What is the best definition for a speciesl bhbc :gvt3dkne 8allu*9b.7v 9 c35a?

  igure: Climate graphyv p8k h7+vuj2 of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact;rg67c+srmquc m+ls(or 1 ;Facto7cqcm(rsg ;r +s6u+l mr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati y2f :x9nogmp kau9gd)ed0l60on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a. jzc+ +zo s-5dyoy7gs Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized 4obrsx0o2 p q5t 3 -mld7k5aeygiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okap7x5a3-0kobd 4ro5ylmtp q s e2is tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organismst7e4z1m4oo7q.tjqc z l ecq 04 is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf:*jrw0ns :h ez (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is rse: :w z0jh*nprotected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growmixv-bcl jzrj yzr61.0) vghi(s8b, /th of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead ssfag9p7 6 lev97/ wdjplants and animals.99agesj7w6 fp /7s dvl
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c 2/jq o*yqwl++5dqi gphains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orga) h t-wtbcf:w1n3v3xt e dx02ee br3,znisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the A: 3,e )c1ezb wfdt2n-ve h btx3trw30xrctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eyora8s cbb- 61nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have t;geypp 87tuw 3all trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physi e;tpg8uwp y73cal environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corea4t8+;;q-mg yh ux;gcdku xeu2rj2 /rect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by y al9zk26m:ups )-rbs releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. Tr 9bmsl2 upksaz:)6-yhe enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationsn ,9ha7kke5 a9r rnfi:uyzn3o ,7 y3j system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids6 +zgy t:csfy. of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a spectgl**g q o.ga9ies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factoq*la 9 t.gg*gor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of:d;jf6q+* n;gq bbbc u photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv1hjq 16b8p6 (vzy gorlh( ly+zation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res l;xcuf8 t jplr-1l 2(9b gjwl+e3z1kaemble the zebrax1 pe1t;wlur-bla2jl8+(kc 9lf3 j gz. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste6:me0z :puu utm.

  Figure: A marine food wea 9a:yl +(;obiapiwc 9b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live intn or; 4sr0c xiy50a5oeh(i4eside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight4i ia4t0y nh(ex0;5seor5cro .
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following 8oo5 ;ypl./jv; r8yr82 nrjlxowo+m u chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ;19/ v coaq0zlaee(za ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followiz:wj.gavue , (i6 9rc6n v(gos:+zsf ung terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livswse9g gazv ojrvu6nu(6: fz:(+.c, iing organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pw5m ar63 sf9:t rt3phjp6wd5 y)j:dl yyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its 8c l af2 1m;rjbfn*8:szuxt e 48x7tvxprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlynno66*;x lo dp z-u,ooroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a cotc9 kub/z4z/ smmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, wc / 9bksz/t4uzhich included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following 6y9tz(q y9 qquis an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy ,g58a-uzy j xuconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai b b,)oelpcn:8 8 s8,ttc-b,qaf jw7etns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false w d.2j ; z crcbcs.-s35tpvhhi5hen discussing a pyramid of biomash tch-3vpic5 .c;.j5bdrz ss2s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energulwyap6+u4cil*6 iy-vei,6 ty


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit1 c6d7.i srqpgy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin adt2u.npa5j0 e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem ,wetag(pd 5z/




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acjyax2+q5+b fqka3 bzkx,2*rlcurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah xre9johdr has*a24 p x(x (6-usystem with parasites on a consumer like the (9xs r*hax 46 u(2pdr-ajxheo lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correcggbmv bczb3 )/99dw0cvv )8f ) t9sveytly from the options below.What is Photosyn)wzm 9v dv9v8 ceggtcs0b9)3 bbyfv/)thesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe tht-tr75+ xsg7.ioki * ht, y oizg2pwk2e use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fr 11,4p-ebesgh9wf ixuk8rn *bom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carb4- hhpvmliko( *ov /w(on dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.(o - vwohvhp/ k4i(l*m

  There is continuous cycling o7l7a0nrp * mh (l8dkwmf carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. nk7p*awrml(8 0 m7lhd
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processe aukw)1ksg: w,s in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year hwg-wnxxj *tk) 45i :y


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are ty on )ccn.b;yhrct3 3c-.ppn:rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconday t*i 6.ap:gatry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram+vp7k(ov olqe9 pu i7+ of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon wg aa6bddx vub97;9i7 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow 9t:kd)2i 6da2 yoe ;u6bzva li2pnde3in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre f(b,+h;g momqic z,)p.qxkzkfu9 k1 (strial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactab v*bc.xb0o-on5s0teria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen :-tny vgqy,o -,u5gmwcyclym,oy5u ,:n g-tqwv-ge.

  Figure: Average per capitaam4m(85e wac f00picpjwe8 r; y dd0.u:ehue9 $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progv/- mk 9bnoz tvbhv209resses from a pioneer cb9vhvbk 0-zv/9 nt2om ommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofth rq-lu 8;2nkzu+eub :e; ox/ transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 0md:h n84rfbw$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bo,dk1k /lt6-h,apu wh ettles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles. k1 dl/,u,pah h-k6t we


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows i af+j1rcs/p4 e.t1x fwn GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19885nopr70 2uidz -2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomet-4 i3:bklzb9kef d bhch.3g(

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,y66gjz 27b q.smc*ivy Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chooubsf3 ozn,u/v77 9g cjsing one or more statements from the followingv7cf/u3j uz ,o9sgb 7n.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othered:b 0w,pi.pd ad n8 d*hna+(9t2ovda physical variables. List the main faca*nbd9d iav+ da,hp.2odn: e(8dtw 0 ptors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rain+erwdut6xbsygeg.6sq0 9 9tla1 *1y3f r*ykzforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosk6 hykc(yw 0s/fk pd;5ystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy l90z;4 iq0i ns)rzcyj


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomaze5nw.v.dk 4w ss of two herbivores in different biomes dk. w4zv 5nwe.


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as px*2zrqwn.o2-b lkp /:3gaqgq rimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.pq b gr*oq/-2z3 x2gw ak.l:qn
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the w0t7ae)v. 7 :xtjgkzc changes in productivity during 0w7gtzev:xk 7a.c jt)primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measfh vj96 z9tm:t12uyxkured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photgn,;hrp t 5 lv9m2s2 i()vrgilosynthesisl i2;hp2 5sntvgr rgl9m,(i) v



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 2*vq/kcp(/lzaqo3v3 itg( ktfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captureasig je*4y4*v specimens of beetle A. ygja4 sv4e*i *On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it*(c*e j3 mnop/yu d0gm is important to take multiple readings of tjyog p /m n*0*eu(3mdche same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment us *d2oi6 n7rtwyed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wil,2eo msimfm k7t2g8 c2low Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two :9.1b1ens vu2 txqxr r:dn8kk parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling ms i) kb1ztj f(rgt;p*4oti1r t t4fjs *)g;izb(kple (moving) specimens.