What is the best definition for a spe) :b.s3( k ;4qoimg4mtqrjzl ocies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italq1*15qqgjrh e y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni )zdni/hqn-jgo0hdod:5 *y9r :dp af 0che.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2d9 :rd5 dfo-d:ynj)h i0pznqa/go h0* ;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu dhhj7w3-ket3( s c-nglation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist32z28o )i1gfsitbt0bj5sh hgx w+6t zb2s t; wosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smagq)l9jm dxyv-s4 r0/ hll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, bur)4yx- /sqh09jl mdvgt only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatioot( zi-+4 6n0uvx gejqn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupu 59lu9ur4fa hfs)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a s9fa lf59r4uuh mall, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popl7u26 *bvxnt7u b57tp4 hudajulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantuqc , ebiw9 2.fff(c(ts and animal9qcf.(c i u,tfb2wf (es.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaie 1hbo4j: , wkemd(o.spaxwn q)47 ql9ns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othe(x/:)vi vcs./crypk n r organisms live and interact with each other in c/cnrsyk/(ip :).vv xthe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecowzs.i/y g 3 /;ctr/yv 1*pvndwsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees an rw 3t1 xcrzqp f4h1;x(v4vegq)spx11d a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit. xevrf rtx3qq4 pgpch 1w (111xzs;)v4
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of p2cp nfd9onifyro/k);)(6 o r+gvi4b a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thei.mi7 *ry6 kiv3p*0qw jmy6yz pr surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead 3mkm7*pjwii pyry 6 v0yz*q.6and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio98d9n r aisu*71jz8d9t xlx oqn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramiy-y o c p39h0lzm+vsojk-fb5. ds of energy.

  List three factors that could devrg ,3 eik*h,oe4f g/ okc45ykscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoko3 ev*44 ,ceggh5/,io ry kkfr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photo 9gb67k r 0szjmju jn)m;umf)8synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cw qom(/9c, 8bmy a-pvgultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that reszle+a dx1 x9jod62 ;v(pet5ksemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent p dato(xlk9;djzxe15 2e6vs+ on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect deschf fqy5*gt. w.ription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooddafoagvk3-/ v. gsc 35 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed onr8g*9,z pnecvt-ka /bi siy)ug +:3 mo the carbon compounds prvrgkpie g8tb -:3*m n ,z ucais/+yo)9oduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ch+j+aam98o85j3r cxlav5fw df emical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement o)j:.jwfk h.ii f carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organij.wh so)lq )k-sms like earthworms that ingest and then break dowq w ol).jks-h)n and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of *v6 )viu l0gytnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a gc(1d- / peph(pzlck/ predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Dgv)* xe-zeuu7 /oc3 kf/ 6mlrfDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawad)qjkz. 9 tz82;pcq(t hwbyg,ter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coral,qbwt2. hdqzjg t pc(k8;9zy) s and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is av )hul+p)s:-brnbpq a1o0)awn example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion s/uvb:3 ;nym vgystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i 8ci. kw(-3chzfviz+ in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of th5l5mpbr97y;ebjwoq 1 5 1cavg qub.2i e following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomasrlc j 1 g59u;epv7 qmi.51abyqow25b bs.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy t qp)qu -.k*lsj 5q6ibpo.yw;


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fo sh5f b*e9odktffdmer6d13 31 r representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wepiv:wn 0u*txa ta 3gn+ dmj/9(b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilyq k aq5)hs4 *3i9b ,)ysc4,dobnqgsx ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does no*p+rvn4 emo (et accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could existxzbml ;: x(xvzgw l:)6yy0cu/ in a savannah system with parasites on a; vlgu0)6ymx(x zbyzc:w/:xl consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wh6:0 +f oba. stgdk-baxfk9xf.at is Photosynthesis and Respi0. skf+b9-af.baf txkdo: g x6ration?

  Identify the statements thtd4szg:0sbr9iz8o6 d at describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losjx fe6akr(bm2x 1 1jo;t from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air t*8gzant a: n+lo carbohydraan :+tl* 8angztes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frop:+k*e ajenh mr-9c83 aap cb*m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. e ajmcab*n: -3rp+* e 8pkhc9a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyclescmq h- 4b:q(gtpd z-1 that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ark *y:*y 3fstxjea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru ,bmq,y*1 euere.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Product* 4y+x uk+)ik8d0xdka + smbkqivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marijhmkc(/8kz zs9 u p8-cne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb b*kp5+wce1 iwon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosie;2l l;bej1zystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestnl(82 (iugzferial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denit+gizbff5xidctie c 5wj5pn);,+fi ; .rifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the vm 0ey0ug -ze8a. fobs5b14 wxnitrogen cycle.beuxg1vf.5 z ay eo-w0b8 m04s

  Figure: Average per capithz*3d2 trlwxn6;sa)m6l adc9 a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP afa6kz (zjemln3v+ 2-jnd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer( a v-zj3z2enmlf +k6j community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiob / p;+o87msevx xi*oxn.

  Figure: Average per cao:vw*:r()ko: )z:jdhprvunf pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wi1/p0t kpol, r a dhdfh9r*dr09th an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at ther/dd90hp* kl,h0dpt1fora r9 beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ann3 c1d8nv7zhdj7ox.dvs /uxq641roo sual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988 be rdlnl9f2szh0frmjo5j, 8)gd,,( f-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a birvtk6:x248,ixq(b 4dk9 /uxmy ao8 pidrp nf3ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital qx evwr0j cfq+j 1wv5th,1.u0y



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "ej5z9+yr (1 zwu8dae uzonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the foll5e(zw9y1uzj u8d+reaowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climawu p /:+trls6ftic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factorsrp+:fwtu6ls/ that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description -*6mv ,sbfn yn f((tdvof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an 7+3(vpvoz22yitdot t ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ; 39nj0hawe34hq9 6 iign cidw


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivori26uic cn2- iia4t6p ;bfff 5aes in different biomeian tfc6a;i2- uf2 456ibficps


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodi xxr (em4rnm 1q3bk2m8versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community t8m3qbxk2 me (mnr 4r1xo a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following st fv7,nndk/da-y 2p8e)q yewe+ atements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successiovd p8nwqef, +ean2k/dey7 )- yn.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facz- kg v sxu4nzj:o tnr40qq74e r1g,/ttor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the -lc*lxx(;ci lkw5vl,;a shy,effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthell w;si hc (lycax5,l, *vx-;ksis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi690sskj) kuaysgn0 ; oeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle qt(/jpi whv3:*l;ddd A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marhddd il3 (tw*qpv;/:jked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple*jla/m3dxgh1a *tz i2m a 3t*f readings of the/a2m1aj3*3*t*at lxiz gdfm h same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplt-y0p6/cjd f ping


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tworkbu4)4ma 3 *uu. dkb6qppat 1 samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specip:fvs tueib uzg,1i 7;gdb99 gn((,ines sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective: c,s6p3qbtoa1h/d l p xf3x4j for sampling motile (moving) specimens/bsp:o d,4xjah 163q px l3cft.