What is the best definition for a species(+ 06jz 31 hnlflevmos?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, 7r4fvlz qv /om(pnyvj;p,7c2 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that ngib 7 *lod(y:could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?boi n:7g*yd (l

  Figure: Growth curve of a populp7c/4u;( ,3 l fohcennicuv (rr zsq26ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie2 la/5g* /fbtdybnvnm ,ie/4is



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizeojk i5d,k3a-f d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can bree, k5aji3fko -dd, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gi5 tv ur6ujw;b:raeh 3/) 1 qltgh;0igroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North A* mun6 vrrn17hmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may givrnn rh*m17 6vue birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth b ;;hs p zru(rn35x jl-4bxem-of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and 4h-;i osdiep .animals.e.4-i i;osdh p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cnlsj1 rp9fp*l3r/6mv yr. z.fhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringa2lq.;t z/z1qboc t c.ed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of ttq/oz2cca blt.;.qz1 he Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energe6zxf6 y 4qi:7wpu lto36 -zgdr;(nx vy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high ( t:;lh fc12 lxeeatz(productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture ta(x teel:( hl; t12zcfhe presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement txdzq.a5qd) /d4/ku ht hat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their qg:q ;y2po4mh/4ztt l4ejnq-g -zz;h surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dea ty-h 4pnzh;z-jmg4eqlo 2gtqq z/;4 :d and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated8uc,.ljnh gx- p9th; y rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidgs e4n jm3s5zgjbuf a fh,/9(6s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Ws -0a8e meq(tthat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fata em(80-tes qctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phn -ca0f m/al*9y nt0jaotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio+ovm*;yeuc+1; kbt ;isn.rf er1 mtk7 n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf bb8b txes--h l;0 *jnon7nn4nfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in thebnt x;b4jne* 8snno 7h0--bnl Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystebd1f 9hmxymc9*ru t61vt t0 y6m.

  Figure: A marine food web /kbd ynxv5vx/jj*0p :mqgl. 6



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon com/w8ebo9vh utbrn33 n-- bzrg: pounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and su3wrnrt8-be z:-uv9 ngbb3o h/nlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemb(7akb o5ngx (9 )nz-tm,dxn tnw+qe5 ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sy;y ld .8an+yrnmb2x0b stems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes d+c.n ,0yl nxcorganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digestxl,c y.dn+ 0nc non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramit zy)z5rsk vkkt2.yt;mr :1-vd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predui am;+op*i(y aljayc-1(e2 aator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorest.1 v4+rq4vqf s2elodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciallye qd-s; j13m4ka,6gvvd a2eki+ta: am available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of thek;2adm4:-teadvj 3i km+ sg1,a6 avqe following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is cetm81z7,iwqan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enoj8 la)w(.nsuergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foovnb;b2oshw-c 25knq r+u;( f b*cmo n;d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing-zy0-fqr2lj net ,j9z a pyramid of zyje-jnztlrf ,-90q2biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enzmh*dax ; m pye9;sy99hr/lv1ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repd9 g4kherr t39nlm7 21axla xcx;m6q0dn41uiresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webkk7 mc 1v q y0g2(j2olwo4 5/z0wravqp


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystykhy;7t qkz x n+f51:uem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratepidb-*gwoh94t+ fx0 cc g,c6lly describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wpon k 97:3qch2zq*qns lyyb,0ith parasites on a consumhn qyqn* 92qbl3syzop:7c,0ker like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whae:of 3t suhylbwj,- 0(t is -ljs,f 0u(:oehy3w bt Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectielz8 9* hr awn)tb/e*xcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromn//c+3y,ixf.i4 f7jv x8coe lr r) opv ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxidenu6 ;(y:)wetqhlvk s, gsyjd29b;m: x in the air to carbohydr,ylyvt)jsb(m 6 9q:;xe w;kn 2dgshu:ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the a nromd*-iq(m:tgra /ok 2g 3:nw zy,k-tmosphere to other carbon sinks. ikq /o w-z3k: o*n,:m m2gt -(radgnry
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processesg x0 o:11bo)9yzdrisy in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy iabf7 6y+g yu-p1m8xu+nx+ldpn an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. 5fq)me)o/foh-8k dou
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be ca(k4djm8h t*/h l vt1nglculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle6g n c)5ax ap)0brbez02 8idwp



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c20.cv7fe( bqwq7(ujato h *kgarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ;ln)xni4rk,qys a/-fy bmi7xm y2--aecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in nq6 qd 1s.dtn8a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tru 5)cmnk88 b, u.rg3cpojp6 dmj-f3qaz e of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following ix3m1ksf0+7kh z d fi)ss not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycs0kh k1 m7xiffsdz+) 3le.

  Figure: Average per capita t2tm:e;j85zlpn2nnp $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ r;s xan1 ifyira /;wmd.p/3:session progresses from a p1a;xi;r/ pris m.dsa yn3 /fw:ioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf0 u,5 vukz/5rv.jr,ot 9xifhm ormation.

  Figure: Average per capita (ll7wt iqj7,z$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ou4vgls:re . fs.t using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in dar.4f.re gssv: lkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flo( ct5ympn8+:zxtr2l ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishe,7/dvd n pc/g cnw*e/iries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio zhsrt5/e0;qqme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rkz 5m /pic)sy)i:n5tt ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’ 6x rgq b33i 0*qh7ega 2zgr0k2sila;sby choosing one or more statements from the following.i0;3z sq7ra32sl i0 gg* bgqaehrkx62
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical va8r(pq3zz6pbfco,vz6,s +z i uriables. List t vp p 6,+r3f6iszzbzzo uq,c(8he main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfo inx+ o/qnu ;4-rdu8s wf(1wbjw1rya7rf ro35rest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatb gfdp6:g ,a:uf,q g:p r3j7gfed to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy f- khr uh(6w*:lfyrbo9u -: mp


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity a;q2*;j4j xw1ylf dramnd biomass of two herbivores in different biomw;q2j x*d4 j;a rmyfl1es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as7d+/+ca ps 4lcn7 qekw primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clim+ec/ npkdcal+ w4q7 7sax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is nc *ikkg(s/:aw7)wd9yg w* z/3j ytapiot correct in describing the changes in productivityjp* wk) ii:g*ct a/(a/dw9ys7 gw3kz y during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can brnwb j+.6a xb/e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaturez0 xefaz( fqu.:. fh: jo5,rii on the rate of photosynthes5o izu,f:.jaqxe fi(fz h:.0r is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f 7*7p kbupmlbb7zy1 ;uield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serijq1zfj-n9vc- do(ba* es of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the tr c--9 vjfdq(jo1znb* aaps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mu .hgp9an2ym(w5y8, b4 shcn:i azrdu 3ltiple readings of tha9h8:3uycd nbhw g.4r2nzs yi5m , (ape same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedxcb 5x:2;kt 7 t3diaqlhw)k *frxz9-kfm+8md in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creekz3sfx(-3nv a l w2k3*:hfe/fuio j -jx




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts ofqvh.go/ s.77matn /ek Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplicpw.2 z.9m hxbng motile (mo.xmh9 p2w cb.zving) specimens.