What is the best definition fqx vm4t eeu/csa69l;,or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of jb:fk+c h )yy*li*7ubRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic-p;cz xia ;qg:he.What is Factor 1 ;Factocgzi -;xp:q a;r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve bd9( +i e3xnnz:/wvt*6 siiajof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of ccn0:j8w3gd w0 v) eefno1wb9a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffje m ec+e97+bbe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mbe m9+7b+ cjeeonths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of d fadbp:c2.pnm()k,k organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oc7ypd au*m31 m3rhi/uucur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such3m1dr u*uyap /i3m7uh as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the g7p q-zn*tma:o: .rwh growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sn++hr ;y2 q a*q5m2mjsh4wl pxiails feed on the remains of dead plants and animaw jq2 hxa2+ l+r 4qmmpsh*i5;yls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup gk*qn0ft szq m(0+-vpof toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live a-nlos7yv/ u4q(sprm - nd interact with eou-qy(n v-p4r/ mssl7ach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyc; iim ,j)+hu7xu u4fhstems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bio vcfa x(f3r- vgu78njwc2i 6drgd )3h6mass with high productivity, despite id(xcw2h3uvfar3c dv 66 f8 7n-)rgigjnfertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ofwj6dy3qr/ c9q190 5ircyzt fcp j( 4ba a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their +9 )mzg vla-bqsurroundings. The enma+bg 9z-q)l vzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice vy 2ev/c pfwtr+q:+0b cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py2tbr/lajs) /cramids of energy.

  List three factors that dvsqtgo 7z/-p 6 /9zkilz)ls1could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoodlp9 s/t7v6kqzz /zl)is -g1r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures uhw;gces09 cpg89* 5 hx3z bsv

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s8tvw0gjcx lf,us c+()ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thhtx32zxap vn084h4awnl g;; e at resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Dh43xavw; 0tz;h l4ann8 2e gxpemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in txovx+ da7 /9v24hfxea terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food yyxjk)c023k: d; gtoc web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compouua h j08xne24unds produced by zooxanthellha0e24jxuu8 n ae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacn,hw .q9rd ui7tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement /p:4f,cg9 *7-jz v5ke oca q bhngyh2vof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like yxt5(ipglt-+q0m1z xearthworms that ingest and then break down and dl qx(5+mp1t tgi z0-xyigest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ol i7m(2cti,w0r /4si1zm kekiri -,wif numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of 31 lswg+:ru hea predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D xuz0e6l1vch2DT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoco wpd1qih:u s *sj yty4-x+g+,ysm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ligh,x u4wy-y tqjpd+:1*y+ gshsi t source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ea. 1fk7avxzp uyhr-x . )t(7jrxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion.7 31hzj6gv9 vwnhucq/fg w: h system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofydxcs7mfy9ya5 zw+a2:: mj f 4 toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falsed3qg n06e xid5 when discussing a pyramid of biom5 dg0qxdn 3ie6ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en l,r3cp -m*fump5mp( mergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing m u(0yn-3hef +: hkehkproductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 5-w 6 w:3yizk9um,cxa ntyp4 q


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eco,:*hus i5tz n ,t rizv7 gpovx,8(gp*bsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foou3g/zcx2f)r j d web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a scp,)n yhj ir5t(k mr+4q;/el dt7gn5u avannah system with parasites on a consumer liket5d; nctu),4(i gm/p rqle7rynhjk+ 5 the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis ancj,v0k nr:pj-bmr 3.mj,e7t ed respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and 7,e mbp,30m tk:rcjv-rn.jej Respiration?

  Identify the statemenl4+v,w ya nw:7asc)m w8x:gqa ts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fwtstvxw;/4ta8v0 6 w erom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that/re 77zcb.fjk converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratejf/ r7 .bz7kecs.

  There is continuous cycling ofs8n+(9 )vl kr6y5yzqmf lvee * carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.+8v (q9ky ev6nlry )m5e*fzsl
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requir g3hs*iqf1,m ies the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per are:+ ln-ulzbbi7 5zs ir2l) -ncea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tryt a uy7rhc4x1s(o ;te4cu1cv*0s * xf/ix)jrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated. vhma6e,:zix8 jy+g a0 a2dol6

  Figure: A simplifiedor) zi4x rh f7lyqh3(* diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of lb8 *gflfit1j:yf7 n 2carbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyfhmcd lw,.ugyl+xx s . /(yl1+stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in abnjje /flu;9( terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is 1a7+u ,ragl:qv2mxajnot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is notb *p,u pqt) yvs:e*2mr a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle2 pv *ysrp,tmbu:q*)e.

  Figure: Average per ca)fslq)0dw: ku 5jwx.ypita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre5ux2qyfv 1tcoo 2,)kdcbwb:me o 0)t,sses from a pioneer community wco2tmk)2q1 )ce y:xvbuf ,otdo50,b to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is eoeo:0 to k.ewm(w 8fb)yju) 8an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita+6mk/ihabwh hsf:ug4v5 hw1ir 0fe8 tkx 6a8; $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in watekq h9zma/ :4lkm4 bpeop45xs6r. One was kept in light and the othermp4exkkb9mohl6 4 /4 5 :aqpzs in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora; gwzq jyp0l+(i9h( *m)ldstbges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202qt )28kil 2ol8:hguweo0m) fu0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data r0)ja+9v u gchzt6we8t ztx+( for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy1.t5bsy9wefr no z81o



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing o(mn 31 7 f5puxzoj 5 blpkg;pt0h5rvc-ne or more statements from the follf1mh; opjx-l7vu( n0rpb5pgcz5t 35 kowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi l6w8ja -g0edut* mwm6cal variables. List the main factor-mjw gte *a u6w6d0ml8s that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a d 1 z.*rzko8/ oojxys9bw9 qx1wescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correctdeakiai/)z7k u m.h7 1 statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph7 efx;bvsp6 9nopsx*6 of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dip, 3a2065-ou 1xtws,d mfydzb4 qh5spj 9xfmbfferent biomes a4mdb m jfob5q1yw6t xxfd0h9s3p-5s,2 ,zup


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and r w/bsbl1t dxl2,2m: xNPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a /t 2 x:2lxms, bwld1rbclimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thd,( xg8dg :vdiv: iz6ye following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession.8:g,yx dvvdii:g zd 6(

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that ca(j 7+7z j;pik-.3onuthpz avutp:8emlf s j31n be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectq19vg 6g4psrk cb)/zu of temperature on the rate of photosynthesk zgu9q4r1s/ 6vcpg)bis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a:miw( g,tis4w 3eujg( field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimen.u)biu y ,v,5,cw- ol) hiiamus of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps hel,5)u)i,- ivami.uow l,c yhub d 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple read)sj(b wn,0)fzke ma+la6eeugj b2 94eings of the same )me e6ae k29 nf)gu0l4,( bz+ewajsjbfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used inp0gieu1tmxpk3 -pwt n2k3 j50 ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twu us(dutodh( g2615 xko samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled 77vm(szl7lzai 9+af2:2iavcayf nu,in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques* giszh+h:g +5m uerr5 is not effective for sampling motile (moving) igs: 5*zrg h+ 5em+hruspecimens.