What is the best definition for 3w cu1 o)hcduu5;9iega species?

  igure: Climate graph of71j w2n-c0u-kffcr sw Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic-ffu0 kml5 onq, ai) 1)shytsy/)fi,ihe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact ) m 1snhf)y0,sal -ifiu5 oqy/kfit,)or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popucox lfm w2+t/1h:1 lnysz+za- bp 2/lxlation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosommwp; 1wgo i+d.a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sidm337fe(plggz7fax, i;m om2 zed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tenxdoi3;77 2mmffpazgg(ml e3 ,d to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popu rcj4gumzp24 2hh ,6delation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu7nh4 ym qi4 (qequ.nikj 0d)4khak5t. pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a fac0d 4mn.ki45j )qu e.q4nht y7hk akqi(tor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over ti +kd giur2,nf3me.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plvblf mx;hfdna;2g(+ + ants and animalsbg;l + ffv(mx +;dha2n.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins e/x; n42 zeysoin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l 2w qa z6r(zd(+v .e.fkavejl3ive and interact with each w+dqv j f(z a(avlz26..3 rkeeother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is los fmf*4 ykcz*x0zl9.i dgweo0(t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pddnmi:35ki96sl4c tp n,0 jks a0n.yc roductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environm,:kankl03 i4syi9 pn0 n56mts. cd cdjent they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cor z 7mj1v32m(nonfbqlb;g ()h vrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing ace3i;ba9tq k/.0rqt ag4dz/digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productscq0t/a/ 4;3k. adazrg b9iqet.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation k 15m:g ( .cw cinggssb9,p7sbsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of /9 rvemy*vm lwz4adu +6b;xs/m 7oee;energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wh2o sm a yva4*10*rwkaay3 )hzbat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and w0 aom vhsk )* *ryz123aabya4Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photeq7w+ 6ohj17 fap p,bzosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated 7j *j+h uhhne;rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has striq 0+x -k3 b0rs7zjjkgvpes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of +b-jkksq0 3r vgjz70xthe Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecr9u z inlv9r9:t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wc k3l4by4+vd xeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed opmyw jfrfgq;x 2:8w26fq k-a0 n the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlig- r2xy02mpfq:q; kwg8f ja w6fht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction::nt, kinh hfjw::j;e7


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dia723kx9tg ;rj. fyt fwka- /gdbgram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the foubxetg 25e/) tllowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living / t 2exe5t)gbuorganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrrehmc 8it( (i.amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densith )cpnjfv0 tr8s;q9*ries of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlosqn c742yw 9q0et jyg8ad*kr1rodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially;o(us :twhhgvy.y,uxz/nba0 +t ;/ i n available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimvuhnt(b w h s auyoy.:inz,t0x /;+/;gp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.4/8ht2bel; le:g6 mx bld9h fm

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system qp /39(44bfr dgebhly


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsy7rhi4nw+ yr, yvpm0db, j23 h in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramidm h.pw7uzo 83x of biomasso.3h7 pu zwm8x.

  Figure: A pyramid of en22g g rt/d e4851bbo)mp4kb.2ql7ieoma nrm kergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represenuhjyfgwpc6k0a u 7v9f.t2 0i4 ting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f98 ieohf+tj/ mood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil:c jh 0v h(v1ar* -dy/y7hsdva j7.wgo ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doehc221nlerh n7s not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could e2luv7typ.c 7 )xtrf/bxist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lions.p) rtfxlyt2 /7buc v7

  Distinguish photosynthesis and pc )h+o2kndo2respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntohn)c2+2dopk hesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecti4l:x5oo zbq 9lcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is los,( x(mi5 kh 0;bhcwkckt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carf i1m-h9ovrl0 e i5f1obohydrates.of5 1h91o0mlier vf i-

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carboibq.x;uu i,+7 u(k(d wbat; bmn sinks. bqku i7(m ;b (dxw,.+butuai;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires dh7 2l ::t f)vcppvwi2the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pe*ar:qliz7aq0h3 /a:to w xq s/g))ipx r area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that j3x2rh+us-2.mil9tfb7zk7ac l , cva are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiviy*li 9yfsf5fi5d. y/ pty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified di9n8ws7tv7e d (hx2.f w+p iyi h:w,wvfagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of n07s47js 5h2;+ozi2v xt3ikkv /nkm ettt0rtcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystvf;2jtob d/w: em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys;vk0c h dh 37pb,gh*yntem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of de -s g rl (jzmmw0zymk/u,5b.mfi97d8initrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a-tt)g ,*ya/zvyz 0oku human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycgzt/tuzyoy-),0k*v ale.

  Figure: Average per c.n tl1c/8w ibx- d2cnq ym*-jkapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as* 9zc :u4jcdaxvn m/w; primary succession progresses from a pio;vx*zw/mn: 9c4 ua jdcneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example o8/h pl1 rxjwrs:8/qlu f transformation.

  Figure: Average per ntvp x/za;;5w capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One oi)6n6tqo7 jk was kept in light6o) 6qo7knj it and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &xvb. 66( u5equ o9ilno annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988t-/ffb3tmm9h4 .xeyahx5vjx yx(2, p -2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi)lacg;h e*;qqome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italym6 k qn.0xw3mk



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onc3 hkd (/qczq3glr8ek8 e6+ mke or more statements from the followiqc 6(z8q3e g h/8crek lk3dm+kng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characteriz c7g1d+csv vv)ed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that cvsv c7 )d+gvc1haracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biogcb4ne0t06 l1zvo;cv0- ngl k me.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecm f9ultw +l.ea2 jw)q -.tnk.kosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, +*3ijsp5ot lnItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differeg4wf1jz5fj 2 kxo,f x8nt biomex,8 x1zjj kf2gf5fw4o s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPh*de1soj8+z ja a .q7glshd4:o 4ci; zP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneehhaei1 ao s4*4d8dq7 jl+sjz co:;z.gr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing th+ -o7u)ds6t qlo,v jldwzbs,5 *lz-jde changes in productividsd*bv q ) l-57lw ulj6ojto-,+zd,szty during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fakw 4e/ at+/46/inrldbxm akj /ctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temjowb p,3s pkrq6::48+jra*z q efz m0cperature on the rate of photosynthesi s z+4pm6fqp:zwq,b0j8ao e:jk*cr 3rs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 8f * 3npfr+ql:e/ww-sliaw/aa field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of btdrtd ,ma* 0u(eetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of dam *t0t r,d(ua total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple+ mbk.:q4d(1 riknsp t readingssqik b.nr:kp1 +t4m(d of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in e2sqiq+4bzt swcgri+-f1r: 1 xcological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wj0n 2 s8m5,std qmetfe865 fcuillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wil 9oabjqv;c(2+3/l axp y0 q8kaw,daiwlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follom)g:gb 3ia3 r,8 jiqzywing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile iq3g m ) ybjiz:,8ra3g(moving) specimens.