What is the best definitiow8sx 7f;poi3t 4l/xas )wv qt4o3*j jyn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I 3z1 z zkq)yz9k 5ybm*,y/wwcstaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c/(e+*.g4ci rivq6y a1n zqmgjould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2; g.iqer(z+4cg1i *j6v/ynamq Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatis bh(- 8v bstho/0knv;on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp3s 36m* u7njwgq5fnh wecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gi1 -,q igv;: a(mv bdtooqmz5m4v,vm4x raffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dex1g - 5doivt;v:mv, m (a4,o4qmvzb qmpendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofn,pjt/j1-o n h organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur n2y .5b.oy bstwd+z-t s07fijnaturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Unidi.sb tto5ysjy. 2 wf -z07n+bon now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatioukfw*pl(o0- ior l+h2 n over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deo drl8-uhgvd.jw(y+ 7 ad plants and animals.g-wy8vd h . +u(rljd7o
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inken5rg,((g 0sb+apom food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other az1if*bpv+i 6l a60eb organisms live and interact with each other in ti* eba6bfpvazl01 +6ihe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost u f s9q,i b;o-u3wah2tfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and --btwd-8(t 0bsr0 d siy id+h6otjla7a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The grow6( ttj 07swoa d d8s- hydr-ii+bl0b-ting conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food c/gfa5.ezh)bz (2n1e ) xua ujrhain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into 6a rrxtak1*x1v :kxy:(yj 6aetheir surroundings. The enzym ke:k 1avj6(t x*xxar1 yra6y:es break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated r tq zh 7y2wj dp9s;mq2d96knj)ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener4s rgkxh0+foj d )ag 54o-i9tlgy.

  List three factors that could desc .0vbisw kgsva, np0dn;tg. x8 7p;n*qribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fac0v* k;7ignda nt vx;..08 bgsn,q ppswtor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesiso *g 8mcps m8-ibhn3t3 at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cg +qjnff u.gon,r7-j8ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rdc(yx609slaso4 b3 y iesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leavday4xb( sc9il3 soy06es and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecutder+pe: 3, u jozbno;r*7y gd //g+qosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 8t-zl+:vawnc 3hf)8wz+u i iwft4n4uweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoupbxir6)o vv(9ayvx7f :f8 ss *nds f:7fy saob 86xvixv)9*p( svr produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea ; tg*grx)73e m1okbt2wlma/n ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systa4obyg(dua(;k n /w, bems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d+qnr,v yftnsz*6zp *7gs;xm:escribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then breas,n zp* * xvsgfz6n:tq+myr;7 k down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe:m 7ywvoq f,2wrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its k.h: mwxt/h7s prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)rv;.j, yvb mgfh. i9(ykbnf/ki * 3o.j:
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerci+-hqe1r c a-*m)cef kually available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, aef+-r c m*)ceuqh-k1shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of u);-c6 h21sc me uah ij5dohmx8bmh48 transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convr.yme3,,ypb:w6h gnj5o gfp* ersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainshgx,86. .gpk t ;lex.lcybz-z) jb:x z




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wf1jc4xw m mydt:k. /8yhen discussing a pyramid of biomasw d4yk81/mmxct j.:yf s.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerq brsp/9rp6a 96yeui 1i5r(r ugy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for r1*c. yu hegyiju0fq) )epresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinafxo0 qm*f 4l5-natn vp3 uk(xt4/ j+g/eq7xle food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyslzlbc*i) z se-7mj x((tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.-b 31qoxx4xscvc+pa+))j h uo

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou uef,ai(c vr88ld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a con,a(ur8vi ecf8sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tbrr9,tiv.5y e 10 ckkrhe options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration? y e,br901.t krkivc5r

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT asv; / 0gw5rgs5w bqdi p)w4fr.n5tx8qg an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyx iv43f3jeku z*2mc v;5tpf 4:m o3kdl is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i2si 55,cer* kthkvw+yn the air to carbohydcekr5v st+, iy5 h*w2krates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbona;: i/3esvmxn from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. : 3 a;smexv/in
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the :e7 35hmgiqhv8w )tavbv0ln 1longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per are(wrot mva/q 28a per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru:wpf5+v jc6l u2cd 5ave.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be9hm y30kcxtz/ calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclhj4 pgpo bcvxuu-9 :tysq794zn/ p8g6e



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon o(ef* ehk.,ga z1g23.r xpflethrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow igjj2/, atqr;in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem guw 9ujv-1 ke5in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria0ckf3z pfky ;pmg.x 1m,poc,3.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma0ie3+jonzt8f y;jph , n-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.yjo03h n8z; ijp +ef,t

  Figure: Average per capg89xyn r:8 ymvita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi 0v:e+ek yg873fm5kkutfed(j 09 x)snio.nuoversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climyt 0 (ius)k+duo5.mef7 k8gk 9:ej0n nxo3fevax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor+r9sn vh2t jy9c3qo/mmation.

  Figure: Average per k( q1jduej7f3-fl 0pc capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottlfm-ro es7jrun2 f0f2xe4 q;l4es with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values we no7-qrf24u;fr0m2xef4j e lsre obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in *.nhmtnys5 vmcbzs9k2 w//k 2GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020ysoe7(ph-:ks ms1 g+ n9e8vp e


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f5xovev/k1)-p w/ewrwor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapt xl+g6zrjut9 6t*-gj h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more st r7bg:dcao9- rogmg90atements from the fold9 0or:o ggbrmc9ga-7lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic (oob b3 cn,b(hzu(/a2f+kic p6/dnblpatterns and other physical variables. List the main factorsbdo+bl/obn3b6ku ,f ci zc(/pahn2( ( that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description o-m 5ampfgq7up 6s((t9q 3mf lwf the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ;ov+t70vspq*r6 5j qlf2hat8l (qy iwecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofchy8/ p4 3 ir6o7fy)/yfupdhd Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbiv+okvgt1 rq 50toab( ,iores in different biomes g vo (a+tob0ir5k,t1q


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiverse79rk0.5kyg kko ry zhkc6:.xom, 7k qity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax crk9.ky ez 75oo 6kxh 0gqrk7,m:kky.c ommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in des:6;zys) bkem ( ieh;ugcribing the changes in productivity during primary succession.k(:y6hb; zg u) miee;s

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor th5 5kaj ti4,keeat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tc x5ez5c-eztth-y , :xemperature on the rate of photosynthesie x5 , eztzchcx-ty-5:s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie*r(rrca swd0mbb2d()ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seri,lm *m0z ct3v.kldltib09d 8dnl8/c t es of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of thtld/0c l83zmm ltnl9* cb8ddki0v.,t is species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of 7c -cv(kkm2lizir c.,the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fact7, z2ik icc(- l.mvkcror.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedu.:0 /f gqt7jgvmaefv0 w; 6rp in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow 2ax 7.(ec2 lqbnmf9tsth - xr)Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampleg+k+ rie(mh905kl-k0) jtsgs d;;y swbkgf z 7d in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplin li2 14:otmgjkg techniques is not effective for sampling motigt o1j2km4 :lile (moving) specimens.