What is the best definj lup5iku z*02ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, -a--hhfxx;0(hj jas x Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faq8m e)d5 .unznctor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto )unn85zq .mder 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a / uffepgr19)h ode69t population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a p 3rx 80wcrdhq tg(4n8Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized :03at dvxc( tugiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other ox:0 ( tudt3acvkapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatios1 s s)o7dpga6w5lzyx+0i- ien.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occuym1ko, fmz:v(6 a+g; cj;l g60cypmkw r naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheephe ymkocgaf6m+cyz l;(06j;pw:v m1 g, krder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over n+ro8+-tdk-h0kld5b8 ftvm l time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remaifimc/my-gm /2f14fjd ns of dead plants and animal-fd4jfg /mmm/ 1 yi2cfs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai0) :bxiwcjwfz 9 8s9yons


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer ,p qq;jd-gssl gn,+ x7whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with ea-gq ssp; j,ln x7+dqg,ch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemwigql5b6: r n7s.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hef9 51q t/,abgbgzggg5l+tf 7igh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physa7z+gl/t59ggf e1gbbq f g,t5ical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descrip 5:g6kq8rql edtion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounyu41r jm-3rae dings. The en-r ea3ru 14yjmzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio0zl98sx8cbie n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py4/m 5-mc hy,km. s3jaynykh p,ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could dess4jy;tk*2ykx cribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ayx*jk4k ;tys2nd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at*(,gwl r cjgmfa (fx m(7u.f86.lpb*l /d jvwq different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati3jx*cwnsq . 4ylp f/;s-hif f:on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the ze,nf8r)vt h(+rb6v xpz bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of txv)6z8,rbn p vrth +(fhe Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy7f: q9bbo* incstem.

  Figure: A marine food .cwkf/8 :nlkt uhrn6: web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insa 2o6v,lcte37 if lgow cl.)p+ide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fi),.2 a +gvotp36ceo w7flllcrom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ; 80xve l8l/x/z( s s7ygiubdbchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in th/;w)gjt(pc 9 gyi,, m q7 ;aasjxgw6woe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earw.9hu c fec6+j8nbi/)1 n mcogthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organc)9cw/ nm81 .hcigfu ne6b+joic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberw0lcs+ai4ib6zfddp, 8p g)ekg a5c; 8 s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itzc 4,if8zq1 bb-ex jx8s prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphefy ;k6jxij7mj4p51vg qni(1anyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesk*k 2 et6pprm+ocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of tpe+* r2tpmk6k he following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatitaabo9 ,/ mrrj;+1p- go:rib lon.

  Figure: A natural energy convege +52hyqpw (6r hf0llrsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxom2s;8 o7y 6h2 w :czwhhuvf1hins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when disakg51 hl vst9(; ho)kild+px-cussing a pyramid of biomass.lslxhvkgh t;)5d1 kopi+ - a9(

  Figure: A pyramid of energy60ntt4 tur cr/


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represenc n5z-/ qe9q5atv2fc xting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webncprw1 m c+nv0sm-px3 r27l- x


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst6,wg2po7k2txeg6e mh co pp:) z:lg9 fem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does nvbbz h xs82c8- yll.me 6 a6i9kin0wp6ot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbem15ralc*lo,8en e e h(rs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites,m 1a5 *ece(ln lorh8e on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optionnm+qrg t4w/.qs below.What+/rgm4qt w .qn is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that des20zea((+ z9shvl qn lxcribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsk.-x5d24.vybb nai1b*xnk f q.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in t b2tr agov;2bt oo rm90,3/hvehe air to carbohydratesa2t/3m0boot, vbe2; ogv r9hr.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other car 2b)by:zblk2i bon sinks. 2b l)k:2bizb y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carboj*4,zti xkh/4bscr4 mn cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in a ,ht1a-u6pg ann ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenxnwbg i3)fz1qc( 1 nc t bfc8+q7ca;m3ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calq(lbtd1t+krq qx-t6 a/efkt s2 ps1/ /culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mnbzg)we9-g yx.*u7 j+ 9rqigjarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon czf guuvgj9htu8g)m )v7-z5 4bycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy31k 7n q/1)vv; b8uxqguy.txihydb7 qstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrigx;c,., dy 9ei, 1cvvkyui n4tal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true pm il5a0bb/ugi,ppvhs 9 :y;) of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follukb: k-c/ p,+pkkpog3owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle :,-/ pgpk k+pkkuo3cb.

  Figure: Average per capi*u.wa ,qmf.ckta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivw*oim(b,r s g/ersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comio,wb( mg/ *rsmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following j/if):mryg(9mmfc s0 is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ck hufc1 v95hm1vu) clk*l 5vf)uq 1.iaapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Oh bsfpy- *jj(u/5 jr:tne was kept in light and the other in darkness *bp-j j5jyth( urf/:s. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & zc kf8p +(;badannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiboy 1:h+0 cm iwt:e fpck3ll12on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for9q1dkd2e :dwk a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itudjwg2xob59nwm c 40. aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by c7t/3gb8lel1s nlpvhjts e 3 4l+5n xe(hoosing one or more statements from the following. 3( 7hj n /tsle5+tn1gb xlvse3ll48ep
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by b m2)v+p rtg-ytq. 2eyclimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the 2r 2gtpy be)ytq-v+m.main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripty v* /i/ngya)kion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedywly1 :-b9 nw(3e5okqrpc5f a:h i, qr to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I*spikk 98y mspk:;d5 ttaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differq-g g:*,tqg b/ h*:c ldlexni:ent biomeq -ng/x b :qle,gh dl::*c*gits


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse0 wk r10i4tja*kl6v dqghxf;2s from a pi hxr; l002fa iw *d14qtj6vkkgoneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not (;0*dm9 lzkho ffoc )icorrect in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. 0ihk(*9c)folom;fdz

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that c;11g g jabmufgg +dj*iy*l6 6qan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of rsi/y(e /w fplg9 3x;ptemperature on the rate of photosynther//e gfx li wpp;y93s(sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field5,c6h:i9 qjlsas ;4t xyidt y/



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trarrquwki5hr bt2(w1fgr ko- q2 i9-j- m:,czo6 ps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a 61-rb(itrmg z2rohq9j--c q2u ,wf:orkik 5w total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mttdk 8k q,nf43peq 9n9ultiple readings of the sf4p etd3qq,9nktk8 n9ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic.l51bk4 ihrox al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow C6,)b4tp/e hjql4 xagr reek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of mx ( r5sy fw.2 sko-mikpi/5x*Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective h6z 9q( ztgz.vfor sampling motile (movinz.t6h(zz9 vq gg) specimens.