What is the best definiyax)cpuyax) o7fo+(v;n1 y: stion for a species?

  igure: Climate graphc l0osea9-/a-jsxx9m 8ksu9t of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spec/:k w+jn+i5 gkod2 pq0z0qmimies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factom n+d 25i/ 0qoiq0wkjkz+gm:pr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populbv3h1qw6/k*p -co*2z,(/aa chbpp adty c/qaation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species du l2 8ptzk+ks, ,z+ms



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like; 3wimi :izx lapl*++new:nl3 a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis. ;3we l pixim 3zll*i+ nw:a:+n
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populat+ (f-p jbmv )xf8(mrckion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lklwq ( xl d8tdga9*ebj13c)c,upus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union qc3gka bt1 (8ewdcdx*l9, j l)now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of asex-x8ay ygvi4 xk :f2kzo 9f71nux,7 population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pj+mb/vf-bm( krw 0w 3wlants and anima0mv w-wb/f+mkr bj(3 wls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainstpktj8czy9z7p; dlay 2 is;:1


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pmj m 4nf3wi7de iwox3 m,k:e0*olar bear and other organisms live and interact with each othj 7mm*x:3o4 ewf3 d0i,kinemwer in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost ;u 2kju 7an:0k5ddh4ko1s , ac/aqcpn from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a l-:ej obuojl t;xr; m,sf 1v)h6arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils.,rv o hl 6)x;b:-mfsutoe1;jj The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a 5 17u./ ztxhlvbte1z)oy; adgfood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrvy/l /reh2ve.f q3a 72si9 crboundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productsrqa 2hre7ifb9/v2y. s3 /lecv.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti ,arc.c6lmg6s 0t:up*x mshr1vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fpopkido 1lb1 t:)-)xda -.caror pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is F, 5idelwqs+5 oactor 1; Factor 2 and Factor,5o5diqs+le w 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatureshuj w oly ros9+)j2,k.

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation siffxej 2+6cl(-rt --e nza l/yhv8f.system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tcsk/b. o,bav-hat resemble the zebra. Is ob /.,cv-kabt lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystdz8l. rp )h5 *gr , w5,pifvzhcd0v d1cn.h2hhem.

  Figure: A marine food web rt (a*w)kj z8j5 d*hrk



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insidepft51b(elqx -aaox0.- z a,m u coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae f-o(xa0q me,b1t5-f x aauzl. prom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionwjohm8j3/k- a i9a pqe 7z8ol*:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems bdbi :jbrv(bim+2; 6h.; jdzndiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followighd+ vn5 aa.z0ng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and d nz0+ vahag.5digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra 8 z1 dsyer0lrp.q5a;fmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prejl4x7b vu. vu3y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor7 fql zw0:(n ,qsnkv/np w6*wmoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comme6kg4 pcb y/mgve-z 3w8rcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window /pgw3e6 z gbm4k8c yv-to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationww c5pdj yc)36.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst3z 08;y-wix2mmfz ubd em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaiclkg-w3 v,fz/9(3xpz-qyhn l gx 7y,jns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discus9v5det.6cwnm w-i e- wsing a pyramid of bio9t 6-d. wciw 5-nevmwemass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerunk.n7oj *:vz gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represex:oo,fuoa+o(i( h -dfnting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari6kmkrvu l2e 37ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilnx),v (wg ,vqpe ;pu mjih1)9x ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not tu udjcg;lmin:v,;0,* as qj6accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savan -fl) f4(nv w7)klr1h* t nhzqik2nh8enah system with parasites on a consumezt4r *kwhlq1l8 -vk7 n f(hn)e2if)hnr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlei8f jla-+ mmj05gdg4 y from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirat4d-f+g jgja8mmie0l5ion?

  Identify the statements that84r 3l5+x( i.k p sqxus*ucsng describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost:uyz-m gx nq9shmnu3 .*v05q 4/ fsmxt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide ivh+5hfj:idyr;g; odb 2/r x+nn the air to carbohydvf5:jr g+rd2;nid bh;oy /hx+rates.

  There is continuous cycliim-u i. y9;g0ew 6w)hbwn( wmlng of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. w;i.lw-w (0 me m6gwnui)9 yhb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requirerroc5)gd ugdr 1d5 d/,s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perwvr5rgffcfl( ;*i p+ xu n)5t8 year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsi 3a dffsic6cf x)+y40 that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculqof d b66ll*yq+(px( aated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tupppfxjx5 q(g5w9/mlw . 0tk7he marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo6n + 0jkto5mwpn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst9a f1yc 1 itqso,ih4;jem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a 4wle)1 ziq 3w 7xb7o3gz/ruzqterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trueefo6-at2*j2y :w3 dqecw uwnn .fhe, - of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followingg/4sh zsls1/b 5ytz ;x is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl/4h zlby /s;1stx5sgz e.

  Figure: Average per cifn s:03qu+)c km-hk8 w;p6rgzyq) a aapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP 2 cquq- wzkh3ii7wp7y)ef6a(as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax-3pufz2qw ) h(iewy7c 67i kqa community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran ox:rqj+g)x9 /lzx 5lw ,w aex+zaw6z30uze0 bsformation.

  Figure: Average per capita k x/cog:d w38 shc0z cs(o1; ,ihcn4pg$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea p3f g1tt e( fqx:*,0qvbndt q1dlant in water. One was kept in light and the other itf fe1n gb3,(10dt*:dqq q tvxn darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flod)bht 78exliseh8 ,z(ws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries2 )xn cpf6xf*9ogpixarg5 4ymf- .* fa by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat.v nk h.9,hwxtbw.g p5a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of e 2jxp76x3ff) ) ncxihRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the conceptqc cr3 *kc5s;h of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followis5cqr ch *k;3cng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized b.dfd+il5 0iog8 g,d bvy climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main facto5f do d.0,bi8gdgiv+lrs that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description a.;7 djabv wk,u3 /cczi2iq)n;rmix.of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversitbd d:+ hi2dx5gy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,k -2 5 yqpfl851lne7kpj xg3zk Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of 3zeb5: xzogh3/ cs 3rntwo herbivores in different biom:zxbog3 z3n3 5rhces/ es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primi (uqu( :0)q axlfopsry (p l -o0jt/ec2j()nxary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuf:ru(p0q ( x 0(io(pa/)j -y2lncosqtxl) e junity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementse h-jd92uiw6kokg 4wq 17z4li is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during j4w 2uzk9lqwo61-kd 4ig7h eiprimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that )idtp 4x 9ecm85mc(yc can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature onw3)v zb-wy7 pdo q3bv; the rate of photosynthv3wb)by o7;z d3w-qvp esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fwk07n30rq.me ;8z esb: ul uuzv4wb/ uield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture ;;z)u- -b- lalhjtmd pspecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 wedt b l;-ml;u- j)hap-zre marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readi8d yrp12 .er4hnskb v0ngs of vnkr y84b02 1spdr e.hthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sd7 *q 4a t/n9rlg s7 mwzwm)0n9g)jztcampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wilk jwm7dqd ; wgmfe63o285 moubab;x+8low Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spp5f:) :y ym3l)+d)ogqi jgss pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follo y(lo vbz 1wdvu lzj+g+ly(m/9) :7fsmwing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movivo9jw(l:zfu lm1/(7+g+vz ds ym ) lybng) specimens.