What is the best definition . xn 59x hoyfy1e+mb3efor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, 9q;w txo br7dz1aj4./f; d4xueemg 3tItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that cozcgq fm28g:522 vboi jq(8;isjilt /euld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac qt /mbezif28 8o i:2ig5jgv;qcls2j(tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat oxh2, o duq,8 czi(yaf(8u4ybion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle op ;7e ofch-k b), m)tdec m30lps,(stpf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble th lld8c 6-4yy8+y;wljclm v /khe zebra. Icld;8 yljcl my y8vl/h +6k4w-t lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populat0h hv 3knqja/)b;(mw/q x ymh3ion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North4y nfqr)6i)sugc(u cpfo9/ 9pi 2w-ig America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several ugp-)u4 2)ifw o s6i9(yqc9grfi/ cnpcountries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popul shqy 5dhogx5/ *5fuq1ation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the re jlktoggb;wux).+hjl3 b8 6- o 4djwc3mains of dead plants and animals. +x-8)dl.jo g bj owlg3t64;bhjk3c wu
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai,qg7g+(s kws zns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wntn4wua**g ,q hale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in theqg4tu** nwn, a cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy islhkr 5)w ;.mr1ikldx1 9elf;k lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to ha ew0 w*l9+spmx08rjuujk h c3p 8r(yi6ve tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also in6(mckj rx0 wh+39 8y*u0rwupse i8jlpteract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that k 35*uv 5arl m5t2vewris a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutg ewj8p9adhd9,xprf;)b (a; srients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb t8dxaahs;w( 9 9rj,fep;b p)gd he products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeni t*z ;e.ye6im


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyny; v; ja,*lamramids of energy.

  List three factors that could qk ml 3axg.h9.(,almjdescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?9k , jm3xqah.lm.ag(l

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temvt1cc6x kvwtu( z9juhk w/7/: peratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ri 7ftid+ua8h ka80hds:ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stcis-s1m 7ju8c( xx ay.ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be soxy 8c1ia 7x(smuc-.sjlitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect describ 2k1bcdng9wyi .b gl)h +w-/s) (azniption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we:k59b,k ow jlnk7f sr5b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon cohok9i 5ab* te3mpounds produced by zooxanthellae from c*beato hi3 9k5arbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical revnz,3rd.ef bo8e. x3iaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea4omv kjoy 6v+9n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms th:-; lbi otsan8at ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgats n-b: l8o;ainic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra/:f-a3zu( bh-fbqhd hmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of av.fhtqvc ; .7m- yxv-n predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlo.*h, hn3zgr p pnph/ -:pn6zixrodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usinga qtei1o 8qws, ww0d4-s7 ox4x a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to prov,ws1- 4dtaw s0i e8xx7o4qqo wide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor78nu*cp1e qgm mation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversitow: j2j,0w 6ad3bp m+dku xb48y j8euon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in i8j-pe7 hl7i3kikp h* food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of fjvkk3fuu0w)h8hh- : b-f uk8kuv)j:whh3 h0f iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofq bj brs1r5-+o energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.wt: 80n m4eapk

  Figure: an Arctic marine f bl 8i1rq5n;(sy zifv*ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sou0 i6y0zh aa4iil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura-,d1plny-hn*/5ob lwa + zoditely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exis( 2ui4e0 jzc (l5acovt 62(tf )wojunht in a savannah system with parasites onv0 oi(c(c6tfn2(ja2uj o ulz ht )e4w5 a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly frgm/ev +1n6 -t; k9llp-rtc/.prdkpg v om the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rk lnrpmv v+9g/dpr-p;k/tt.c6g1 le -espiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticiihv 3u 1sm;sm9trsk+. de.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromp7bw23,anvu sy7rswpwv-2- u ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide ixh(onrgz8i6tz m m9m.( p;c1wn the air to carbohy ti zcg m.wzn69o;p rmx(m(1h8drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbonl evx,eu +8/0gzb2po5 f av,xc from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.0g ,2+a/x58 p,vcuflvo zexeb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l6 lgjenp89i9a ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in anh ;yef yum):3m ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that j;:kq 2l q;0xe48j7ji jnuhkmzv;; sh are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (hm .y)zhrg.r i/yn ): k+rlva1NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine c-fgdo2jb h/-,5 2euvy hcc4krarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrb1v / .rgv**wo mparn2ough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys)4f5xytj gmr1 tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a t/r,7*ejc 0bukdv -p hade8if;errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no91yy**b pi wjut true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-iaop61 p-htf g7ah 9s/tnduced effect on the nitrogen cyclepa/1 to9gpt- 7 hh6saf.

  Figure: Average per cage)su iiuk y31m3.w+v// i qxupita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses4ercshtpk)p7l pb-;6s ( clb . from a pione-h)lr7.6css; c4p(eb pb klpter community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra kr./vj+cr :mrnsformation.

  Figure: Average per cakth8wwt3 .r+lpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodlo, ozbi3; .7h i9:r j7pynmj ;bq(jysea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained.bn zbl; j;pyi7qo oryih :79(sj, m3j at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flo +guwpjb-(p8f dts;k8 ws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries st-5,v6fnq p cby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datggy +d,e3fd9lasd t) 3a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy zs8 yp-neek1 3



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one 2l lyt .:af 6vzebs r-49s.efuor more statements from the follouesfvr9bl. 4 2:fezta- 6.lsywing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical q0gk8;blm: dk za):q xvariables. List the main factors that characterize the te;a0kqg8 d x zl)mbk::qrrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiozlv0/r ryb3: bn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement 2 eviy u- wtw a9t46j5dc)km9srelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph tw4m(08syc z v+b)yk9 3vllxwof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two he0ym1gj wcuoe 8lr aw7q/q-s,;rbivores in different biomes rg 8 1we / ;j-,oqmwqu0a7cyls


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a5+bmzlh yd5 2ks primary succession progresses from a5 +lb2hkzm5dy pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describingl9xvr0dmm .qi d6m- 5s the changes in productivity durinis69dl-m mqrd.0 x5v mg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor t;y bhi qcp902that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosksflaj fl9d x4c/j z*.5)nw n:ynthesis*xl alzw ) 5jfjnsfk/cd. n:49



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi6 ogft2*7 stk:gu*s pxeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimensxuv-b97 wv:my of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total ofbvm xwy: -u9v7 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of m3i7izv: f(zjthe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the iv:ji m3z(zf7 same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologica,ay 4a;c e7 1uqh mi oegjjerds8y)87;l sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Ca* d71xgesb2 treek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wm66.so/ i)e1sgwg(g pfu+rs h illow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samprrid:4c 8mvi.xd44dk ling motile (moving) sdxd i4.ikr 4vd: 48mcrpecimens.