What is the best definition for a wnt xavy-li9 k.530m5xcm0 r fspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romlwo :4t c,m:gve, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speci 1i5 u23rgux8fmgnay6es' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 21i5yfux6g n8ua23rmg;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofp :kw8ll 2q te;(arv.po0ed) h a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle ofxi,m6 d ssfiu44 006ijqh1 cp3xas6ou a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sth)l 4-pq.upci ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother givecp-phu q l)4i.s birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ0,: uhu+i dbkrisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf s-rw9sijce (r;7c z1;bpuhs/ (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of l7b i sch(;ures j;wcs1/ z9p-rand for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth o + ,/;otj9yy6v mseqbjf a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants a samtq68j0eschpjyj:i .aq/n7qq21 0nd animals.ay0sij q72achqq / nqpsj8:6.t0e1 jm
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fk,pg )nyxl0c; d h,*qeood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,0m eyx 12i dv(aozu;/ala2 0ie killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of/e(x0a zm0io1iea vd2uy ;a2l the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy iskf. *tb0 pf6wh4 k jho1npo(o. lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and zt./0aldmifqc pg,5 2a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been kn.g/5 fz2taqcl 0dm,piown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is g:kt sjn6;vjyep0wzqi 2)w2 ;fi1, hy a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into these0*nm r 2 xc,yo6k8sair surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi ryx 082n,m 6*eoakssc then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riceall6r5b;*/)v mbpu ww cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrammce7y0, ;bt ik 7h,hybids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What ta.mw 7az9pm li1ko0- is Factor 1; Factori aa0o kmzw1l-m.9 t7p 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatureobd/*a,; cp+5;bn ) bxt dlce(t xqk(js

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated0:j fo 6-o; v.nuhaszd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t qvxal t. c7,*k kp:2*bbc7xaqhat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They*l q:7qtbkx2c ,pkaa*.7b cxv also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tu2 ald.,; ;cmfw5e:bzy9z sj xerrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food f pvy wx,l9d gb199z4 da d/*4bhyvs:nweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon coq0)+iy w6ggfn ddf a1-e2j0xk+ (bsvimpounds produced by zooxanthellae from car )x-s(i we+g6+ak jyq2v0g1fd0dnfibbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical r)y1 holu-tt3aeaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in t2e8by6oz v4g goycw66he ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thaziqxf-zx 3x/) t ingest and then brex3fiz )z-x/qx ak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu:ghggs;nx w, *ekj. d/mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pr7),nlby- oyfley


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are truepxc:1p41k9y kzbbe6 k f7b lq/ 1ox,zz about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a co13mq+ olx 4srl3:vp)eraf;pbmmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coralsps;b1fl4)v:re l 3 +mpa3orqx and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example ry83kwr dk*x, of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversih le1duc,e 3u1c8 warusg( xq41w,(t fon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup q(jk 3:a sbm*rnj tlw(6 19n wguazj0*of toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when5q-zjm -a2 wox discussing a pyramid of--2a j 5oxqmzw biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyyj 9cgy6 d,s*yxx 6v0.zu p1pbcej30a


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fora *c-gpuqlo-n1 ;cf fte l769z representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fn j+ j7ssjz:9zood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysv2db8t6x5asyltyie h8 *9 sz ,tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurat3clf t /l.gpus(ct9kn31, oxj8 7k dxoely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbep qo /*cl:j:nx yv)a)drs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer v)yd/lx n:opa*c: j )qlike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thel.uxg)a q6dh 0 options below.What is Photosynthesis and )ad.uq xl6g0 hRespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use jicvpo/.ej;n 5ud, nlr.32w3 tnj :ykof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems/ zyhtzpn j3) yw,f ayry;v-2(.

  State the name of the process that convaiqxtk:xy vf6xp w:d6w(/g-;y ;e qt -erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.xiay f6x - xkt ;ypwdvtq6(::-e;gqw/

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon q kjam-:xv:wsaokg.a6*9 ru 2sinks.aaw:a29*ku - q.6o msxkvjg:r
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiol9f -vm2paan+wk5 s /res the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in anuefd*o:0yfq , ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that aosl 2cl0*h/yd.(i(f3a (qpl br un su9re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productift7dtqt78m)t l3n:puvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the maj/mz wayz **tfx9 z)n4 ss6x-irine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle.pi9 pc: dj (t)7kmqan*0s luk


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ina4d4h9n mb 2bb an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystd xb9pp- a 2z24xlx1c48 4qiecx+ scqoem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitri,ge8pby fz:n9 fying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c8pths 5n/;; o6-lqpoxv/akho3g yl . dycle v/lhdtxl38;s/oho p5 .pnqk- ;6oagy.

  Figure: Average per capita rerqhg 3y 7 7x*khg1i9$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bioxv*t25,l g dgs lj))nndiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu *js ,v5nx)2 ngtl)gldnity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma0qxz++ t1p rjction.

  Figure: Average per cap :fz+lc a,qh*iita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles withoze :kq6rqj,*(b5e 2+k m qvcc.y/ica an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved ozkmbe5k/ v qj6ce c. ,(c*2or+iqyq:axygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & aq:m uog8n :ra*nnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988 4x- ugn,r)8wrxrk2k c-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datadorp4 o9enbf9. zmx ;) for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romez +c kh)ezwx alu7/,u5x(m4ro, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onelld.o(h:( ujl or more statements from the follo l.l(j(h:dulowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oth/px0 7vr m7 j3+nq9i4ivnoxww er physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terreiq 7 v 4j+r7oiwwm /xp3nx0nv9strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest gl x9ve+2o b.qbiome.

  Identify the correct zh e*k;9btqz* statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofmz9zc3e,t z j5 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prohfx29tmey2q .ductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biome92f2y t. hqexms


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPnujkdk-y 3ivq7k06 ; eP as primary succession progresses from a p 6q3en0y7kki;kjuv-dioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cd; :rtad3i8dx su .n30uhv7w +pt aq5correct in describing the changes in productivity during pwdn . : rv3dupu+5t0xi ac3h 8qtd7;asrimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facto*y 9niy2lo ec-g3p ctw,.c.nvr that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature o 4)soz -3u lppews61wtn the rate of photosynthesistw l ew -16ossppuz)34



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fii :3(u k9erx-8k lv4lczlgx7qa** adheld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of ins/vhn mhq kh69exv+t 2v23(a qtect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this 3k xa/29+(qevhtqh thm2 n v6vspecies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it i b1z d d:l.mggc5v2*mxs important to take multiple readings ogvlg5: db* m1.d2mxczf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s4 ms:8-gj pe24dhy5o .:6oopsvcvex u ampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek j qq3gb03t-xk




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in /jyxjx4r sujie1go 1uf-k(rf4 -gt 2 (two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followikvnoti3( .z.lp- om0u3hwv-zng sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving 3w u0h.-p( zlvono-iv3.tm kz) specimens.