What is the best definition for a specizk4i 1*d/irtoes?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I/x exizy))0 lftaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factr 7nk/ sbpc3a0or 2;Factorc/3prk7n0sb a 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a hg2edeb4a-g:3 y) 3xw p k5ycypopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist+ckf 03gb0rfm+n4a ya osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strich8aumzqwb3 +n 69bt4pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to f4cabwu +6 3ht8 qmbnz9ive years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupak;ox-8 55 wkj)ea gros of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturax 1f)i3ivi ag;lly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returni i31a) vgi;xfed to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that b . mw4;ibzxgiv5i-vb 8est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantk :itzasx)*dd+t+hp,nuj;8*b*e wabs and animals. ahe:dabkd8 tx )t z* si*b+unw+j *,;p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins im mgw6h(h)bvdwg8 9 y--b/r7qsi lfi: n food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live az*9(gany ljzoo-kx*1nd interact with each ot1ajn* oo*zlk(x 9 g-zyher in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from 9 tlxqj/6z4h-0 0axs3 8wipyp7vabizecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi,hx a(34kd6qe t5-s 7jfz azxdth high productivity, despitee dhx4q(t,faxa76 zds 3z5kj- infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de1d p ur3w7nzp2a4x:d tscription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy kr ,3kmgg:mfty,0,vymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and3,gr :tvyf ymkmg,0k, the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated )hre b /qvi//uaev ;*nrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f-cjr.-zyj (kup3 h6oupf dw*6or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n)mhg,lk 4d3m; ol5mvktdk bnh: f4;5wiche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact4td, w: nhol3mb)m k m45dkvf;gh5l;kor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differ l(ykn4pjm:+y ent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiob iy7h,:sh )zou ;rc/nn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-siz;e n 93ypvd3x 1f tui*bjazs73ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of ts93yt73d;uv1bp3z i xen*fa j rees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description c 4q w uqxn.em2 q)qx-lxvmh,-a1(b8aof energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wehc , sf)sv*0vo/c x(fzb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live9 q/vvbwvgfkm /k5 q7/ inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from kw/v 7gf9bqv5vkq//m carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionfgf;k d:d(u-lvana m 6hw(19h:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon ix8/bl3rh 2cd 9u)6m-p32d t ntp 2vo;oi lpkyln the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like e8 htdcppup-3q n m/fge-(5 k*zarthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials ppf(q- zg*pu8mct -endh /k35.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers*m0i; era+w ;vl;)in vfcn1mvll-tde)i;z j9


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densit2/p g15 znmxb vfdp+w4ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abodg 1,nyg.wm4sut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocgic*qq;)aplxr f 8l :u; 3egt4osm using a commercially available seawater-filled glas): iag xl;4lrq;pf ueqt g3*8cs orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following isl4im h sy omw)hm;6,5h an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systi1y gi-u3ou)uwdoe:6 em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch skiych-51z1 rains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followinalm8c j++yn 4wg statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma8 a+jw mn+y4lcss.

  Figure: A pyramid of 9n l-d4 8g,ivwsvpcc42o(c cb,jm7zp energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fo1 oq+ub 8na4dlr representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin/3mbou m-64e- 3hxjs/o b ww- udqeg:be food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sv) b l9r5th7gvoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe afp9jvv8 8 jp(9hhk:ku food web.

  Identify the pyramid of nu r8p5;az+m nna 8isj(cmbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like mra+ jncz;i(88s 5a npthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr )n)rt* 5csekpom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and)t*pcnke5) r s Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ofxhx3*+ iwft)k bjw2iv4n5h : kpieyl:p538d y DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosn-kltqb 7o0usyujk i 1g;4 ,4rystems.

  State the name of the process that converts ca k nu dje4m05bifp:ke3 v8+/u ctr0g(orbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.m0e/n 5g:evj kdfb 3oku0i4(8 c prt+u

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frw 9 oq48jfq vfh3)n9ioom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ovfhn w9ifqq)9 oj384
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.4d u56qbahq8d

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per .mwnqlg* +f(i1/te gj year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen +x(u/,dzect (sup 8:jo qvxt8ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconda6onb,g; e8ev wov5 yv*g43:uto mpl:nry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram wp3:r7tdy y-d of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon wbasks59 -hj+qm sk :8cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysq jo6,;92veeqfwvb3* t rc9ov tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystebm/0w 6vhw7pim in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement rxs(,eqbg: s 9that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inducudg)( p( dow*i2zva3 ded effect on the nitrogen cycle.dwv3)da (dpi*g (z u2o

  Figure: Average per capita s*62o s6w5n 2dk aedtm$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Ncz-fef 5/gfq8l*b :bp un5)v vPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax conbu5f/vfbcp5:-ge lv8zq) *f mmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the /x*::shz m2h:kzoyu uloi;g+.vo6m ofollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caw8 (t-dte v6y ueey6u6pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usibr ss+kx tde19 ee2 :vuk1hm9-s+ybtx ace:1:ng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the expsd c-:9x msu : ty a1+:9ekks1tv1b+r exehbe2eriment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in G4zfs1i5k olrm k)e.9/i o.t2lazp9uqT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regio x.x9usww2buz8gh) fo .:shtw;so f:6 n 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi:w fmq0lcp ed:;o+job s -xut0i 0u8y-ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom0l+a ;r b0 umqdwfrpk*zq88 n4e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stateme-uu5f (pu/mi k uyfm,9nts from the followin p9kuifu5/, (uufy -mmg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic cr ojv++o+ ga9patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrioo jg+cv9++ aral biomes.

  State which is not a description of the r:frz;l:ax r95) xvztpainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement f/u yqy 06k/marelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita )9x7yf8puugb3iqh ) wly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in 2 l 4jfjdk,brw 8ri1hld: 56qddifferent biomesjqdd1rrld j6,2h wf5k8l: ib4


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NP 4- n2 sa2htkqu:vfht(P as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community (:u2t-aft4vn2k h sq hto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the pqko vn90 /cttr/3svmvzh.+3 changes in productivity during primary succession.vp+ ton/ z93/h.t qrsck30vvm

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that canrlwzk;e4zso53; ax; e be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of t54zzgy 8don*6w m:* u5kr;zb l)n ovpeemperature on the rate of photosynthesi*z )e86po rd nm; nykl5vozgwu*z54: bs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieih.e mu*z7l wkv d -4ne7ge-0jld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series bsn: t0((u-uzt0y xfn of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this speci- tfs:bn0y0znt( xu(u es.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilit., ;+mvpbiw z(os:h uby of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of thihv;(s zp+obbwu , m.:e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological saj:vuvp+ 9kx/2 ew8eibe5c-g u dpdv+9mpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplitufstjj3:* )u xni -z mti*5mgw4y48es of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species datal s1 oq/(mun9j for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effect:dars q .*u.ktive for sampling motile (moving) speca.u*q.ts d r:kimens.