What is the best definitb(o g0/anc0xgion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itgu:i emdw9zhfm f*tz9ls:,; .aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spe*vs ,;o7enpjg *e dg,tcies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto*gnp 7*veg,tjo,d;e sr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of 2b t0kf 6zo6aua population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe3 vpfcce1,f 1xj(lp9v cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gi4c4wxwmtgnv*/ 6, vyaraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees n g*vt4 /xywa vc6mw4,they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the nvszu, dzkz t7*9 w+r,groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey(c k1ym66 +wfln5 ppfk wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countrie fp6(cm+ y16kk p5lwnfs in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rembj+ ms ld6z/ux0; ;u w3cyvs6flects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remain0:9eig; e vjtkj0i b(as of dead plants and animals. ki:(j0gebe 9 tj0i v;a
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha8k/syvy z(2x b(f 9hbains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kilhgx slch3zd7 (a-:c (uler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th 7cxsh3(-:lg (uzd cahe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy *v 87f9hldf,m ovqk(kis lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to h:uo,xwrx ah1p 6lr9gsk -:ve4ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing-,v 9:hxgwxe upo 1arkl6rs4: conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food c.u r(+k14oarcl id7lc1i/czs hain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundinrkjv 2u+isfd1c. j7oo5 uf3y-gs. The enzymes break down thinj57ic +rf j23-yufs.vkuo d 1ogs such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systjr+sr d6(tije 45w7fs/u e;tqem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami7krzl (1vggo qqakin -pe +y.aom5.m*w q5s +1ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicxg5 ipqao+jm exm4ur8 * 7y53 a5gwl+she.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor + ymp am5*rge85 wgu43+7x 5qoj ailxs3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dif5ut*ux h/o v9xhnex3/ferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste; 7 tnmnm y9)daq.ec-tm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small bag ;sjp o 12jnyoas;/w hww8s6x-)y:-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns;bg6ashxap wj ww81/2ss y )jyo;n -:o and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst 1px rad7wv3ffr01se/em.

  Figure: A marine foo ra+vsq7 ek.q9d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thrse k3etmp s85v1jqyr ,1-m1be carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carb5rste b1 m1,81eq-ykrm3vjsp on dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi 0v1p-c zx)o6e0rrq7nm t oha7cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbo ihh6 xkys e/-l p4x*(g2s/ucbn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desc-q .pkptcd, 0mribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down p qpt0c md,.k-and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami gi+h.bewq:vwrrq)jvnb1v ;j3 x(8,rd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its 4dh; vl5(c 84eeduh *vlp2ffz prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltribox3e/8r;k /rm xph1h chloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciallg w,7ynx+q 5 2lonspsr0ndz l4vhrn)m3e4(g 1y available seawater-filled gld0n3gnh4g l4s,xlz5o1 nq+ p)rwvye mrn(27s ass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i +i7mh/gao 4res an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conveg9pjrfz jbvg2k j:7 +;l tbk7)rsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to, yrqjr,dzv3/n fw-)-nu(t0 edy,brjxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statemesk hguf./. ( gu0/qadvnts is false when discussing a pyramid of biomau(.sh/qka dvgu /g0 .fss.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerq.j0oigkpu 5e h/pb(0bq 0t4rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemuxw n/yftbcxaq ps: 6i9 8)d,8.

  Figure: an Arctic marine g: ,bgs7 vyrh4food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem nh++o5 if jvg(*,zz gx




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does k tw4 r9h -*nz7rw)ipu40 vt1b/ qepnonot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbersbr 9+-h8uowb(0 jhsg m that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like g-s j ho r90+hb8(wbmuthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirattzvrwf b3,kn)qh/8 g epb, d1pf bm:2(ion correctly from the options below.What is Photos2bf/tbpkpeh w(,r)v:1m dz 8fbg, 3qnynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements 9u1fsds2vp8ac/f. qz that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost 11 2nagvs*yifu 4ydg,n vb99nfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convkqotq8hc945 c erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratq45t q chc89okes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fy 77izscq7n x7rom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.y777 nscxq7z i
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tr.)zb2kggw5ac3 elc0 f f u+4qime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year :k sh-u /ennz8wof i4-xt63ay


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemef+/w0v h(lso,0if* exg8nvzfnts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.bd. z9m1kt40d. qjju;2cd ye s

  Figure: A simplified diagram of klh3my30m4 ci the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cr7cx3zz5an3p5uwd: p c29rzf q9c- xsarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ion*w- eh; r5ddn an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tery7 v g;9jz3mjtrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of de 45xqfl9(di d;a venl7wg/l p*nitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following rfm tn( x5 aeu-hj16:sd5 lqe:is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclx h es rqe65al:d:5-(fnmu1 tje.

  Figure: Average per capiokh7gn*-ot/ x)/ dfey9j hl* ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivers,bd/h1 d/hhjq ity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitdjh,hq1b /hd /y.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of w4 8dtg jwl9h/zc +a7gtransformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 4u-6ms xf y0bru:x*dm $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant -wy b:kyx5v.n in water. One was kept in light and the other ivxy y.knb:5w -n darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & 3 hoy+09glx/:fzpqmn annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheo 7caws b*8n4t i+ ;aj+vk(k/fia bi7dries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data ;ne.lxf/fbm* b k( a.jfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rm np.8j*ikv h;ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation+.a*pg 8,g,p/k ntkxepvgg(s ’’by choosing one or more statements from the folgk(g vk./getsp+,p xpg8 na, *lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clim7gs.jz z e5l*fatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizlf z7zgs5. ej*e the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomel5,* i:y xpb*zvsay3 z.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecorupg tv09+ k 5p60b y/h2mogfysystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ia7 p64o(r;uxhp9 e juttaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in di9 maplyj3.- :rs4 6fxtykf2w dfferent biomesl6rmjk3s42 f- pd a xf:9y.ytw


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivers.ptkmauw6* t ;ity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneerm u a.tt;wp*k6 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the ce2tyj3 z0q(sehanges in productivity during(jy3zq st0e2 e primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchmh udambp 3 pm/h41lj.o818zqi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of pho l,hp xjyx11u dk)*yx y-0sjj0tosynthesijul xd*,y j xypj0y- 1x0s)1khs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiep g4,i-eio:te,z cq8jld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens o:1 qvjbdlg7z iy 522ajf beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were jj1b 75v2gydlaq:2iz beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to g ,xir,tuvg(, cr k f ahn4dad7r.u,+.take multiple readings of the sa k,4+t xrura,ciu,(.d r g7n, gdahv.fme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling 6h fmqa*g 9 (xdet9g4t


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data foq0fdycn8f.a)o-ldt 3b-kg+ or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled:tsu:z3t5ri hbgpy; * in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following s m8fd-vpq0gf9ampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spp0fvqfm 9d g8-ecimens.