What is the best definition for a speciesgsr v7bb +4l( ;wg-lpa?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I :crd3r fqu0+ 1snet5staly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c5wmj5 , j-jm1:-ethg 0er93 vgtr ongxould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor g r-xjeeg0t5r -:5jmvh3j,t9og1wm n 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po b(djbz/l); bjpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species r7hm 95xl6v2xvdlhs hlh ,*t*



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the (/a kks/t.4- ywqbd mazebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Wh 4t ms// .aybdwa-qkk(en they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g foy0;lp (g/ra0 ryhv3roups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolve6 p/ ezni;0n7rclry f*s occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may zrnelp7c 0f*rn 6i;/ ylimit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best m;pn(hwqo o 87/; 0bp;)afkvhvuuo 6jreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of de2s5 1ouo*uhbk,eafqn(36 fts7wrz5k ad plants and animals.a ,k2wn3k u sr15feso (qt of6*7z5ubh
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food );suftk q6u 9pchains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer 1bx-n zhs 7iz*whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic O h-nxzs* z1ib7cean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i4h7bnvtl)kn ps y*8 1ys lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large b4 u vj4h0rs3ejiomass with high productivituvre jj 4s430hy, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct.f;ozk tvg*pa5 3,s9mzh4pll description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releas8.d g.np o 4ke5;oa7tqupx9 fbing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things gba t9n48p.o 5df xokuq.;7e psuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedz7.*2nzq)uzh- cprmi rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of1 i :5 ff4orws;4vudedke2o:o energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is /+m1l fkwh d06qlvpr8 Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor /+ p1qllvdh86kw f0rm3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at :c,gj2g h:ko vdifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation symo, -g7yk;ci mr;bk. mstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strijfcw90(.1qa su: vyrtpes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees theyw(aqts9u 1 jy0 r:cf.v can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect deg8/g 6q,ap1b(txrhmpa d x) (escription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webqd- 47)oo iwz0gpsa8b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livet7,hlmuv/ 7m96 dmmno inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, ldt/79 o7m n6h,mmvmuand sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicadn0j7t..a nm,) vtfmul reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of xkn6k2am/-pg carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms tham7h3n,w znhany4ghtu *jer9 (f91p5o t ingest and then break down and dige9*ntjhyu n5eohp w 1 ,gh4 rf79(nzam3st non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers p.;tlep tkv-/


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prv3t *54plvd ntedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodi ( c5,+q+nfzn0 /sg6hftab kfdphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquati/ p8fw5 pvftt2zwpa)/c mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light sou a fwptf58p//v p2w)tzrce. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followap4 eaeod .m, 4,/ frpqdci9g0ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural en/hud +.xrytwr36 p-z pergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in- wm cm4k;8ckpkw u/9h food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyr nhu3 cy./w hwm(67wjnamid of biomassum7(.h6hnyjwwwnc 3 /.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener *) jlnxcj1 8gy*o6uskgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit/c,wl os c r,/5lhfv:f/3 cepcs for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web cb:6 4v owt1lmt2n6nc


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ate.mmadj++:zop+ pt0o) rgx7o z)w2d soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f32d c;i sg*ene yikt09ood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sy9g1 s;k; oiavu r0hnw*stem with parasites on a0 ksuw9gan;1o hir*v; consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosyntw,cz sr/e f24al+ oriaq8(q5bhesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntb4q8/ ari,zr f(alqso2+cw 5ehesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an i vws 0((6a),fuhlf/c)lsh rfg nsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is l jy3 kon3i,z,8pkg urr(u7l k2ost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the9k ze)fjdib2jmk:m:-0co i 6 r process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate-jcdmz okr9f 6ie0:ji mkb: )2s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon tt.*t4 kn ah/asfnu.nbs j ie ,;9;0zgfrom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.t * 0sf ; tkain9/nj ,seh.bgut.z;na4
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the loojh2 t z9/e:vrq vw9q,ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area ly-gi*sk p+xb 0p7sa)per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. (-lff+7l 6 plu63lfut2hwle q
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcuac:)krb xl/opx :05d+o ,snbijy*/tx lated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tqqytu+i+2f) 9ssd4 qm:s5vqh 2lp s+ zhe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon u3jd 5e+*dicy e+1wre cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecogxmm il/1d9 wb1ctf+5system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terres epo3e6q03tokmuq2m -trial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true c1aieait k;, r.i ld.)of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of thovsq5:9j u 7n-mp :jrp020n n na5gnzae following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclen pnjs 90nrmu75 n2qja5 gv:zn 0-o:pa.

  Figure: Average per capit hflgn7 m6n9fmzc27 :ja $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog mscr(pcfg3qp 9 0mx7 :8ru8lgresses from a0 up(r8g7 frls9m3x8qpc:gm c pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofrq*;o4wx*h bds3( 4t ru1aut:fesg7 z transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita :7ur1 jlp*ine $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wit+/n e)4aax)a5 vq+3p0ttq wv 1v kvjsr6yx6mxh an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the tav5yx+4vvna0x jm/ at3q16sw6kv+ ) pxreq) beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annu*3- ;b zj+ yyw q,onldyhhz 1;/*pcgjhal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish2d rh3b0k h1h1o-w lhferies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 9 z3l5neo+ zyyfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital3 rk8bsfj4a0a y



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept opq u swcnu))5vj;q ldn9u(k09f "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fp 9jsnw5clvd0;) n )quu(uk9qollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattern)zf jejq; zynv;zipx(: tt85wzr43v3 s and other physical variables. List the main factors th tz(zp8vq ;j nte;j53zrf)yw3iz 4vx:at characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the y5 hpkl ul-t-2zapl*)rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to di.3epiy jcwxpb s n:4+8versity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, xjt+wfl:+ 5i1er ota 6*8 fsi c;zm(jfItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity a6mg:zpbw9wt5 oydn )sn*i72bnd biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ntig s:y65mn79wpw*b) db2zo


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progr 60e vy5;jix7zxj9u m5d* j73ecubvauesses fromu v*;yjzib76ue7vxj5d03a j xc59u em a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corrsd1b/s/*8)7 nmovaw ebcas 1aect in describing the change)1m1seavd/7 a 8wcsb a n/ob*ss in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be gtcl jf1,i78anj.)vb*i0 new measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photo:qt/pwg; 2ssj /ea.br yo/ 1jvsynthesis 1g bs/tay;peqvrs wjo/./:2j



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inks5i)5dyd4-h z 4ljy9tiu :gb a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of icanb8u 1 ae:x7nsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were b1nxa:8a 7 uebceetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is nkqfg/.jww,etftl7 y :+/n3t important to take multiple readings /+ kqwtj w y73,.fn ltetfg/n:of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling is 3:erxp49y cai 1k1x


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twc)0ga w k(-b1le pujv;o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sam cjt1.5efolg,o(ry4k hsux7s +b27zkpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingpnjragy9;c-iy 7(p j(ws*4eg techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mo gj -9a;7yepr*(syp(4ngijw cving) specimens.