What is the best defini5o); 4om mi.zlbcddfv1 le8e4f2vy*ption for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of*rf2fjhz bve q 4np*8q 2xyk9:em22,soidb(y Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 7ojp2 1 :i8 rj7hdfehc Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facrjch jo28ep771 i:fdhtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popuswnx30 3spq9r2e wuf6 *nrtv 8lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistyhvrb:ft4+ d1nx 4. enosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has st7kvf/ eh-zoce* 0 nus6ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed*sh0ovz 6-uk7 e/n ecf, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of cttt. 2j5:qu ci h:o2xorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu-z pumm)9-*d3 aieiwkpus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolv9i z-e)mmup3- w *adkies have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popdo *wu.ah 6fm5ulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the 5e-ilrqn xnlxs8+26fupy iugo1)l-) remains of dead plants and animanrii6p)su5uo) ll2 e 8-qgx1l -n fyx+ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinb89b (wol tl.hs in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms liv5q7wd7 s5 my lkkgnbq/1y+fc/e and interact with each other ilg/yd y/7 mnsk1b7kw c5f +qq5n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst+aq6, urq+p r uhix.sy3ynh.;ems.

  Rainforests are known to haverd)dw3v(2nuf a :5s8hsoq- ad tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing cond) v( d5srad o:-s8fad3wunq2hitions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of aux8/wa7 2 bssk2uvop+ food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirbs9 03rk)m dct surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as 3b)t9rsck0 dm dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice ckfu-d3tea6f v r3:w8gultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enecee0h/+n75soercd 1c rgy.

  List three factors t(ew az qax1* 1dpxwo:+hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 p xod1(q e1xa: *w+awzand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis md(u f)kt2br 2at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultip6/ox7lhdc dy5a/c+73 u/hv tp bn 5mwvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t 4nicfj-x9a (q u12ka+3 x.e veg/qcpyhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depende 4-/p uy1fen ex(a.kqc g+3acj9x2ivqnt on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terj*(vk- e3sjb lrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodj( dcv5gcd9w/hrj;tv zq1/,g e,qw+ i web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae 4hnq ksi0o8x7 that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pro7hq08osn 4k xiduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea(eh890 )n 3 nfame+kbf27xpu ugzt 6erction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocearsw:z0 7laqc.k3qh n f+edls :dy. e);n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d. )r c/hayv+axescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgy) r xv+h./acaanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram34bb/mh/v 9u9, mac6z(,,irjp3q ipmnbrygu id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prep7(dpcvjtbp av0gx o7,9p(p )8ui)c edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichqnji fs bqu-cg;7:49iayic,0 loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using 2dr o: r shepyied 1/r)py856+:evbb na commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of theh8b6idse 5r)pryvoybd e n+p::2 1/re following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trany1xc2 s9c whw )6ean)02 eivotsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systej wu.) q5zqp,nx8 80 jbdnfskn3b/) fwzk*go/m


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains2we*d( i htrw./01z. vdacjo r




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fals+7dfc5 i1j x 7qfa2twte when discussing a pyramid of tw cffj i5+1d77a 2tqxbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy xh9q*8 14pbjv)wpf-.k hircrhz;0ip


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for rgw8 v1sq (hqf(vmhw(c6p(/yl epresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food-p*zkj fg*4f)olmu xy2k9k: c 1b3jbe web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystez5km)5v1erz5 pozur xc1 +s)km




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descr5)x1wr dj :99nm-nuxdx f *gbeibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of(b -qfzlb:+h: )fwh wx numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on ab(fhfzb lw+x - qw:h): consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respira1oj4;z:ksemc6zpt (m tion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis andck ;zjoep4stzm(:m 61 Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticideppd xbjrjnkw,/)h *4fw 3h :;w.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is/tluzv -ya,+ vu3n*st lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that 7v 8z v-kzvs*v2fnjw ;converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrv2s v*w- 7 v8zvn;jfzkates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the a gng +xx5c a8ufk,8sa6tmosphere to other carbon sinks. xsg+5auxna ,g 86c8 kf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.488 fxoi(bxr +ibjxz6

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per a t)59stx lv/xrrea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. e6f7s0adnw a gjmp d l96 4xx0)n(+aph
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSPibm 0;i aypo pdssxrw:3)* r/,0mmjn,) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle r,ovxt a(r-u4- 1e, nehu tp)a



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon kch.1 lu*g(lxv,rxk8 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemxlm)06 bsfht z+uj ,8i


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystq.ak(-rgg6cn xfx w:.em in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement 1v(gc1o.hmey t .c2wvthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of th*w q fu9(rrh:ve following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.r(r f :w*hqv9u

  Figure: Average per capit . s7*mhvjeqoap*a o);a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,c48jlsdt 74xg GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pio 84c4stl 7dgxjneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran f2bqx90jam c;u5ler+sformation.

  Figure: Average per cap5 4fb .d)4+zjh a:g/y2pgx zz3itzpt zita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Oqnqe: kps)-90o 9 czxtne was kept in light and the other in darkness. n - xpo)09 k:qtce9qszThe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carboo74hdbb .9 yxhn storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regil (ur.e)*ukiqr4v4q3 shc ( fl6-vp+ 0aklass on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomej k x4*hp4 l*enub( fvklrq,6.

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome )*sw5wtm y0uf, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonat+kh.5 iih1bwdx 52ovo ion’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.iw512ovki h5.bhx+o d
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizedzb0f w08hg t0o kbib*l90d5 hl by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrw0gzk boih*lh 0f50d0t98lb bestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description 8z h(auir t2w)of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diver6s1))a: unq vfghu3 u:tg9vtasity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro 6z +vhrfayfu5q,z-- fg :q7prme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity an7aadd0. 22irn) jwztid biomass of two herbivores in different biomri2 70nw addij)tz.2aes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc;,lhg-ij)4 ynm vms u.cession progresses from a pioneer community , yg i-lnuh4 m).v;sjmto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemk .18f ezy8zgsents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary skyg.f 1zs8ez8uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.g rf q 5t*kcnftf1.1(r

  Figure: Set-up to investigat22skg:e2e drv e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisk2 vsd:e r22eg



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fis rysl3brc.lcld1 0t8nkxp61+e* ;p geld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to c4sk0t ezck+ -g 7n44:cdoakwr4mn3ha apture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1ck k 4:0 thnnkc4aerd4wg43+za som7-185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilitybgz+kce1w x tl--6, b.s )prks of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the samexp tk-wb+-z)1br,l6.ks scge factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samuedf2hhvvof0:;u,w h s) ;o 3hpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data mx1 iab:dl/j c;xo l pan 1mib5,93ji:for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciexz*ycn8k p34lr 9kyy9s sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for +ep8l vd0u+mr sampling motile (moving) spec8umd+lpe vr0+imens.