What is the best definition+ gtj6ij ,v oa5kuvu;6 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita * 62i9q o*ifzyulhn1fly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wht5qcxelk7 r4 i,0m;k g6qmv 0fat is Factor 1 ;Factom7f 0gl;vm0kqiqt64xe,kcr5 r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a zn jpbc-,vxuj,j* ,/d population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec,y 7tclt3s8gv cu yc76cu4c8dies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatrdd-w(y8y5iz e- 1 qxf resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapisr8d1dxz--iy ( fwqe5y.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiotbj7u:bj9 br -n.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natupn3n 1fndy/glo 7c*w*+rm gp+rally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximatemdgp+ gno nf1wl3y+/c*pr7*nly 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tikycicuks1uxr25tyx0) 0 v: /vme.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe:t+ hom1wpa2et6t:j sed on the remains of dead plants and animao1e2h+:aw :t tj6spt mls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxif5dm1 mp)j xc+ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other oggur f8mxpl;k4ew *.5 rganisms live and interact with each other in the*.;5 kxgf8r l4 uwpmeg cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form efd2-iit3ese 6nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high product :qap bq(oz(v78ietc / yri8h)waj87yivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of man b7rait:8( yo8ce8 y7a /iqj(pw)hvqzy interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaj6gp w9qsl x6+at9j+p in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ,,:twlo(xddhuf8 *ffar -6vjinto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things v,a :ut8x-jf ( dl,w fh6d*rofsuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice xblp/v/ zw.2lcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids pr5m9ea+: x1ha ickanq(vn), of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specieq+33 aty thn3hs' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto+qthh y 3n3t3ar 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dif6c 5y+9jg:sphjy tn(u 7q3pnoferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaf7fv -vthunj7a6n.+jtion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-jn9cfrg ;b qk y0+v6:tsized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mothvrf6c;yk jn :+t bq9g0er gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect duz9aol3s1 wn2r /i: crescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo5 nnm0ofwf2e6 4,ajp kd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside 3 uxg*mly-x9hkq7 u(wcoral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wak wug(h-x 7ul* ymxq39ter, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical4w zq1wuj7d-1 tozo*n,d7kkmlb / t6e reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified system n3ubzpg87pit:f-7*u eg/gg s s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes kty.,9yfwm; 6/rcs c:,q zk qk)bqbh/ organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgf,/ ;qyhq zrq 9bc m/k y)bs.w:tkkc,6anic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersa,. h/d2b+dgf tkqve +dbk89a


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities il6;e.k*ma qi of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorpolfn:/em4o5g0 g(yep *iia1odiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciahoo9 c qrsg*kj5 +ru)5lly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whic)9sooqhrcu+5 jk5g* rh of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf+imqhkz r j4ua8sesd9 +03 s:4vx d7vngoum8 3ormation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys/vz 1jbsex,d3f8 ey e.tem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of ov4 o5(jl1nhdp ig-+utoxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statement9khknem-i m6md: z(- hs is false when discussing a pyramid of biomashkm:dmnki- -h(6e m9 zs.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy ailyzy l2cvs2 k1v*pnn )(y) )


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units wt3,, l1tf:osxp d3cbfor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinp ozhowu ihw*26xxd;. 668o ipe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soic63ss a u xo,.5 p,o(fj*zwzfnl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accd5s5bk16 )l q:6 elyl:jbiztn)n.lnxurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systmpihr9 e-tq7/6 j-o uhem with parasites on /e qth 6hjp9um-r i7-oa consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the op dgm .7sbtwh w+j1o)mhi6bf(0tions below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirati)(ohmb h 0dwf+6g . jmts7b1wion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an i ) g3kh+3uhr zc:92fe/mv wcopnsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from enh08s vvd wr,b r/56x+ka-vzt cosystems.

  State the name of the process that con+s mrs.u* .u ssclo,4 ;ccri(overts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratessc4cr* i.co.ssm,ou;u(l + rs.

  There is continuous cycling .xbv;k (9q cxl+ gruhj+:t5vtof carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.;xrtu x(kgv+ 9cq:bvl .j t5+h
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes ir tksz1 l+) prj0)l zw/0a (*ii-trqovn the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area 3;l og*k5/gdt3b;h4nazh dwxper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar vcn-f :lxecx ) p x0a9eglfav:;o*7,te true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Ps;+w trw+ 3rxr5zofi32s, o rtroductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon 7hut0+ ik*7cvb+bwuo cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclez-iy/hv liv.el082d5c6 ji m t


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem( ga8duz w(a:e


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysfod9iy8 wc hg(d9m+6jtem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyint y)8n h:go2in/zyoqn. ycr 75g bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc qs r8ip3(y1php)rb;oed effect on the nitrogen cycle. h3y)p(s 1iop 8qrr;bp

  Figure: Average per cvrp0zfnh3*xuj b48z3csq76 c apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pri,y;h jgu6 7x*;o9ka8p(fsclo6s rsztq 84xw ymary succession progresses from a pioneer community t 88 4gs6s7j suolh(x;z6oa;tpfk*w xyqr9cy ,o a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfm5gz s qj-,nh;l. 6k5r0wuzgz:3yv edormation.

  Figure: Average per c6ixcqs 7.a 9o(+x e0(z*sdo5nl ehxzkapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usin8y8-c(pap:xqi +dgksqu): +n- rjx6a(cf em gg bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were oby(gi6d) kres8-8c+jf -auqxa(xmgqcn p : +:ptained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon s48(p gmxe0oonyevcg* nv0;j 6torages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20d-snmqx)/gv cp2:*vd 20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foz4mfr g:)49pxn8jxm ir a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itky5f3,g)o6zp-h : whd s3uv vcw8d fz/aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one orwm(pw/j o qnmglc )-:, more statements from the following.,o ( jp wcqm)gnm:-wl/
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byawpv u j idutw8:qc;;:o/*tm2a w,yg8 climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.*tq ywwa8d,;/ o g:2umwvitc8;:jupa

  State which is not a d2vcg7l( r; lot)nz-oi escription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statementwj;p vdf7u- 8jed32t b related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romeph dq2;oe4ej+, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biodndrh* f 1.6icd;7uuzmeszuduc7d fi; h d*6r.n1


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progreg3czyc2abtdu y ++/ -jsses from a pioneer community to a climax communityc+/c-b +au2jd3gtz y y.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cow 3yvxo cyk6 351g9rhorrect in describing the changes in p1 k5voch9 3 6r3gxowyyroductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be7w:0gzq*s-w nwf 0zru jcu ,x2 measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of teh (.kk eq28ohj4 ejfax65pt 7emperature on the rate of photosynthesjx hq fkkh(647pe8ot.j e 25aeis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aput0o dcl4mj mj*2nqqni0iu+ ,:.yw1 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series,e*cha p.accq;s1k-fc4l 1o z of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, qz1 acco, c4 p*sa1chlf-.ke;1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important)b (6ifhozhfpy4. -)lf ) fmxg to take multiple readings hgff( hfm4o))y) fzpbx-li6 .of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecwg(.mc 7kdw klsf- 2oh1 spi7jl;9 q,gological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crw, wlg2ptj.q/eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp9.lya ww ))2,scgs dyqled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tech;gxe: .ohl6z kim :f)kniques is not effective for sampling motil: mixo:ef) klz h;g6.ke (moving) specimens.