What is the best definition for a species/a mh)fpz):axk 8x e 23(yac nht3.frn?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro cgn5 7i(g;2khoste0 hme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic,)t tpms/1 svohe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorpm,v os1s/)t t 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popq60csc)r4 jw k(uv7zz ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species x .dnle2bek +b2)k(mp



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resku9 se4*tvujw7qbx51xybw 6 q.h* d 3semble the zebra. It luyx5b* qj 1w6 7wk 3u he*s.v94bsqdxtives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popzs5 xjke+x95eulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americ 4 iwkvf,)du(d0; mz6whdyvg7a and Eurasia.Wolz,hwvudd wkg0f7y(6i4 vd; )m ves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of 5*,u z)nm1amgsq vw1band-( ya population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remaiiq +,.3zmfre erfj:/ gns of dead plants and anima/z+ rm: fj,i.rg3fqe els.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofp)0u7prbl :k) yo3:5i azn sbx toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andlsk-n ri. zr 2/xjro.4 other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters ofjik./oszr2- n.rrlx4 the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy2 /g: 8moidn4sfs piw zj0eh:.stems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wib4( 8m xnu+. )opog*fffsoyq*th high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been k *) ox pfb(.q+gum8fyoos*4 nfnown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio /l)tpgdfr .z+n of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie i;l wu ur + l7hir6(/yhhu;dt.b b)njpmt6(;ents by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead awtl plue;u+hr; hhdbim;j .)(7/ 6biy 6nu(trnd decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 7j;fdqzc0*cf 5c oh/irice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofgh: l0h-0 hb npscl.(i energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is r-l z8wht/bmt9;jw: v Factor 1; Factor 2 and w:htw/8;bvm - jl9ztr Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the xe 6; ic x8zs-inlhq: ;48 m3vs9preflrate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste(w1k zxnb ecqg53)-y em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe ah admh039,: c wrg*vslnd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, sc* :3 gar9 0mh,lvwhdbut only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a te swuh0m2nwzy0 nz 33d.rrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food x ux6zx21xszlz,67d oe z:3dbweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon coml4ops4 s o q 9w2lsl az0b68ml0i(lgl;pounds produced by zooxanthellae frg (ls p;2sowab4l4 l009lsz6m il8oqlom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicaofpujwul1g9 8)/r37 y-l tcp jfg/*gol reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram/vbb aj8,e ab;j0j jg7 of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw +s l3g 0he0(r*ukafuyorms that ingest and then break do lrahge u3y*(0+us0k fwn and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram(;x: v :cwu dzq+*xxwhid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densicq,inm-w-2 zz ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutkycr + nzg3jxs1r;k2*-bynz : Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawat+03qumbxbmi l *0z 23byu*j2zqzq p s5er-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravelyqj3biz3l0x 2sqm02p**mzb 5uq u b+z. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow4ag t kfo8zn9fq0lf*.ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy8cx1a9+k(dqpcf d11bgx h x5u conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo y8uxd+ crx5ju;,c 7vpd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false x6xa4gkt9 s4u when discussing a pyramid of biomass.4tg9s46x x auk

  Figure: A pyramid of v ta97mejdg9 /energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi 9 xuvyv42,bfvng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodb09 jcbowu r8) web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sz odc-dis2u +uj0 1/hsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food mp 2jv+3sb9ucqzn5 qh8*e6p3c5itlp web.

  Identify the pyramidd*ypit ( zt-x3 of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consut(dy3 *it x-pzmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlytds7n)0c7 ajz from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirtc zds) 7n0a7jation?

  Identify the statements that describe the us*;a.ix g mpc9quw.zw:e of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lo e 68hn(hy 2:teedi2tlst from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide intcxs /yywe24/ the air to carbohydrates.t4s2xc yw/ ey/

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbolt8tand:j 0o 7)rj5 9alfnd5wn sinks.n r 0:dwnta lj )do5tfja8579l
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes do 6f8 5:0plx5d4xdafk84e.mc vccfnin the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per zh2;usr /6dh9wgun(d year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. dqutccar0 ht tn93gp *ll/5587 -ctpa
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula diol0b;bt9nqom ;21w ted.

  Figure: A simplified dia w;h8k i 5m:;isjoaph1gram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon gqbcbio7+b0; cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco ia :8.wywxv7i5zf wu)system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ)/;q 4efk 4i(kz2 byrca+bcjl $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bac, zge0q yf5c3gteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humw .he7zacv 8(fan-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.7v.8(wfceh z a

  Figure: Average per ca1tu-3tdln6*d q 7vujwpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pl s xjbh t*)j+),r;uqprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax coqjx, +;jhtu sb*)) plrmmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thjsq4qo tzfv/2f l+/8he following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per c1i5r;)t:; ipup r p4 hyfzi6liapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant1aaxvk0*gh 4 i in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of th*v4xh ikg10 aae experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annu+)f mc,ees+4ber g h-val flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries blaj8cq39 3) *rc7-yywdb ncqyy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bin39 r 77anpuegome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of +qjfw,pm(xmyl*3 5d f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing oneyze7hs5 /7fyvh k-o, s or more statements from the followi yssk- f, h7y5hv/ze7ong.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical var hxhou a( ee-;.yis ,cq 6gi.2;wa;tpdiables. List t .a-;sw a( htyh2.;depiciq;, ueg6oxhe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a 2kwbf )w5if+e/zw q 6wt. gawg41m*hpdescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stahef88;d0dtvo yzs adh 3eb:.;tement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph50 v 2sadhknhsha8 5bta:.o6f of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and ba6 o59e de*vsa)zx;wviomass of two herbivores in different biomesve6aa)5x*vzde9 ;o w s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima4dfe g55 4 ;962ucr g1swsdfd72tzrbxci 4ezv ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to aw 5s 2d7 rzgfc5td4x9 2cdfzg;us4 v6ei e14br climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followi-,./.lk e mqw,tcv6lra i i0yeng statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primaqlai,/e r mc.6i.0k v-lyt,wery succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sec+4;kjc5u n mycchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investu*cye fqd -3 o-:ij:iao5xp cm+n,s;eigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes :eneq;cfdi,3a-oicm - osjx :+puy*5 is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 8age)e(o alg/5uvd 2ka field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturp-ge5p;de8 p-;p m zdye specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, o d;5ep py-pd zpg-;e8mf which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliq t40f*r -l. n+eeutccg9itez7h,-v dability of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of thf lcev 4h 9*.c+tqgt enue0iz7t,r-d- e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolo-1 fen47uue, d4bplcpgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowo m .5yaqxvkgd-,/i3nik r+r8g r(p)l Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spec)f4th)8b xg 1jl;h/bg;iwn kvies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampld flsv0.(*i,oapdvwwy+:6 ah ing motile (moving) spew+v 0.sldy:6of,hvd i( wapa *cimens.