What is the best definition for5xdnu7*gnmnnqbw * *r3 v0ay ; a species?

  igure: Climate graph of9llk(f xy z*1l Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describth 4r.)xd 15svmwh/b oe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2)wbthrdv 45sho /x.1m;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po+ 6 ,aj2)oqr v.3e xyulyajr,oez cv.;pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of ) gvm1xt3bmm/a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small -le zmqdsq.ae(kfq o4(fs1: ,+ewj e.-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapi(z :m..qje 1fee qelass( q+-,w 4dkofs eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofxde8hpr n gpny5/cjav-03.x ( organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in aj 4zfb:o;;zp:2kjl z North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Nether;ojazp2 f:lj;:b4z k zlands.

  Identify the graph that best -qzf,pi ty1pao,ie w df,-uut d;d95:reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead p8 u9mdh.d l* n1pshyuwny0 8f*lants and animalswd98n8u*py l s* 1dfh m0uy.hn.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch s8bks*4,c 9wntth;1knjh a+vains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar lf7msb.2 bs v68li(epomse:j9f 9)ykbear and other organisms live and interact with b)s9l2b(sfs flv.87oj pee6 m9iy: kmeach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fromo9si yno 7e :;yu22tot ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with l 50zkpf4jp lo+p;j:m high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the pm5 of4jpz:k;+l0p lp jhysical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descri 9zfny6k1 wcm,ption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inen ad1 qdjc(5 y2/xciq.-.ly/ zsivu0to their surroundings. The enz10u2qs (yd 5jn.dc/i.y -c ve qxliaz/ymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice js+a0107yszq:;m xcek 5 wwrwcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en+e/*h /+glptw:kjusi 3nw* crergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fast .z/sk58 ygcix i+ua+j) c2 .qvfk4ector 1; Facto5c.jfqckx2 a i8se+)sv.4zig /+ kytu r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photofwg3gku-lw-i7d z d0 7synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated r qx;xkvqyxus/y+*j 6 *x)t:xjice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tygj jhjg 9,(*5 gibs q+.-9drmopg0nt hat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo9jg(bh,9 p qmgjgt*dyio-gjs 0.r+5n. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestr(9 xe/quclmk hxwosm* bnh7 mk;4)+0 sial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foofb,; +*qf)7 ws:(xcuak mpvnmd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insidn4uyzv g++ ;j06u 1dedsu9lqhe coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pr+ h4usg+zd9l1qye 0uuj;vn6doduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalb2s,/ f5jgl + uk/hxyk reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems di,y1v vg.q1 cfdagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eajxoqpf:-c 6 vx f.7x5xrthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organix5 op xx-qfx7j v6f:.cc materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of num1d ucuo+f9.-opn daslq*+9wubers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prs0,c i81brohiedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphgeh9tyfj7/taxy/5 p9. 4 ph rgenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available su9b8pe5 we 8snywz4sqa73e; n eawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel.e 9b7qesz n 548 8p3y;neawswu The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatik x42 sb-6y(zn kjmoe,v c*xg8on.

  Figure: A natural energy conversio5jmy-u5;e/ w i wkoyuoo+c3v 6n system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai26oz k6asniovkyu a 3n3j-p7*ns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme.v eo/xyna1gzee(gkk 9 .e *:rnts is false when discussing a pyramid of:9xoe..n vra1ke kzyg *(/ege biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enelznalxi 4s (1i/+ojz8n3pzg; rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for :8ca t85+herwf)hcuc representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food 18 mu) tp8h/ pj9srqgvm z.5eeweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil pil6 osc d7at, p+8-ipecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foodvs wz7f (u)xzc mn fcf joh(n/)+3q+5m web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could vhip 531mjp h m)0pb;x-j3ra l+urt(r exist in a savannah system with paras;u l-p3bimh+ htp)ra(jxp3jm v 5r01rites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optiof8mxp. x4aalr (lv4 -xns below.What is Photosymxv ap84-l x.r xa4fl(nthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.sf sst.j0;xl 0b 3 1zqdd8h-ca
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecotkzqda:g4ng+ r: r1qx9aha 19systems.

  State the name of the proce p+tcdp*4jl cav.q /.wss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.p*a pw/ +c v.jqld4tc.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks4a.nukv0 +qktu8 g)xu. +0ugk.xvk48tnuaqu)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cx+ fyf--i 0sgkarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ))ly9 le0unsdarea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are q fmfuz8q046t ;fwwb0nkp2w 2 true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivu9v- xbm6oo;c04 zwi mity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marxmn3 r;0 i.xeqine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon t+ zxk ff1nrn0 /zlv, cab8c7;2gjmop4hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anba 9dmw d)rgf+(2h6z ywe.98gz4u0dy*jzqy k ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial 1g(ov5mryynf )zhr d7x 4dgm7cy(h 32 ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement*m vc;uwcf4 xv90z lu5x .*alb that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the l)9st ij:y o9ia*lm )kykx5q 6following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclk) s ayq:tx ijl96 oyi)m*l9k5e.

  Figure: Average per capita dk4p/wems yhqnlf; ds-6*,q *$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andx h xix/j(-vr3 NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi3hv x ri(/x-xjty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinkz hw* dr)-t)rg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caprlz9hh:3pi n6ec2 /dj ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea hu*b-ie)c7kvplant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygeeb k7 u-cvh*)in values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor4qaj,+ btw)b eages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by recj q5:x.kdx+jn:eo -hgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bia 1tz9)vwpf i /rqfxqp7 f:*x8ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapqgekvnl45ebo7q+ (9z 5sv9 cvh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or morenoplh d9c. qbf(t (/+w statements from the followi9fn(blotc+q d./ (phwng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climalju b 4kkohv:)h,.+ud cut 8q4tic patterns and other physical variables. List the main f+o4j:lu)chkkbd8,tu .v u 4h qactors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rai/3.vmn8 e4uqghi u ti7kvo59p nforest biome.

  Identify the correct rb/6yga;,bvee7ap3mbb v9 ry1z1 5hzp a t;-mstatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romesvy a z0k(v/pbx8-dub2f+ m l ;s(ho4l, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bt5 7gz(,(7 dr kiyijkvtw7(odiomass of two herbivores in different biomt,(wi(k7y(5 7kzd 7dgiov t rjes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biod q7nmpopo*7+ l .wbrt2iversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxrwtq 7+ ppolom7n*.2b community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correc :+d wvpvn,/0nbwc0gfkql m 4rg+, 7met in describing the changes in productivity during primaryg7 mp00d e :,nrv+f/nqlcw, mkw+4bgv succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bzh(:myv5 q/kh e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the xfoef f/sgb,/w w42u+ax )c.krate of photosynthe .kf) xufaw/4x/wgef2os, +bcsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a v/-yf gnurq)hu (s a22field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seriay/+1d kzdv 7q+7qes jes of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first dayd7dq sey/jqv+ kz17a +, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multip wvc7b1* 5,jonhy 9szlle readings of the same factol5woh 9zsbnyj* c,v71 r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sam,;azcnnr d-o t+: ar1npling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek hv(5 qoiol/r*i6;y(quk yc 8 l




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creepsxk9:h*+b jj0k r1-d.eis3 ybv 3qpw k




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fo i(.(7a1 fdntqgy:*6tezt aza llowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mov1if(a7q ytgz*d6.t(n: tzeaa ing) specimens.