What is the best definition for/:onz7 61qb3t 0y5avai tbkj j a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofjbik (w ja6*l( Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factorj-ho95m35j8 6g w/kudrfripiv 6 a 7hr 1 ;Factor 2;Factor rfhh kw rp 5j 8o6a/vui3d5-67jirm9g3?

  Figure: Growth curve of abey 4 )7o(zlrf population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specir/qxba84xt 6hes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stri 0l3aw3xnznb3pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four wln33 3z0bnxa to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms t5- zi2isk6.pl wop j;k3uw)bis a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves (z;hkez-z .pdoccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their popz e;kpz. zh-(dulation numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populr+v9 9cmas y7qation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants anlf 5)qtf,jqa9uq jgx)*o47 1ejez0as d animals. f jea75 jfq,l 1s ea9guj* ox)0t4q)zq
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of 7un+smlv5 ;hy yyck15 toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polaiad 5b )f4)xr8ahtp1c nz:qu6r bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of ta1) 5b):fxuani q486c zhdptrhe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy morwywsx;j8t rh(c4 9t:f.ckv3* x7g is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass witcx6c6pl 3 tcuk ,-hmw8h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical lc wm6 pc6c,h3-t8xukenvironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corh-.r.t9gymr3uu:xm uw d e o:,rect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ia;y)w4hq 5c aunto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb theaa 5w;)q yuh4c products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratelz6 h1qo1 dyy*-t2m htd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyr83u8yqf asa, iamids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species6)qa;bp 0gkfk69esbi' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?g)akqekp9;bf6 b 60si

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures qz fd-l s9b/:w;bw8au

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst*8l;ol hgyu-q em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that (luvv x+e5lm; resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees t ulvm5ev(l;x+hey can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial eco/.) h3egqywl2stu :h q ;cpe4fsystem.

  Figure: A marine food+h); xk3zx yed1p9wp )assng) web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algas,:iv 9djj5m42ri d4mpk ah .ke that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxm44d.r 9id25,ik pmh:sjvj kaide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical 9ro4 um3,am9c e +qqu rz:(mlqreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon i1 1vp7 mqvjwkn85 g*btn the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followg+ 8l*w nh23e ocy0cbj tvac9h:sp.0qing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break dowjpthcqw 3: *e o.9y0a8b2n0lchsgcv + n and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nb6+ z wd; gwtb7ey*e,ho .e;xyd( *xeuumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities z-m- nm )pvrq6of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorl yhy,/dd4 z:mt8sw9rv1 :weuoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a . xq,twte/:vy commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a wt. , y/:vwxtqeindow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examp;6/t . t45n8w gugfyld.qz ngtle of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy 1og+;6ot2ulvx gspcj . i4:c(u ssvh:conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o 9a2j/ul wd8irf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing j pc5g-4.x:k8 bhjzln a pyramid of bijpln j.kzhc b: 5-g8x4omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en (kgy)n,bt.,qv,vvj aergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing - n*rqx 4nt yh+/cv,ky jawv;*productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food j+imtl chjd /jut. 6.9web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ach(;qn :ecg.p- hzya )*u8ih x soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does nom7- w e-em3buyt accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that co*pcdef(;ks .z uld exist in a savannah system with parasitek(dfcz p*s.; es on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration cta,c ; xwj.k /an.e6rnorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and R ;ewrk,acn /t. nxa6j.espiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inseo35jlv .iqk( ccticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energytpbd o;msr 5byu3k9g*qrhz/ a22q );c is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in a y6/ij,a 0nhathe air to carbohydrath a yai0,/6ajnes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon o 9rctbd9a84nsinks. 9odt849 c bnar
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that req)y2 7g jjml. 3ar9fxsbuires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys z lcul8m(s7tt+ t:+2qgd4rk yd6nr6ztem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatcpf uer0gd nz(0m:o0 7 are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivicabj -fp )--wcs-hx :ity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cakdujfn83d254 7avqi j*oz1e grbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon we t-dh(ll: h6o-:e ascycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an e/b,yy;z4zgzr e:fdn;q8ic 3ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in ku9wj4ab7bjf cvfy 407J $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of ders/ so5nil-muo,2b- 0j vmf +ynitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the3v hx 69juhjpxvr, ):h nitrogen cyhv:pj),6vxx jhur9h 3cle.

  Figure: Average per carq53;u)3+n ms ua w*nj:xhi3nqndc2m pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionbj+3p mkb yeat;g-(96/ zoaty progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commp m9tb6;/ajte ygbk-3a(zy o +unity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiov z7h1h6m jc.yn.

  Figure: Average per capitatb;1dmyh qj(lwdza2c i 25dy b67, (pq $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea 1 1ciojvl)rm 8plant in water. One was kept in light and8cvoj1lr 1 i)m the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annu s) ;yiww v3x/vq/3rebal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by8yocfzli3 - b. region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b8fg+wrd6 oyigsw323*wcp f3 piome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofgn: hg) ppp1qg-rk -b9 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing *he6 -xinn9wxone or more statements from the fn-w*enh6x9 ix ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic paxd+-m kfjqb. ipw)uty1j *(h (tterns and other physical variables. List the main factors tu q(tf.j-+w ()bhk1i dyxp*mj hat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptaqt;w k ,8.bdjion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco+ rta)(zl(z f *p;ofgtsystem.

  Figure: Climate grapnb wxka/7w3m2zo;zw 9 h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivorespl9j 9jy kd7v0 in different biomes9ply 0jj kd79v


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession brvvtr h0qj) c6 0r+-aprogresses from a pioneer community to tb c q6jhav 0r0v+-)rra climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followcq r g9)q) 0e4mwv+a0 fsmbz*ring statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suq r4qeg*s)9 a0vb mz+rcw)0fm ccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thsxl48( oyon5jat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investiga ,h x,mk,)ykpate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes,p)km hakx ,,yis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie 4 ;.2t)wgc:sccej oe larb*+fld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to c3 b;o)(. lcdr lga4dmnapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects cno(rdgl) 4a b;3.mld were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability owwo 9 vdxvu8.-f the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the sameu.8 w9xwov-v d factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i g* :tsnxud7719*rdhue n*e sbn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two agro avqzktr25 i d7psu603,3wa8eh5samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciesz u. 9 d nca21mlzux+ dl17ocmb)z:mmsjw q/26 sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivel rztfxx)85 )w for sampling motile (moving) spec8 rtx) 5wfl)zximens.