What is the best definition f73bgqhg8dw( x3l8 zj*avb4 3)rklg l jor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyb.m++ivf 2d:q iln em2v(jo 3i


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor g c h*of7kk/9xl p4r.hh) rgbwlx/6m-1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?kmh4whbf cx lh xgr/okr.6 p*l/-)9g7

  Figure: Growth curve of m,d9*b;2x b5v:ixw 6mxwf feo a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sctfh3 9te 68bddg:rl:rhistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a wwqe *z k6,jof..p4bb mwcl0- small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and budspb*mkw, qe l-ow.f 4w6.zbcj0 of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grwrf0j)yb q9. w- u6jvroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupjl) hlzpmo.;,8a dil+us)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territor 8d ,ji pmo;+zlh)lal.ial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be,1h srj(rz+:l)fg qh ost reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plan sgqj-nt2ifl)yq s6yp;5bq7 9z5l 9(.owsj outs and animal)9-sb;il7 fps tguy os ql2(oq yn69j5z 5qwj.s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ceuxs* w-kf,nu xu.+,zhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seck-vl rq s,x/wjpbhw 2edju+).y/ +i4al, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each otherky-)wsd/4 e +wiv+ q ju/blhx2,. cjrp in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frao ttnb1c)r7e p .0q26aqgax3om ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productipg7*zb 9diq3evity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence o9peqi z3b7*gdf many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descripti136oleaoi c2eec5 p/,4 jgun don of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundinuq 7a -g5w*w(oj1a s8tbkg/ylgs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi tha7 bj*t85u(-wlw/o kgagq 1syen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice ck 48n9n9qk)9jza b,imgnc-a zultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramm0yb;msx je.q 6qt,9jids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What d;c qmgaf fi6+dgw7f ce4(3u;is Factor 1; Factor 2 and gu;;dmi7e(d gcqfwf64 a 3f+c Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthb*bzee 87shvoex 61hl814jc l esis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuqb9v( v,b:btpa. l8prmjs) 24dvaxp 8ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesb2gn;0 itoj:8yp aj(jpo o,v; that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They alsp,o8ij0 naty;go(2 ;jv:bjo po graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptitaf8w*ne wf+mmf 3j2-4jj6 -o3b me lcon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooly 2+nk0m*cvhkbchpvsfu o 3.a1/+z 7d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cxjnads81.s o9: qc:pt oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zoox.jtq:csx:o pa91d s 8nanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingkn5 jje/txw nbn3i7hvcp2 ,1- chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems 7zt8s0f5m dpsdiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismp01 f-+ 9qva +gfaofgms like earthworms that ingest an f f1aqf-9g0vgm++ apod then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu;qmfm3os 9e t2mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a ppj zp +2ltt:)nredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichl5 -rd/,,s0ogj b ppupnoroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesorv 3v wpt 8 *r 3h;rm*7mdcw9m7jc1sqpcosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window t8vvrp*9mqd3; r7 pc3r1mw7thj w c*s mo provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i 5p0( stxaqcp7de7. ihs an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conuomm e jz95,vz gz+1d0version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins j (h)0: j;okl:dvj wqpin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follo w /kk9a/pucttfuh6. ;wing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomashu/ua; . t9fkct6 w/kps.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy :9huc c0k* hsf


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing1o j *r;gzq:jl productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we9.f ph2uuamvv5xz ;o,n;ev4. uxx;z d b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ez( n7joubwb *zp9 9z i3xm5fs7cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe aubm v zr0* zedt;81h4z food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system:,7w 6 +wmz; fwubbink with parasites on a consume6 wkw7,bz wb +:iu;fmnr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly frma* +nyp 9o5 dyo ,6qayo6(vngom the options below.What i6*a g+na y ny6 (q,ymov9oop5ds Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT am8bs /tpj;uebuvi9 2q0w5*v.ux + tvrs an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyr he)l,ka2ec j8.j zf65-xnb wstems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in thbou5-s ip mf)60gxv ;qh 54cwqe air to carbohyd56v-s5c ohi mgux w;qf0) q4bprates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to obq ,mebhk,,3t;v n 1sather carbon sinks.sq,n,b e hbm;3k ,vta1
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbo3s(he+0eq;014 7hpyga pvfm*lcy wg bn cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ui1*+lzh1gajgy) fb4 year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t ( qjcf kmc:k(rd4,-rvm nxk.3rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (ibi0 g.90*ee pg(u rz/pc/)oyqsue9pNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified ei y2k(ae)(z 9bkawh4up+e7 a diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carw0.v/xdb3wg vrsu :(bf0jou- bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in :3n d7brpd3q, -l c,j uhd7ipzan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyers v*)yj;b r 8ewif:i.og, u+stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is v:a4/v 5 c ngetw)yht/not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the +j8v;q nxh ee.b5ai*z following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycee j5xa.i8 hzq+n* vb;le.

  Figure: Average per rit+ 6*xj*bmocapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi g xyj3)pyp-5b4i 9vlrty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commp4b5p)ig yly9j rx-3vunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampledh-n s9;e-1mguq0 jj l of transformation.

  Figure: Average per clfzm+(71:eoik q w sw (mm:j)sapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottvf7 11p7dkl27rqwq76 0qbtq euu da-gles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknesgu-pa62 q u17w7lkq1 dtq b7e 07qvdrfs. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annucp +fl 4ucev(0efr(s( al flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regioneb,:je tsrodi)+lobq9e,: ;bu +spv6 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomes. fg, fi p)yd1c0yzh0

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy (s,wy8 s(up9tce0a nm



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept 3 w :zrumc0 z/gn,cg0qqho5e jd.f:5 aof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f5:g,/udq0q zr zc n3e:f0ojm ca5w.ghollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablesacgkfqg h(2x+s8 f4 r 2*j+okq. List the main factors thqh2*(++4f2qcago 8fk s rxg jkat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripgwuc m2/- cue+og5-c6s sqv;stion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diojg rwba*94sucis 3 75versity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,i i.zmy2c at(7b(4 zpft3*upl Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two -g3n6goeal qio(*0xbuzf -b. herbivores in different biome0l i bao x*f.(- -gubz63gonqes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as umzri:;p f g+p ;*-ouhprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communityg;z ;:*prh-i op+umfu.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corf1 iae8r 6onx*(o vzdx1 wqb1:i4zw(qrect in describing the changes in productiv1xqiw*64fo r z1zve n8odxb(q (1i:waity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dr xpj4 ps 64y/2 1aqj1cqc*rreisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate p nw5,w73wlaxg : iuicjze;+ 6the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthcinj+pw, l3:xg7 6zwuwie 5 ;aesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in unx ;xy78r 7tbk cm4w-5k-fana field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specime . ;/,.y elpctk;cn 2kfmf2lirns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caughcy/fr. ilnk.2;mklc ;tf 2e p,t, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability .owx djr,l u)ff 4ln8jk.d96 bof the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sald84wdxju6)lbk on..f9r , jf me factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ig;yf,gr+c/-f pczjs+ :m t) orn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datat9irr :os:wn 4 for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species /sleqqua(le0 9da-3 pgs,b2o sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplm+1q6a0sj )ohz)ztm aing moo +)zta)1jm a0zhsq6mtile (moving) specimens.