What is the best definiz )vi(l/.b (g+v4:rfkiv qtfb7lhb e4 tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph o4pc9mu*a5i h kf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciw-vbdqaj .1 p)eso5xm 6yn (q(es' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3qvsx5) q1.6 bonp ((wymaedj-?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populativ3)-cr94)kqfl4 sxtwkk)czf on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of ahj*9y8 uar)ga Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and haf3lg 3 5pugen+s stripes that resemble the zebra3gl f+5u3gpn e. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups co ahg--kf h5zmles ;vx,w,2)of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nory*11fns *qgx in)g ys+th America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protectefsig*y11*)sn xy+g qnd in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bes680g3y+2g(d/gp 1vxn ft:p tvpghhq tt reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants anv6s fodd /l x3(a r,qh(/xpy4ed animals.,y/(x4a6x /vh(qd sr lfdoe3 p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsggk9opd6v5rr ( k*zr5 in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, k794ugu:o+,;r pi n 5fyzemi ofiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the g4, ufire+p;uoon 9zfmy5:7 i Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem3 hx0g0. edj xt(0q2o uugcfi*s.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and0r1 -dlo oiqz +yjr,z1 a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Theseo,zr z1l1d0qr +y-oji species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaegf z4jfw,p4d sxk*(5 in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrien (xu +v*trsa2ots by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundinrus2* +o av(xtgs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeu8g .zakh;( e2s gnzc;(vg;bzm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fkp.n .ncw cg g)*p5o41kdx tg6or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that cuz0uz 71c):a1 geqgbs ould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?bgu )z 0gazs7ecuq11:

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperarp.nk7.wuki h1( 86wk qy;; f(rzoghy tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiod7og8kjxz) -(qgj f xi/3a-ken system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the r+ pfod.,kj.* d5s k7q8+-yi*lydobbe * ushb zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When ts* d*pdos .r,-bi8*5oe 7+ juylkkqh+.d bb fyhey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descrig* c;c1zpb2b i63l+z o8kf egcption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo)qcw1fw mal2-d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. wjxs*d2i e04qCorals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, 4d*eji qxw2s0and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical 8sx02tznb1ru mlzv w1s yl8;8 reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mohm z5 tce70y(lvement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best de45w xawtl u-gvh.o70e jll8,escribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic matej.v otl w4h ,8xuela7lwge05-rials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramiisnz n.ui2i.)d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr ya;s6 /m9cuex7hp.cqx+bd3 l edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trulm7i /e++cxid e about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawate . -iq.z3govdk:(lim yr-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. ld-q(i3kgvyoim:..z The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformauodcc14*g +8-krax y7ojk3ni tion.

  Figure: A natural ene88fqp.4 +qnk o)-agq edejzg 4kz8it 0rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooavlw(qqtj :m1nm;-x) ks :yj :d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whfmt y eo/; bx6jnqa2q4x-a; 5ken discussing a pyramid of a2xbj t/yqaxfkn;46m5-eqo ; biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener; jw)zq xc lkq*gal;32gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repbqz c xe7pi+( 5eh/x4aresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web f )f m8wb-r,pv)j*lo m


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil pc01+jb m nfis31 yqn6ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accu6. ejzfc2(k1 f9imstn17zv jq rately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid c*6)idj9( .r ohwwhqmcsr 4)x of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasi x9cw4siwhh ))(6mqc*d.o r jrtes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis anmde,dd4a qf o3rwy5 jro r23./dd27fod respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and R,frm 4oer32qd5.dofya2d / dodw73j r espiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an hp8k;8 hlxng,ywc prxk87a rz) 6tb*o:,j x+xinsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form env2u *pc3l8xha9u/,g vse t+yv ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ayui7v, pp. po(ir to carbohydrates.p iv.uoyp,p7(

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frowob0p r7n mhp*7usb (2m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 7m0 psob27ph (nrbuw*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longe(ke2 h;+i( vbv.h0ro8xrjy z ist time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per are7jg 5uc/-f/dm*: zqn lu bhcb;a per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. t4:ryl(e/lklit*;w gp iqn ;+0 o 4any
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiv+zapkw.7obgk8i8jopl lu e2 89 /7:os8 oqmw oity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle ij-b l94w 5qyg



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throd2gxi+ri9w *;av w*.ow8raneugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an(vb8wbuqla6a66 / uqi5ouh + h7cj2vl ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in av,d *6p-mk jff pomwb :hgd14, terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bact x.xa8 *+c20d8 bksfmy beysu5eria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogegokyx28qwt 2+n a5 w8/ frey)bn cyctfbex oa858yq)y/r+ ww2gk n 2le.

  Figure: Average per capital8zt esm o0 e6+l)5xsr $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in o ;(e xi0/0yfd.dqmshbiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax co/odeiqds(y0f0 h xm ;.mmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following1;ic )h9gy +yixm0ikm4j3n x z is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per can/xm5bwj;tmn h ;ql39o uu7h)pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using b ,jjpci18smaie q*b 8*vg 2zla43dqr3ottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experisaqvd*i84c3m z 2ejqj 8gb3i , pl1a*rment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT hs; w:-ma /q edpjus6scehv)91: gf1yda.t, o$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bybfjs1j4 vi/:q)l lwx( region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome +zwf.i u *ex) h)sw8tj

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofu*w p18 xux-nx Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin xyj1c4;iv+v jg one or more statements from the following.; yvic 1+j4jvx
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lizw++ket i wev5qj6 heic,0+h- st the main factors that characterize the terrekw ethcq0 j6 -i+,++z ewheiv5strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biof6j ,/q//fvwl2kpz dd8o;a nome.

  Identify the correct sb7 mvx i6xbr0 3vbx(v8tatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itd*w8p;5i t t ev kh el,hifm3/;:bd6rcaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivor ogxu77bp)u( les in different biomes 7(ol)x7g upbu


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse0 3)wnm)ynjfdu5 *uxojxz w5*s from a jymn 3uo x0)dz fnw)**jxw u55pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct ine yqs 8rea9jy/d,) :sh describing the changes in productivity during,9sd8r )yyha sjq:ee / primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bb cam+86/fqpups, o g6e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on th(;(kttz8i bu ne rate of photosyntt zu; 8tbk(in(hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fisxgih3 9ri 1cq f+c+61w5nlx geld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps 5n9gh,now -nj ef t(0jto capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day n hjwn j-n9g50o(ft,ethe traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importanb:3 a ni d05msexq*ll5t to take multiple readings of the sa ila5e:0l3*x5smq ndbme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ix /vzt:5 a3,;wlfcoqg 0d ruj8n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data+o(timl-:l hy for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cre6n1212x kowynwi0uh :l x if,fek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techs37i1i) uec ,gcdl;tr niques is not effective for sampling motilrdicg7 )ic1 ,3 eltu;se (moving) specimens.