyw+.rltm j4 2ymtr m; 2wh4g:yjstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen:h1 x0;t ca pk/7riejhts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodko:sq5ps/db*zmv s zsr00 t:1uctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc6uv6z: mgw- yympczav9)r 2/rle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycly1br ;)krfy0-lqc g-le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an jp(:yuv9 0ima /,dkqkecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ .cwet1my h q+hh1 kq.2$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of de6;s3rta hrt5 3stdd0tjb66 kaz. vs8rnitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not ar3:.fxcgodq0m 0p69p f x )+k lgx7had human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy g0.mr cx3ad69k+xdp):ofl70qpxhf gcle.

  Figure: Average per capita d/rnp/ 4 k-+em dhgy9hgc*b9s $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pr+spx k +7r.bxuimary succession progresses from a pioneu7k+.+ r sxbxper community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an).x te e*p+q5qjjg8pk example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita l- me6gr5 9lgm$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ohu 4cwx36f03sjvr6o 5mcs-ot ut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen val ouxs6h-6r4s cj3v wm3co5t 0fues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in ntdv55sa6drbf 6(w ,iGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202:faib6. ipgr) 0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a6tacexm qya.pe j** g0i;/bd) biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of dwg y303znr d.Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by c; 8tyiwyw-v6(4/l , ylp tnfigi5d7ny hoosing one or more statements from the followiny;i 5tyv(6n7pn fl-l id,8g/yy 4i wtwg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cligx*78b(3l l))hw ; g uid(*osl kwvmafmatic patterns and other physical variables. List k*lgmh *d(l)g;faw(o8v )ubis wl7 3xthe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biom *z*2r6st)/qce2sayz g2ykyj : b*muqe.

  Identify the correct statement relateh-vh05cco5tp8 ,qp- w4dqhr gd to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I0zpmo-u/b/ o italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomas:2 3s nxi57fxy3ghnixs of two herbivores in different biome 3snyh3i g7if2 xn5:xxs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suojs h61;x yrogdas0 6;ccession progresses fr 0;r1aod;shg66o x jysom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the si9cvm7 (e xo.changes in productivmi9c e7v(s.xo ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using--jq k3yl*rpv a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pho rfv*3vztjuhh)nf3 f,- s0zz -tosynthesvzt*zsjv,0u3 3 hf )-f-nrhfzis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie 4 lsjnry,cg:;ioldmab(i+64 ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Aeu my-;.5xiw b r9xf1e. On the first day.muyx- ;9b fiw1ex er5, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data bk4 kjezg: gjyx*ey/ dtq44;vfza2;+ , it is important to take multiple readings of theafg;gykz/2jk +;:e z b4jq44t *e dvxy same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological g 1u)7 vd-/t m*2zafflwb eim+0+iythsampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fs 7)sblzk;nn ,i v7 /d5-cnpmlor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spj7o0yx-2kjwk5hfc n.,j(0jyw 9 bjlu/ tlzv,ecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followik4- m,n4m.;lwodak s hng sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motno mk.ahd k44wsm -,l;ile (moving) specimens.