What is the best defi7 wxc0jcgx 9v4nition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, ed0a.u/ j8dxz Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factisbia 8agvzso *e9g9 3,x8ek.or 2;Facxoevg3 *a.9zi8sk as8e9,bgitor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of )n/0 7 /lh49zic:) anicz s q4liufttsa population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a .voff9cz0 3 f/fl9 mt 0*kmavtSchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffxkm,lzfd * 7,i+ zd(ple and has stripes that resemble the zebra.l7dim,,*pl+dxz k z(f It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a poy 9,7dn(lturt pulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natursy q v4uy7r9 .ge y:t),c6-2aybpkjblally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pt-vq u9.e7lj,2y arygpk)by: sb y 4c6ups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growt ub e:fmj5,8w58anbdth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants a:gq(5s 9 im1h:xhfxrynd animalsf:hx:9ih gqr xy15(sm .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinawm9t2orv +h5s in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organcorf7g-+w .vfzmymhv 59g t/u*8;akeisms live and interact9 wu-5/tg7vc8.vhzmoam;+rf gfy*ek with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lo7egty muq1 9s2st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largu+iln 7l3y) tve biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing ct3 in+l7v)l yuonditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that z2 ks vkmh.wdxt8g6r1+t3. mzis a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by re31yn 4 n; ksy dayh6whb73pk6vleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the pyk ns dhapy 6y k;hb476313wvnroducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivqjfd6m0rm 99ekie rd)4p v0-qation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enrj5q gr+3xmvr52bm /wergy.

  List three factors tku*+n ar.yj-l hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Faculjn-*y kar+.tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photifw a(dt(, i:w+fdz v1osynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatc6x3x/ k 2zsuxuv4ut3 ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small5u2h nvi/oyqoq7.yzd76g r 2m-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspromr o/ hi76 gudq7v2q5zy2y.ning which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energaeuu ;*9nm )cny flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food igl8 /dsm .(74fuzci lweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cor7qe 4/nwjllwlx) 5:yn+ hoh+uals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthella4u/ nh7wox enhj +5)qw:yll+le from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionqe d )**u0no+a:vcqgp:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the :i t;sh46n byhocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describ4p2r 36chbal nlhg/*mrfx m4w/:is c )es organisms like earthworms that ingesrl 4ib h a)24lnf:hcr*g/ sc6xw/pm3mt and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of h:qno5q f2ojq(o9) s cnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a plz er.n)m* 95zv0 hbfmredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroeth ofq xw275/rlma88/cu cg*osl ane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquat(8l 5nokjh jekg10 d30cup*foic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window (fuoc 3j5l0 1*hk pg0kneod8 jto provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr.bve**w w2 iwwansformation.

  Figure: A natural en k(pu, wr h*o:6wg-dpxergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ssmsb 1fb;c (2bng 6;hin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sta x cy 36q1xk;rmbg6p d8x-u(qctements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio 1xqp-(ukqgxxry3 6md;8bc6c mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener f9t -0shrcckd (y-p2ggy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units hlki*8c.1dc c for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari jcpvv;v jn k025sq,a-ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web ine6onrmk( 6ej51 la9z o a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does notdvbau6s.9 *i- wal:a( o j(apq accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could e3u9+;p w f3x2t 9+4coujc haji inp/uuxist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thcchptu/ja o92u3 9fjpiw4u;+x+3 nui e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the e7s:r 8*rngaj c7rke4 options below.What is Photosynthesis ar:cg 78rrkj7s*ane e4nd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the uqxkplgpm-8:pj7mg1 1s wv f ;5se of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lou*62qn,n4zr b rsb8k rg4gc1qst from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aiz n7m 54f *9wnximun)xr to carbohydr zw )7niuxn m4nx9f5*mates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the a , f0y+7vuzfeyvwy.y6tmosphere to other carbon sinks.y60 +efyu, z.yv yfvw7
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cawcloa ch 2 /vsndue)/vb o 084;t8ol2ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yesv/2wopro;- vj4j l1 jar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements fra * pgn+sgq2u+ma-* )x2awc that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) y.tj7dck.-rf. x m3 facan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carboygfry;a f j+.hto*)8 nn cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thros 1pi7q(h1q naugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem y0k/xtxmlgwd *o,+5m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrsdhrq/ 44n+y. k6yaly ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trnzde v:lmw..n xisq-8j4;ms70/x t upue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effe,lozinf b,3 s/;v s4)m5ph74 sadsigzct on the nitrogen cyc 7sa3b/)4o5f snspgziz4, ;ld, vshmile.

  Figure: Average per capita 2g ifblr8w*zh/00 ox*9eamf 0w ejl)g $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bine/tg 0/als oh3k4m7 vly zjq r*4s5g+odiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax45ae*qy0r/os/3 lg lng+j 7v z4kmtsh community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor x8w n-mb7xb7x chv8)ymation.

  Figure: Average per capi w3)d hbug-h2mhy4i .5z8hyo pta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carr+fp6hhl v*o6n* ei0gts 3ens4 ied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and ph* e3osn6+nl i4eg f6thv0s* after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbd;)my-r *h edxt0zqg)on storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20 a.-/xot sb,1n ion/rb20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a blhbh2 j + lmrf1o-ty4y+is2+viome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itx8h k f4+hud*laly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements froxg3 +y:*/oeox zzjv0:wx wb-nm the following. z+o:0 -3z*xgwxj x wbnyv /e:o
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other p0vdpi50. eila )on23xwd:s gn hysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes. adlx2 gd3wsve05 pii0.)n:no

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome7c*p zyxng6 h7iu:l0h.

  Identify the correct statement relatedf2 ,dv6jm u 9q6znjz5m u0qw/y1/cxbc to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph oo fp89qs+ gyj+hymq3k6/ve ;yf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores)w mrv, aylf 1qn h9.4u(vbw5t in different biomesuh(fb9.1lw y5wv 4)atm,nrv q


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryv -uo4:ajv-kcxpqga q- e, ,m5 succession progresses from a pioneer comqcm:- k gev jqp,v-a4o-xua5,munity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemg z986jaxxdk ,ap bi )74j4g9cegeh ;qents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession.,96a;qid c8hg j7eg44 xz xjepb9kg) a

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usy mrgwy7*r 3vo 48kgt(ing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of t,jd8jjws :krmg2q dqj)5/m if0 ok9f *-tgbs :emperature on the rate of photosynthes/d8fi*j:kk,jq so qrjg2tmw mbsfjd05 -):9 gis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ajq pbwl98lf:i dh e hrf;d0884 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insecam cl2((5sbbz:t oek)t traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day)2mlb z (s5aok:b(ect , 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabiliycdr4 :+m cwx rz0x-l5ty of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factd+rl5w: 0rx4 xcyczm -or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samary- dp4eaf44v 7bne;o /gt2ypling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampzq 45b- gky1wtles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fks-h,eani4x ng+ (k(eor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sami vl.t,68jg,awwi7om pling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movilt7io .,ww,av i m8j6gng) specimens.