What is the best definition for a specieb0 + ;t5.j qczzlgxg(zs?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It8wavy8iu). 2lmopq s*aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whafcyn d2i r+l2zh) l7,nt is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3i)+d2n cnlhlz,ry72f ?

  Figure: Growth curve of a , wf- bn4;zcew+uh-f +cx1vau population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc ,cpc nb0)jl ;)dvier:histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that /km7j;m+ gsvzt h9qb5resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat z+bmt7;k qhm v/j5 gs9the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g.y3m vikwo*tjq+ bu /om 2b0/iroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolveshe-)w3h 5sniu occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wis-n eu3)iw hh5ld animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popuu5bjd.fw nx/ yy2 o7(plation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pt4lg90 8hes -piq*a sclants and animalq 9ec48sp*l0 has g-tis.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tot :zue; la94mkxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kil;see0d vw *:pgler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic O *s0gdvep e;w:cean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys pi9rqe3k zd1 djhq,;oe3n :2ntems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producti b.n6 7xjyg9e2lt8j oxwz,qu 2vity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditioy28q.g92n7jbtl eow ujx xz,6ns have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de2dle z+4ol snf7w*axp2e;c b+scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirxot fh:hz u7i;5, foo; surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products;i5:uf txh7o;fho,zo .
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys nqvm wbg5xmvyu3*; yb .1a:2atem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramijtj, +a.nbm l n,9t;jids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whaj1s 42incc1tmu95td rt is Factor 1; Factor 2tcj5 9dm ic14rsun21t and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempcqa 1h ka8yr,g17h8ebdjew 31eratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatc8rcz dbxy6dh21u f1.jmc :2r ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thadf -f0vi( 7*ixzs kky eamw4z1yl.b 77n1m 5cpt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and fernsb0im(7nsfyva mlwz kf cz 71-ie.pd1 4 k*7x5y and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestri02 fu90fyzrdpa i9m p3al ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webp 1xjj:w *h bf2i2p:fi



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae the3go 2s7g .5 xtf.hvlzt;v*fm at live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundst7zmovvg 3.*teh 2lsg.5 f;fx produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: ef/s* u dtke)8


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in v686gisfmj2cthe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tegz8;t/sc, h fpw5jjq n16 ryk0rms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dig/5p fnry;jgtw jzh01ks86c q, est non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py:jby agevd4j4am6nu dx5/e8/ ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its 0*iz ul62 wi-(hogxtzprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphe1o1+:jcw b dnq de0e/cnyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a sbc6 k;o0w/wz commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, /kcw w60z; bsosome corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.+i) 3zn( nmp,a9+)ltfoloin sy,zj j.

  Figure: A natural enq 3pv,e, e/ cju,-toavergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains r7t(3c9b ll gg3xa fcmj7 hg-2a8e1zt




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fol:z5j:(v oygg+ oo+v g4zs;ksv lowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma kssv:+(g4o 5:vzooj+z;gv gy ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of en09kz ,ccz;hyan6 4nuqergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an t1(s gpos2 iq+ae7:mk.l8ub qecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo:xtqje .z)9 xood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysgsf;.-sxv k75: nhlbpao2n.ctem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descrmk (jfwx7jod4v (8 j-iibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i*oaxgu6 dd5q .n a savannah system with parasites on a conq5ado. dxug *6sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis al8d4;+o n*zvahpu okj-rfnn7 5zr 7j(nd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyn uh7d7l-4on+rfozna v *jz 8(kj5r; pnthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements t ng2wfj; khhyd5+x/e, hat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy 3+gs50pzmpttg4kxh* 8e+cyre-g x5 uis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carsq39j46e;2 2r1u utny+y c,epqahrvm bon dioxide in the air to carbohydrc+p3e yr ; jq4mq,h26anrtey1 9vsu2 uates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to ot-jr6ddhha8d 1her carbon sinks.jd6rah 8- ddh1
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that08ap5jr: (x*p0 ofgbkcqdas9.i:tdw requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysteiio2 z pu*n100wvgwoe+ 1o0x 8kyxkc4 m / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tbg b +dqwir2:9pvg 6v0rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatedn e.yr*v6juu wms+.d8.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycy,symj n)ht ,ru2wc 15 wiz8om:+hsz/le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycleu(vnud(+ nwh ;pcr 4hq /co4p9


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an - :;b0 zatnm utln1z6vecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terahuh3z-( 9ou6sl,uq u restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true o) ij7l(p0(k* ydzxaid eqe;* cf denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eei g2m1k1 e1col2d xdhs2.ll/ffect on the nitrogen cycl.ll / mh 2idc kod21s2ege1x1le.

  Figure: Average per p)oar mt:cm ;bf: e9)hcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi 9h5,)+bmk, ,ob 0orionwdmao versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comm0,+marbh ow omonibd9)ok 5,,unity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an qxwm qcz 9 oz01(9dc5cexample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitatyxl99: w+jf w $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wit6wdcz +bo pp:ks89 r0vg k)kd5h an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of t8o r)5 vk:dppb096+sd gkwzk che experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon 08jr)*jny/a)n1/cks: 7pd7 fta, lig ymeh a mstorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 voh4g8- ex494ucje so


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome wftl*ubb-ay k5jh4 -:sako /1

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro4 g*6 8vvdwnlu-cw)z rme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos wz -vfgtwno:o.q6g6.zq16z xing one or more statements from the followvo 1g: qfz wxtz.o66n-6zg qw.ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phytxjpkd 8po;3r 0-mzg ;sical variables. List ther dopmt;k0;-g 8z3jpx main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of te5mlc+ghk 5b 5he rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverm/;g3n bri-+yz . t alwpz2q;gsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy +;95 rb sc8 nswwzwcu)


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productiv mwd/ fgl09m;ydd3b5 iity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes m;w/b 0f59yd mgdldi3


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suhg( ,c1 0bayih .uxcz2ccession progresses from a pioneer h1ycu.bcgi,02zx( ah community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cp0c+m.n7jn q/(e epygx )oa0korrect in describing the changes in productivity duringmagpj +xq/ekpcn.eo y 0n) 0(7 primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi(p/vm2r v 9t jcdvjk ,2: vm1ds*c6lkv disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of p1i)xczn2a* xr zd ,2hc-fh bn7hotosynt2h)c1, hzc rn b2xi-dfa*xzn 7hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f;rt:x+ 1 5o2cp 26zlc2s uqy,gufpmm dield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A7hq8,8zk rpsq. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were b8 8zpq7kr ,hsqeetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple re:0s si*y3(fha h ,8vcds9 knhaxd9 1leadings of the same faci9xvh h y3,cd(sa9das:hns 1 0e*l8kftor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplikfli9f dzqv3k ;,bx)4jepldf p0 4j 93ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofrd;d3vyq (b j; Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spmmi3 1q8s: jxmecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is+r5-ui 0-prqn)t9evceth, za not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp ,rp t tnazr5ehe+ucq)90 v--iecimens.