What is the best definnduej a( 5qz;jr cs6+7ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romeavzr(2(cn9hf(kc ; gl, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could desct q8r8dvyo x-/5aar1-kgx6m gribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor tgg arao 56xxr1vqmy-8kd 8 -/2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat/0fs18 oz+6ax+wihx pkwx5k o ion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma axn:.ejme 3) dca8fp /species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir,y m* ds v*d.le )p4mn;9bcd;s+ijlfo affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals psml) ve9;,*; oc bfn sdld+ jmy*.i4dand the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsr6ba ww ao.-1bu 8-cqq of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Noln)t)yp 6dhbhvl-ge*tyo ; sitr 09d.wz -6s8 rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or anot6zd806)t .s-el)-bd h;y pn t ovlsh*igtyr w9her.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gz+xm*oq.zfz dqm+5 l*rowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites d z*hxin .j*c+7z3m2aa*ctn dand snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.jantdzd2 + nha* ic3 *c7mzx*.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch hq *92a7s5cpc8h ocpxains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andp9, 7dqfyk d)7ax rwa3 other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocyaq9d f7,rd7 p kw)a3xean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is losi+mie .m 8)xvneqq +8ik3o5r at from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees abwiqu/,l5 6ho6r7i 8b5bn cqgnd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms.w,ubio/rc7hgb6 5ln8 qi b5 6q These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foo ; g;jgw-pc6xt :2fclfd chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes o dd wij3k44q5into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the pkiqd53 j4d4wo roducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 8e8rd1 r igo+*zobk1vrice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerwg vnx6k g opvq4()hqw /:;ct8gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faatam 8mw3jc h /h0ws6c. q7cc2ctor 1; Factor 2 amcs /qm7w.6awt 0h h28cj3 accnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera.gaj 5 f1t68ai:j 8atc aeys;jtures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu ((zkwj39jqwj0tw-+c l/5ph kc da2hzltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-siz*v68 m rey4jcsd n7/xuw,n,asnzw7 )zed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be ,sn7*4am6 /z7esv8)dr wz uxc,ynwnj solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecost o +h;fa7zujuw2j(0system.

  Figure: A marine food web e q.vsxlc;1,w



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the ca.zdx 2ak/uh*xcq0*ie rbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, andx hza.xi2/**u0eqck d sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chjp+ pzy,lg x6:ao, g7aemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of caru9yxe.nu.-q2 5yps s m4dp-vgbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms b*yvibuzffh1+ b2a2b x6 q kb95est describes organisms like earthworms that ingest bbqah +1x kf2v526ib9b fz y*uand then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ,r u( hlflcb d(obogyu;(1/6qof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a p 4e fpr onrw:*e9+rnh7redator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true a9ws:((49r+a /h bpbkh qti nnxbout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatiyi: p3ac 1d32)rthann c mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the fol3pct ha: dnn2r)a y13ilowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tur p ha0m)+a4;)ddudl ransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste; ru)fim *n0zv(cdmgc in : .,4bjwc.y10 skvsm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chh,x b cd6 o9i:pmgix3-ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statement5rzmb9 vdlk-9 che5q dl/4/l-os ml6ps is false when discussing a pyramid of bioqllo /lk/e d9h-mp569-l v5s4cbmzdrmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enesx/cmk-(+ k;e jb vs9e rq7pjof8.e7ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity l l)0yoao v2osfro p2u4h0e; pr 9/q+fin an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic masqt.3 j.g1spnzh +jy9rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecoshcd now)fuy 1w2.ct(2f*mwy8ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe akpayj.g l/w-cv w9p 45 food web.

  Identify the pyramid of number(x hdku0wl 369iblp:as that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like txhwlkua69dl i(:30 bphe lions

  Distinguish photosynthezd0a,hi. )g6k71*qr wusp gj asis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is . a1)pgajk7hu, dg6zqrwi0 *s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desc k3uyy l4h)b/aribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ (btaix:f do1*y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohykc+p:b- gk:u 3n2tfcjdkcu3: b:gtjnc- 2f+ kprates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere t;xhd9y+gs s x)t)z/ 2nv3efz ho other carbon sinks.+xn2d) ;/ ssg x9z3tzheh vf)y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that req -:fm uep;dzp)uires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyhu ((;lkb7l;p(shna*et :sicc ;k.r bstem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemebz ;fav6mx1b2 nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti blj+:moj fy d.32clfi dr-:a2vity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram kx k;+hj+n6 lwof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cei6a an1xk1hg .a(a dclm6x/5arbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemg:4exz htim1; jmcp 1/


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te/t c/otw fv:5j+vz ,ct2vlrn2 rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyino2r n ,h2*2cbu/-r/d ponyomng bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indupb,)g5wb, nexf a*pf 1ced effect on the nitrogen cycf apg)w , bp,fn*1exb5le.

  Figure: Average per capita0f0jnpg (k,qkf-rvfc o rv/m6-3lsk, $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pribpf/v*p082sp w oh5 olmary succession progresses from alho 8p5pw2 p/bf vs0*o pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatibn(so57n0 6vyq 6pe lmon.

  Figure: Average per ca hz6i9n l;5mi:gqq:m 2zm yyg0pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried c z:j)i3ygtcf:4 u+ dpout using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen valueg d)yci fj t:cuz4p+3:s were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stos jxd09i( kpc0nn2v+ trages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishbkn1wtp0f 0):mrnl tj 6u m/1eeries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomg)ea /rgs i-g5e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of tquf y+y-iu 7l(e 4o.wRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statem(qg roxo)* 3*mfbilrv666a qbents from the foll6glfv *6qaibqro 6xo3r*(m b)owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List*dezfylx:16a/g j) guhl,x, rd 9q:tu the main factors that charactey9q1g)gdhur/ e:fxz:tx, l, la6jdu*rize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of tht) ks o2 rwmipfg5w73;e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statementc g3 /r-mx2ssr2nn8y3 xqvmv ) related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro0 ;oy7sbk mxit/ju +e;c2:u ayme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biom sut,a mksvk6 8.:pz8qass of two herbivores in different biomeskmzpvq6su8. at8: ,sk


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession proinu9ifsp jqb ff 9482+gresses from a pioneer community to a climax communis48f2i bfpin 99q ujf+ty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is nnp b(cji/nz-*24+ihgy hhb7 aot correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successbh +hy27gi(*/ 4-j pinan bhzcion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dis03 z3qjf(gr/9pxvkrao uei p.+y:l*h k.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ot3rinp; hsdz2k*l;,r f temperature on the rate of photosynthesis2*p hdlrnki 3;zr,;t s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fqg gu2ad 1 5wam9(l:niield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Ac g9gvrdw sex6 dp40*4. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of9p64sd*cxd4g vwe r 0g which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the datrc1ov(y c. 5gkd9oz6 v(cnj c:a, it is important to take multiple readings k5(:co9 ydvgcc(z 6orcn.vj 1 of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli ox2uy)u cou4;ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data ffe8 k+z1kz-q sed9wyt1zwsf,0y x*+d or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species satp-.d27)vc* ,zbql jpm w cs8gmpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samgr1b.p3 fhv a;pling techniques is not effective for sampling motile3 h 1;.fagprbv (moving) specimens.