What is the best definition for ab mbo3p1/jz5 ,cn+g mb species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italhyhl sq.w.,uui 4w)g.t2rai 8y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fa2fx1g:gl ng* hctor 2:g*ng21hg xf l;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population il-dd0z* : )ingpyw:a1si,pd


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciez *xf8k+7o-kc1cblv fs



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zthh;q rk2 05zaebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for hza0r t;2kqh 5six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms9 8)wok. bl z)z v8ua.e*en.didwisc+ is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally i.sr+ ,luy)msw n North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer l+ wr).,smsyu, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population khd w w/f*9z3lover time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails f;nbf09 y .omebeed on the remains of dead plants and animals.b;yf.eno9m0b
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inc c7o 4qicr+ s5vw6,eg food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orga)qm g 3bzwb1u5nisms live and interact with each other q3w5z m)1bubg in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enerxy*mr/(2,h rii*r mx agy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a 6a;qkqhxe i;(+km 6c+gvmu 3oht6vg9large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions hagk 6t6xvaiuo6+ c9mhm+e 3kq(g;q;hv ve been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio8tif /c(z xo/ll ;nu2nn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounding26yuldifygx / z597 ngs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayiunxyd59g g2f7i /z6 lyng leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv36dtgl efvm(, ation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for x/;v8vr9rp9c oa s,c.uv s41ylhur g-ev6bz )pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isyl( xoi(2ai/ z/b ;xiq Factor 1; Facto/o/z ax;i lqiy2(bi( xr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturesu :hrqch.)l mmt u9e8+kw q 917tep,yvmdw9a4

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedhqw+tl8p :ctlkc 8d8+ oec zl6,gi1m9 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smalyqi9e rd 1q yc1a*j2:ol-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be sy2j iy:*ad1 orc19 qqeolitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flof*:xr/unu (ed gr6zx6 w in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wjs,dvu2*k g es2v6 ,wb ly,yy:p1wx 7xeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that li8 p tqxi-q7qn*ve inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from ct x* 8qpiqqn7-arbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical ds0k, zb8m h6ii17 :.hzmwlesreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon yq. )35ey1gmpbv fmxzie31 5j in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following ter4*g/jonx6lncl nh e9ic tc6 )/ms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest anin4x/nlg)l6/ ccn6e* ocjth 9 d then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberk 11e j2nt7qrgs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pdim7iv-n 5ea*4 om nw9rey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D 12a+qf e.kk0 (dqlk+aysbnj3 DT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially qas pd ,zdr163available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true? 16d psr3dqa,z

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the folld0u+)ux d4os uowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerz n)7dfc3czt.q. )kazbsc(r) gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha kk;91gxea xpjqjtff) /k 0:6q9rrlv7ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid oq+ryn+6v/j9pbolaqp -6 0kq ymm*p+g f b bmmn*q/p +a0prj-oy9 q l6+qyvpg6+ kiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy uzz 5 fwjde:lqt r3cpcy,/q5pb 6b 3/,


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pom 0abah)am)b8-pu;0vc8 kas:t k v+ jroductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webo2yoz lqi:2gj2. *oeb1itto/ez1 s )z


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil jk bwph y w9bbp48ayncs26y8l67pp:6 ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food webqop4zw81pf l7qxl)d 5 i:ytbkt3k5uyn k4 *8z.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers 8l yd(n0elx xx ;eh7v3that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consu7dx0e;lnxev ( 8xy3lhmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis lg4(8a e3ft -xhu1x bpand respiration correctly from the options below.What is xbpxtu(h4f1g-8l a 3e Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe l4s/:l8yiw5hftq rt /the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysa)u em3b5 jn;vtems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air fpp0kibh+0zu/ 3lg4oss6 pa:to carbohyui ka04 pz0fs/h3pol+g6s:b pdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the n9f)g7yl4yx z* q,xcvatmosphere to other carbon sinks.fxc q ,l9)vx7 y*gn4zy
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thv9jn um3jq da2hkse*6o*vio1( )/z xne longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per arop zgx3, dpl06t,cf;m.kzzz0 ea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truecymlg2x9aks p (.aln-l3qo) 9.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculateddtfsgq ) 8f7aro*h vw1-z g99c.

  Figure: A simplified diagram o89z6kj67jytf4 - (h wiqvcj caf the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the0:zxsjb9e/77:wrk;1bt wk uq8,d la 6 pgxxy e carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste/ -.p mojs (szme8;jcpm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest /cp3,(aodxcc35w n gfg2x6 mprial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not t;nbdg3zvv,w6qhft1pyx-fkq :*6 o .v rue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced e7;)yhj ntpx)yn 6 0kefffect on the nitrogen cy)t0ef;ykn 6 yx )jn7hpcle.

  Figure: Average per cab/ekgr ov00 :upita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesu5a-/se8lioi kn /i(m s+rjk- from a pioneer community nm 85ir-/ka/u(ik-s sl+ojie to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati515jivxsq(hi 98yo ikon.

  Figure: Average per capi8k vbn yt)c wep3,3bf k:h6i9cta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterxund -0erbrpp),.i jf i2r-g1. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlnxr pg dib,r)1u r2jpei-.0- fes.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual f *h7w 3gmuty8/1rjqrqlows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriqq9ij1 fmk6 n3es by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for xewe )+akua7*4o9/uau )kx,1wd my xsa biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of R+6kvd3 -: rbs vsdrvop37 y.suome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemedk oqe/ 7xqv-:nts from the follo dkqe:ox/7qv -wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climati1)d rb5 g5qirtc patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors 1 5rr )gib5qdtthat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descri evtc i9+s/nzy52ov i0ption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit kkzvc0682 hgg1g.jxcy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital+p tif/f c jvvn:uoag,:4u.pd r,- 2qmy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomassmr3guy79hp r 0 of two herbivores in different biomes 9pu mg r37hy0r


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses ttutpckl6 y*f8y z4h(g 6 i5,/ z+hmjbfrom a pionhy p 6 bg/j56tzcfh*zt8um(4t +l ,iykeer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in d)c1j zrw x f8jv)rhf19escribing the changes in productivity during primaf8 )r1vwj h rf1cx9)jzry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facto9j.l nuf ,c-odr that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynope8g (jm7s: sthesg8spsj(o :7 meis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldo jlvc4 eulh(i ra.j;h8x64o5



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetby83-m-p bjj jr/6cwkl2 r.vtle A. On the first day, 1656 insects werem-jy- p2l k3rrwt6 bvbcj./8j caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dataxl v+zj)7m u,u, it is important to take multiple readings of tzxj7m +vu)l,uhe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicalm*.w1 rs v6unc;chk4 h sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forhp x06)ljf/ mwch6 5,2/ jpgmo3bjq ko two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Ct/)rceq9rj /hmyx- qlq8g/4m reek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling3-)st -kpix j+f; 7kx(vh acvj techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens 7+ hvk3avtfx ij;(kjcx-)-sp.