What is the best definiig+c j3n4phrph;o t17tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph offt71le*7 a lzg Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specieqo ;kh4.* hzkws' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 4kqz.wh; *hok 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati7y ihdmbm 3; 2lm(ylkxmw0*b 5on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisthwl9h i-;k2l +p+ka ugosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble kvm ofy,l)g0.the zebra. It lives in the Itur.) fov0lm kyg,i Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pj 995gq rb.v,eo8ak7ly+xvsp) ee m1topulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves ocsfz9 5e: v*oa:t 4ece/ +hsbblcur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% o+9le e b:h s/vcos:taefz54b*f the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pom s+ (wx/9x ahh1fz.ehpulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the l 1,p.eabsc p*remains of dead plants and animals. lps .cep,*ba1
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in+x4s x(shrd6r food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kil* .blya jtvy:-ler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and inta yybvl-.* :tjeract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost . /w+jh8owctvfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a l48 w 7ptrl 8apni+3sq9hio l6e ui)6f4ssh/n carge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organismsi4ifrwlph +48u7/an)l6q9 ss8po6 c th3ines. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food+i1y 3shsmze4 chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rt3 3eu arw, ,x-y*ink0d+ ewbgexf::teleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes breab n tu30:d-+taer:x,3 gefk*weiw ,yx k down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst r)fp57c+) wsxh: p9 lyiqhf)tawh/i,em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerd:mx mekq vqyrg-: 2 2;lt(cdboz z834gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichireg6gb +5-qt+ u;zg /je0oame.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorib;t e agjm /g5qoer+u0g+z-6 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at d x1:r 4j8rjy u7kbjt.kifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice yl wi bf*w6-56+khkzxcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe av+etha ggn * c;;76dctu .xhm;nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and tha 6nh x.h +*vm;ctgt;c7 egu;de mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrectq w)3 s(-qy 43226x m;zqvlan d:q wfrgch(pqu description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webx6xgyh8a1cq- 5 5qgrd



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cv(8;tfc 2thfs oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellvhtf sct8( ;f2ae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic8uu+k eied9p b40s6lyal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceab9nqx5yy dq4)k;az. bn


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like vu +,0 pmqsg+gearthworms that ingest and thengm+ug+q,p 0 vs break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pv/am9j:3x3l g dxo1mxyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pre-a9 e 18ltsg2fpylh +fdator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethan*cu d: e lrf3kq bgrg.00bdftg207bt. ;jc0f qe (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usin 50pdz7 bdb wtk ybutzi;6g7:6g a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, 7;bwz6gyk0t6diub :dz7b 5tp some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma rk.55bevmseyd .z115cr, .kh+piftc tion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys)h+7 y p8dqny,9loifmtem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in6pvi;1g(n,clbj m .a ,exs:h y food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements i;ke ya8vz)set:b ww5 8s false when discussing a pyramid of biomass; sekw8 eva)wt8z5:by .

  Figure: A pyramid of +.;hr *7uz7 veuztg ipenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units keb4ofcy)p8 -lvp2x: for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fsh go-5*hvio( n7d gl iqt3d5(ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in i -4r9f2 dxf(mwmo )nwa soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wtpr wuc m-ga/4/lx;q 4eb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a su)x isk k1nf ovy94s/ ,)qk ep28lz2lmavannah system with parasites on a c pkm k)znf q8,xy1uisl/k24s 9e2)ovlonsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bei-9l*ywwy5nzoo f3oghaz x 4 j 9gsl73i++y2glow.What is Photosynthesis and Resp g9 jy*zn2l3fi7ha5o o-+9xzyg l4g+wso yw3iiration?

  Identify the statements that d)g.c 2 qcnli-wescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ejev ,hh/ilbithbk02 :ac +:z +nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procueqq ; zf27*8 v4wruw45 2nghp:dvcrl ess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrwvd c*w5ph qgurru42lvz27:; qe n4f8ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cor(-e .ujz0a c x-cu.rarbon sinks..xa.0 ruu (jecroc--z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c:pg /7 du ymfa/bcjjvc(fq)0*ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yearut* n3, knib7r4p b2ou


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr w2dq:u.c3lwp ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prh(ay8p c8v mi*oductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carboj t d,6i0rv/fd / we74.i bitwyk7kll1n cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbo o* kf1e/e:j6ghyu6 hgn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysz7 /hpln/)/ggzxx/ulfv)3mr tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst .d, j m+8g9ho5vzpu-ky- pdgoem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true :v l4d6dk7n,garj 8ge,e+2 6jlqm yml of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma0trlh .(g i,jln-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl, jli.lg r0(the.

  Figure: Average per cadetn a4r g bu)clx38 xi394i8fpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversiqxqy 0 +rbov2la h2h 92uu2so6ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comh0 ru ox+2h22s avqob62qu9ylmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following liu;y bp8 q.:s+cb qh6is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita :q9;kse qhd)j4ud rh-$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea planub1)ye/3l). jtwwve*k h1pi pt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after tw3 pel.e/)hbpwy1k)jv * tiw1uo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon05zedt* +dfmb o d4iq+ storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b;lij64g qqj 1 gnye((bfj*w8wy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom7s gi*drk/i.z88pwb yb tc 5v5e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iw+lf75xdvo v9 r0 :ofataly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements froiz4s+ti3. rk )pl,fvp 1ged :sm the followlf:s.1kpvgzd) rpt43+ i, es iing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical pmrrm m;k- yf/:9ba4evariables. List the main factors that characterize the terree9 mb pyk/mm-4farr;: strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio y. bnm+ud+do/fx,/xj6 ei-jmme.

  Identify the correct statement rgcnts+yd 7b o9l0 r.o2elated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapmrqn6 j*p7r/a. r m.+3+sbhenq f7 gjbh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass o+eofvfya-9zsj a ec3c4 6ziw/ ) 0w*tdf two herbivores in different biomesz/ )j0 4eo ateda i3wsc+yf c96wv-fz*


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodsbln* q/kbg:+nyl;(zx 0a)* j- civdoun a 55aiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comy 5zn b*vi ob * u sjd(a:0gk5xaq-);nln+ca/lmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following staq2 ,m n /t2bpcmhj86wmtements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. 8 m w,nm2qb pc/h2t6jm

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that 7*q+oc1sy8 u4x,bfwxm g4zxp can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the 6l xt2.yryw e9effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthxt ywy.r92l e6esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie ntd5( xvmff:l jns +ta2)ou94ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A:.arhhe 60o7iov m.se. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects6 .ohoe:7. vm0aiher s, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im qa7no-1dz(h xportant to take multiple readings of the same facdhznqa-71 o (xtor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ingob0rfa **4m o ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twodu3)v5oq )k qo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow C1 thh-r y-d6tb:5 ysz e0gm9kbreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling te ehz7*w (u5jqxi9 xas2chniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s 9527xuajw *shxizqe(pecimens.