What is the best definitio gmu:jm..2gr 9p6q i6tetsv d;q9 6mygn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofu 5r--wp +zywn Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could zkaldp *,5x cabjy303 describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor33yk*a c p,bjxd50 lza 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationtss)kt3+rqw)-fioqj c( bo;i;+w rw*


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto) vvl5 u6cehsduy; ;x7soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-siz.lfa /o+ ik*uk99hn4y3kbcxg p jt7,j ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which conynfg9c, puk*o7+4 ih 9ltkxk./3 bjajtinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisu8 nee1ulq0 *ums is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America zz-y6fmr4qo/. k 4squ and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female qm.s46kzr zoqu/yf -4wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflect.9(*o qizoch bs the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on x .i0zfd9tu;qc07v3nj-telxlsg f5, the remains of dead plants and animals. -s5zli e u9t 7 3cqfv0x;0dl,.xtgfnj
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxine *lnj sqn.3u*s in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalemwdxw;3l bm-p b v*lup97ob6 6, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with 9wb6*7pbl;lxo m m p6bu3w-vdeach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from els7rn(57mh m72zdi1ixd s0 qpcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees ansrd6 +o1oq(i jd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions(1+ rdooq6sij have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of 8 rc3-hwmc9mu6qbt 36pf w*sd srrq57 a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzi c/n/e-k1(ow3 ss ruuymes into their surroundingsr (uo/1 /u- 3newcisks. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systttwl/fdf ; 4 i2:o0hkcem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energetbqx a:42w;py.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;drv85 b a.+s-fr5rep p rionh/wt4pq )*h5jx( Factor 2 and Factor4o h 8s)ftevpr p-h /rnp5wr5 5+(x*ja.i bdqr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperg n*.6 + tbbe4nex*bybatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation l(,fqcc1 ;vn2o;rw eosystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hp+ vn+sige)b-i/3u b o3vdl-yas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspn+b -yb3vl )u-+svpe/io 3di gring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowi8.m(fy4mj 5nv lpkj. in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wev/ wnd r/qq2x8-i+ nxkb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insd 3n0 e*ilw4s6 .9ogyrkrgwk/ide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds prod iw *lk/rd6gwnok3gr se.409 yuced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem nxz n*k519x sg9hlj5pical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems de6 df+rtwxay/hq d;7+i9/9lm 7g x theiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes*6tmxaoe nlu.bb,v7irtra.q ,)5m u*t describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgav6lbrx u*t,5.mra *),.toumb 7 naiqenic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numben5y:dqm, r2lp3dql+grs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator at /-xaz 8s+mj2 h*elbv0 lo)atnd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodipj) ,z)fvxi.a/vdeh(6gs don*henyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available 9b 7bmiqh6r4ean t*v *seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statemeh 4*ab7qr*i6bn9 metv nts are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfoy/y /.).gwbx/fcko tcid+ en,7x ,bj urmation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys v2yyh ,a+,*avy jtw.b7m*tfutem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foonx i7rd1dqbs r wq);bi0+1r/ ad chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateml kwq2+ k*0ynhr2g qxab 08d7vxt j:c3ents is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma k2q a7c+*x:bt280wr yng30vldkhq xjss.

  Figure: A pyramid of hp0kp+h3 bm*wenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productr+w t hdyg4+e*f8xwm8yq7hx 5ivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web v )ak9 2 d z)quoeno:(gjs jyh5l(03yb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystei3* , sjic9lemm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemen8mavfz, i6z 0tt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbe7;dw* 2qfxzqb rs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a cq fd;qbwz* 7x2onsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correc5 u-jxaxuwx6 o.l6v 2wtly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratx w5 j2avol6-xuu.x6wion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use offj+q, 9ij3k rm DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosycwg7t g su9n4t- nt7(bstems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air t3pvkdnha 5f,* o carbohydra ,ad*vn5hk3p ftes.

  There is continuous cycling of ccp mj +)7)zut oe-r-rgr 7(hxyarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.j y (pz-7xgr +rhut))-or7cem
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requireyivuav: - jpu-vy 7,s8s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys9 o6k+cu6d4oivcf3yjtem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t(iz)ib+ mgf3ds/pn v1 hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NS:qo3t3sj2by xoho f)f lq72x7P) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclek1as(;u7xotv6x/wz0xwfn k /



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the n9/wwyuh 825p9 a4+o im iygzncarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyt0ne*ub(sdj 0stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyswh* n 2btnkh2(hlv)+ntem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that f:y g p)/3es.sugds0pv :u-oais not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not 5op jvasi 7yz4 vo8/ bj5cm-vvgwb 1;/a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.aoy-p wvj/ 48z/vs5 v; v oicb15mbgj7

  Figure: Average per capd3f:wf rnp6 0gb3-bk pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionz;utp) 2st+obz*:ggj progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxo+ :utgt2zs) *zbp; jg community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following ilket b35 ieho 96xg w6d0zkg-7s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita oyyt.gdf8oh--m:wn( $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodepcr2/8doe8kzj *t r1 pa plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in daoz1rp88 d* 2trke cjp/rkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in maxxdzsi/2-x3 5s+wyu 5p unfsz54/e GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region *1;b jm;cv )l4kaxlbl 0zdg+6u p ok8h1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a boc1 unvp1,qkv am78uun:zsxlzbyuel- 8 8 77,iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ip 8zw sne,e s(shoh8e +(ot.)utaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements frou3ahmjsk7xfbh bo / vhtn2y62 d,0:+km the fo62nub/2sk dxk3:,v fa hh h+yj07tbmollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattqtqfcsx )b7xyeb7x /1) 7zwt: erns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteri7fqeqt)bc x z7xtw1bsxy: 7 /)ze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b0 ,ob7-m66bhrn leyaf iome.

  Identify the correct statement res*jmk.n2 8 kc*xob 1nblated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita;y5f*k vya75 vhu9bqaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differenn :nk*(p b)uhg-cwj 1gt biomub)*w-ng1:jp h gk n(ces


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodih y(;cg ;28um6lx zb6lqi*1j amvi6cfversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pione ;y c6mxl8ujh(1igcvaz blm* 66i2fq;er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct+;zj n2plwy.q8tm 9du in describing the changes in producm 8lnyd9pzu;q2 .w+tjtivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cana drp,bi3j/zq(s3k2 j be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rat5 tl b 0rsq-xoha,/(aye of photosynthesiq s- (0a5ob hrxly/at,s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in *b(r90uwlf0s ficxv k nf:1 wfw)v0.la field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tru zqp-,6)1m:mx xmis;du uky;aps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total m 1;sy:u-m6u)mqzxxiu;kpd , of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impolg)nx n*5hmtu ,vimzz(6 v1 d+rtant to take multiple readings of (u,l1n5*txvnd hm z6i )z+vgm the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usef6n 3y8up: qved in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek mfye(/s.f- vmbtwy p d:6ce, .




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowq/k + afq*o44nnr2puu Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fol (-p52upgtyf1 y-3oj mcf:a jnlowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimenstmf:poy5-ag1 u(y n p23j-fcj.