What is the best definitio v5,+ apyv1wvwn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I)+ ys zygebe)8 uzm/x5taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whap+-ije+ ig k tu18x9fjt is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fat- kij g9+e ifx+p8u1jctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of0 kc)-1j4qoxuwje3.y 3tlnp d a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle o1mznh*g4i ;hqc xta*y93 n-kof a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rbiw c* *dj(wk1/ xx4pmesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapi w*4/1(wjbxmdx*kc pis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popu3oj+s)e uh+.zgpc22q - xywsclation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally iollo /2j w xldjp;+ fmz2h::w5n North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar 2mwjzl;o fh+joxl5/wd:pl: 2and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a *: :unntn2k jif vyxo1nm8p; :population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and7eff1w )igo.q:9mmdq zzw, /h animalswi:zodm g wqq)97m,hf/f 1e.z.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxix6,g.) 4ljlpo oaekc ;ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killep 3-undf 7hhp:r whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other ihu-:dhpfp37n n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loshr h3a9/ursqp.1l8l jt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass lo-bydf,t cfrj+w lld e:x :*9-98vai with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the phy--tv:* dll:r9x ajof9 e8 icw+ ly,bfdsical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descri(yrrf5mq,:2 hxgbng:ption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivcy1ak) 7oup5qe enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead 1 aoc5)kypqu 7and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated35/mp0 staqfu rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py3k k7dmc p0*bcramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describegikdw02 (nop * a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?i( pk02*onwd g

  Figure: Graph of the rate of php 9 -wjm :t g4ymztpqf0st,o)9otosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systp2ef4l 2d1amxxmzkm)- z+ xd 0em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffew0 mh 8o/9 4.cxpqsnsh and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature /4cws 0 9ph8mh.qxons and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy uy7o0)e(pb5hnnld3g;lnox8 flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we7m1 fa3 qxirw-b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside 8f8(nr)mrvylh jl; 1gcoral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced bynl lrv8y( f8j;rg hm)1 zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea7/lbwz8jxo9tve7wy . ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified system nlqs9qcvtw7l /l1 byml9 m();s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follon n2k2ka7kr f6wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and diges22k arfnnk7 k6t non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberra5lk8h /l-q+h gj 8jqs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat )zmgsdbdbz-4h ae2j4.3t6 k qor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tqc( my j 5os-v,+dsdc5)/ imlihat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a cnxv3fkujy ff 9p.p +8a59lz3 commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lp fy.9f3c f lvuk n39+8za5xjpight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of traq ),;ow)oi 4wvi.jdrm nsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi(fxzu*t6y 4m von system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins z7,t e mkdgs h4cwfq 73f7/;oz niow;7in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following/4 k2 3hqev:5dazotaa statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.z3:oak5q4 eadthv2/a

  Figure: A pyramid of enerc(tq ;sg5gc:dv * qj.r6otcz9gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fakwepow76u/wqv / ny-rz7x: 0or representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fhk 7g2+aevzd;i2y y- eood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soizync oc3oy4: 00ph* rkl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describj4-n0 u fg3v/2msu dbfe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sar2dm 1a(:p i5qx2dly mvannah system with parasites on a consumer like the li l:ddmqyxr5 ma2i1 (2pons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr ,+2ouyky)wrsom the options below.What is y,wus y r)o2+k Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of 3y x/i15it4ofe 0nomwiv8 ++njzrub y2xc12bDDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy i9 :7cbhfnxr3kt8 ui5 js lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i3w6:g,ph w4 nuz8drvqn the air to carbohywg4d8z,q:h6 vu3 rnpwdrates.

  There is continuous c bv2u/zgj:fhps pqr49,3b am:ycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.3:vg2/ahrz:,mp qs9b 4pbf ju
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the ,olbd, x/tyl,p;dp+; er.y8e sik+ xbcarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / tg2 az2p; /g* bz5m dwabktn,+per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that 0sl428djwpwetgtyg;8.su : k are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productzab2f* nb bd99ivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc m,h.jdh5yjng5h, b; fle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle 8ebj+hxjsyta))3 , oi


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem (ye51j k8vugn


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyi:1k5u+c7xkm wo0mwh stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying b1j) v qqaaq dn*ec5l3 :i39xpoacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma 190tvu ot5rric,:ke1 oj ul3qn-induced effect on the nitrogen cy o3oku1u0l,qtj 1c 5ivrte9r:cle.

  Figure: Average per cab08*+gkm0nbccc9ouh +-/ qypc uzy -rj4 jh p9pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitja2-zlrv /v m0y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. mr-av0/ lz2vj
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of0e:gk tx*d,u :.ra;nq6mz7qyi+ )1qjjoq ovf transformation.

  Figure: Average per capsb2;gx0mkr w cz(z9)y ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plan(:zksnvmozq1 :u6z0 kt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of t:k vzzm:( 6ousznqk10he experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows ie5x2 (3 k,o5pvxywwz nn GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by r4bp wret17z;l egion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bilqk .h yks g69ih6lshxj,ak)48rh c17ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,35/ ns zc)bc93dozc*,xfte tr Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one b-54 z f;qqtf9i jo2boor more statements from the follow2bb5fi q fj;qo -otz94ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byn wd bxgw/0m 8yhg9k2) climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize b gx0)nk9g/ww yd8hm2 the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome btm (wqa63fv7myrf n3n+;f5 m.

  Identify the correct statement re+el 2 i//lo o9imdf5etlated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapo6dt onbsve p(;e7v 5 ;*drcfsa743s kh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diff i ls cwm;4j+m758upzterent biompu;wmz5+ 4s7til cj m8es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodsbipz :o dfog;*v7w/2iversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax cowip;27d/: sb* o ogvzfmmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements i0 ar8jkodd60 ls not correct in describing the changes in productivity during prij8akodr 0l60dmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuy a6 o8gndl5per47vlmqf p.hk4t 8(,tred using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ty2txqs33yq:- (wt *g.bw azmrate of photosynthesisyqw:- b3m( qy t3w.tgaz2sxt*



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field t fpx)/b:8x qql+yt t.



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seri. obza q 5s87qb9/y1a0wqbry5sg a s-ies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of gsb81rqs59isb. 7 5z/w-oaa q0yqbay 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it2d rs9zh*1-cog0 ia ci is important to take multiple readings of the same factor92da ci*h0s-1zgroic .
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic 8m9dq 3wtdu*bqe cdwwf.7 :,hlp-j0aal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wi2h fb,jmy2 8fdllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species q z/t 9lk 09pxi94bixrsampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followin gmy5:nphhg1 ,g sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (monyhgm:5p,hg 1ving) specimens.