What is the best definition for 6 dv1p5lv 2jirqgk7v /a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyrc 2 1iqczch-+rfru (*


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that coulq,5bf7lzgzx uzzp) 4xa b/a*:d describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3zfz x4abqzgu7p* 5al)zx, / b:?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiopeu bvme:6) x6n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciszz*sh 8mw0 v --w9k9/w rbemles



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe a o .0v.okwap24ubl,mtnd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also grazpuo, a2 .l0vtk mwb4.oe on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a p5* :ze6se-p)jgrp g gaopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Norf40agpkf: xvxb 2 r*.rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction inx0g*2k .: bpff4r axrv several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tim f6:a6 an;mq tk)rg2r6mp*xuve.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on1tado66j )lqit- 7m+:+db sw n ye0fcg the remains of dead plants and animalcs+6bd 6dgi-j:q o w)fen10ttm yl 7a+s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins oqwnvq y 8x1xb2-*p-j in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seaz ci48c yx6nh5l, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic O i h56x4zncy8ccean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost froqbn(ubrjt 2b5 3 l8t;xm ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with highotev03prh: q1 productivity :3p ro10ehqtv, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that isfzu;6x7w zyqusu, (l/ a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes.:vwpp1b3 xv w into their surroundings. The enzymes break dowp1 vwp.3w:x bvn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 3zcr: ddyh*r 8rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enb47g/y* svz khergy.

  List three factors that could describea9*x.ms8 hsry a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact*sh8.x y rams9or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tew u-jdr ahk:n6p ejkd7qg.x; 9y9-r8xmperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system)2 csz*wf kt9m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesah5 fa(oj6u6abjm m ::f63l,ocy m8lf that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tendb :83 um6cyah,flm(o:o6 65jflfm aaj to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect dd wbluj5)km.(za)h9 i t0b*w hescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food za-,cmsgc) f(web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compe(gg:k0sj ctg.0 rv d5ou gkc(j5 r0ves.0t :gdgnds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ct/ 7fxqc ihrh44;ctf:u+ 7deshemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of ca0t;2hb-e4pmc,e cs x rrbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thatsc9f zkd b);h) ingest and then bre;)9zf kd)cbhsak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of6ogfg; b-cf z;yd 95zl numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities; 8gz -po;kleo of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D 5:4.-8n5mfflvp,fi rex3 kw iztfh j-DT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commed k24r0gc r29wy qyb5wrcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student place wbrgqdwycr4202k59y d it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example -m;s;l tdgx 9bof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy : apxw 9tb-veea:awx ; m0 rhz.r7c.u6conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo5ul yc7 c+kbe/ s(6jpdd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements i*)v987 oofb:gpcplhqfpc(n/ s false when discussing a pyramid of biomasf/ l9 h)q:*cocop(pfn b gv8p7s.

  Figure: A pyramid of ex:(n-kc ycb4znergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity)-ms wo,9( - jrrepgyy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinkb7 ojg(*e6ae r1iq h+e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem l7gzj g g ezs, ht4y/02fr:6tt




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food h 7zq w+ze/x ono)aa,y67-fc - gr(nbgweb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system- dxm/0a)jwmd*sy0s h with parasites on amsyxh*d- )s m0daw0 /j consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belpgk gbxx;-mm1p d 0: ibmk+c vd- 5jca6c:h1s4ow.What is Photosynthesis and gid s1cjkb :b+pmp54-x:mg61 mcc ;v0daxh k-Respiration?

  Identify the statemen(w9bfihy /y.586x zrbhfdw3u ts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ed:diy )fqnek716syhliv 8at5 y6 4oa y r.f80vnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that +4ozw14zbvtpb ss;.d converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydps+1 dtw4;z.svb4z ob rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmoskd8 8 ,ol3dpczphere to other carbon sinks.c88zld3kod p,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqaxm8wyee:d .fak enme 14)x x2*d5nd .uires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / jah 98vkj/jqd ;n0k* zjy/b e8b0cig:per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that pfp3mk.+guy6w y ja (p1+v4+vreg8g p are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS qk r2y/jx+;yoi.s 2 a-kzjogl;s/mz97r c+ zgP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon p-a*h7bgzr (:gi p/foyxe, i3 cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throuvtz:7ajdmp)1znl8kmp7j /*y gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysteab /qq8bhh(h9a(sjx ia 16+tsm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys;akzixh( w)aj0g7ql/v 3lzy+tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying oib ky4,6o.ecbacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c12-q 3k ze3zj1utt fznyclu3fq11t ek -jzz2znt3e.

  Figure: Average per capij(oh5dse2j- :jp2eul*3sg( r *cre j pta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi )5r.oz+ vvk 4zvlbht:versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. 4rl5z hzobvk.:t v+v )
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform5jw* be e(p9kration.

  Figure: Average per 3:7z0 ly za,in :zb.ymp kneb(capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pxs+ e(1(epujs nyj-1p2 u ov3zlant in water. One was kept in light and ej-1spxuoejvyu12 (s pz(3n+the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuhzi0 olvqu1(m0kj5on*, q h 6rld32gae9b -ktal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020vnu84-8 papio(ux f x0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ap.jd- t0w0lem biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph o ;wbn+wint i5ar y(u:v e7/9ucf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing op7 uwpizc 3 k.(d9x+mrne or more statements from the following..39kc(xzdp pwu7 +irm
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othe1d r:b+pb(bo;h sa.ddr physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestriadhpb.+d 1o;rabb: (sdl biomes.

  State which is not a +un::k +ibngk description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rel;mokg r 7w85en jc79hhrh j4upl) n5v3ated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rouj r *0;lyvm1+kv0ff0 zw1wvime, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoresmt+u4h-ti12e + rrhkz in different biomes zrm4 hr i1h2++k u-tet


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prc89lo wah0qn ;imary succession progresses from a 89l0c;o whnaqpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thj d(w6hfz hz25e following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary su fzw25 hjh(6dzccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factorlswf)nwrs8j*h/ * ; tz that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the raq3h6-2i8 c / mtvek il/;rkzuzte of photosynthez-u/zvl2 qe6im8r kh ik;/ct3sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 6/kcr vnoww3i tcsy7le: 7o*) field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tol/ftsfx p0 .aw:b,)qraps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 wfl) p0 .b,/:st oaxfwqere marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of theeq)jz;*71cb,+cgdu bjvuykhf ; cp 21 data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fact;uc1v zjc, 21)b+7 hk g;c*fjqebypud or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolcycflcne9 b7dl:x+02ogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wivmlwa-h/b 1 j4llow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowf08u7y5fz8j ga4aw0so xyv,v Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqu ivj ,po5 f8x8ao.7dvdes is not effective for sampling motile (moving) pvaj xi v78.o5,od8d fspecimens.