What is the best definition for a xhara : ai932fa77rh0ablvg r:n)y.pspecies?

  igure: Climate graph ol rioqh:b.nr0ht0:qq 5 1r/obf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wrllqqw98gsic:e + zd936il ;b hat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fqq; dgz ib:8ce9wll + r3s6il9actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of tv.sqml 5f oq09+*4kxa/ g1pd8ivedy a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci3ifgtxw+1wrr 6 zp8u/es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffey1 srat*9y1 jr ,ik3uw and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It l, 1wyt3rkraiy*j1 9suives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t8q s. znchxj*+1vrot( he groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameri4(qrb3eqey .vr (ntqxae5ec( ;hf,y- ca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such abaetev(.qh,fr5yee(-qr c n4xy q( ; 3s deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a d :7fm,tmelj7population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mi ote9bx1 s2zy8qr2h8p r0 n.rotes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animazr2opyq8x1t eo b902 r h8snr.ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch 1. * pzxcjko9rkxt;z7ml12iitse +l; ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and:a kyb2 x-jxb* other organisms live and interact with each other in the b:* jkx-b ay2xcold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystk2gzf ppans-+9y7/ a l igvbdz*-q,m rhp-( a/ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tallc m+njl/h l47k trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many jcl+khl7/m4 ninterdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descruq5)50lw3m its7ebezt-512 gje c dj ription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dig 66xq0p r*n8 zg,vwqwgxn-+w sestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then abso6 qng*g0xw8r ,- +wnw6xvspqz rb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeme1paq3uxb309nly1 1lzobvx9 s k8 yb/


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerdbr5 vz,b.h e:gy.

  List three factors that could describxmp m;uhwr:q+/ 9wl7 fe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ; r9/mwfl:+ 7qhmp uxwand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturesl (e2w n9wnbj6)j ho2c

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system lr*cw0( (xiwp


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smallnsu7vnk7 cnu)5a 4 l6i-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they ncu 64klvns ai7u) 5n7can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect deved4/zib2 o- 4mqjajji7b4:j scription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web oc/9;i g )g-10msxn x jd/we0ji/p bgo



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the cayd y1kaiz(40vk a m+y6l w9s+drbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and su l vy(ask1y4+iayz6dm+w0 k9dnlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi:(* y f)pr7bl*gsv1q-sk o gjpng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the f 8vd* ueii;3tocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eb1g;h,j w89:yf( hiyhv: hpp aarthworms that ingest and then break dow,bp;1 jig8whp:f :9ya hvh(hy n and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p7(wd jxkc2 c13e5e ao*b1efds yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsg1ze f/)yy ggu /ebz;qef.,4omzd+ i. prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlo w zl r(b,pv;;0dyzz8qrodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm u9aj+y q +hop7asing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The 7p ao+jyq9ha+student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is q /3uaj/5kru id6 f2ftan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systesysf; p36 0aahj y7krv8due.,m


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 9lxtx4cpq .+)eh;0a/xf+- +i w l1kbg gvsnup




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when die5q6q1ss 6:ui.frc u hscussing a pyramid of biomr6 q qc5 6shfu.u1s:ieass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ee6 gjw7yx6h49qo. (qpxa 3dybbb7fax1m9 o y*nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosmvz yd6d-.t,z ystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinn .q*:/atsz.n pt2nxt u1vv)se food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a) xawu) pi6+844bv9wge lasax n+p5od soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wv :8unsx6z*f we th3u3eb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannci;/00 qda glyv9qm )*d/hdzhah system with parasites on a consumer like the li qdg/ d9*v/) qz;0mah0ldyihcons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tk rv a+yw;na9-c54l(d0dw hyehe options below.What is Photosynthesis and la yd4 rw+ ;hwkd ae590y(vn-cRespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ue- x;m)ohg1k7xob4 eof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost,/ jxh uq6sj*r from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts v9yaynbz3;wxl++y /lcarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate39+wy/llv xb+n y;yaz s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon*hs0 -pt-8gyqib k 8kzq/a8n qc5qo (n sinks.(o q8i8k/q-h*c5nbytn zpqk qs08-ga
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time c7bs 3glkr7jfvx:0 zm *u)y-3mn0n lf.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area p*:d-vi wcfjkc /0-d98.r twz hve xlb9er year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen 6w ms1*4n(,bp6mjxyj f0n.xuf eq3iqts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculate u,vef9rgwis+ew8t44o,n* lgd.

  Figure: A simplified diagrzab / 4o wacw-(x6hdm3am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thro-a-/ ix6gs rjaugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow .w y/qac 05ynrv,; s8v8wu gdzin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ternisz0w-bh 3 +cm5js9lrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements*x* lt-i)p wh that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogehmrn8sv+: f ( /njj3mgn cycle( j3nv f8/s+ hgjmnm:r.

  Figure: Average per cwj:;5ln, /2su;avgpj kl :levapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarq b 0/d*du0szomdjt-/:+t vqu y succession progresses f0/ db d-zdso/qtqtvj+u:um*0rom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example maip9jw9x. qp. pv5i2 of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitmn v( +0zcvhq 10t+yjia $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carriedd3s i nx(m g;,afm;x,u out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen;afi,(xsu; nd ,mmgx3 values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual qb-v )x z.) j.( -sy.ijtyfdqzin46s yflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19 ;twm )xj-pli588-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fo80wlt:d **opwtrqe w) l+gh h)r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grape pht)kp(p 6;gh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fr l-ngz:,dtxi 7om the followin,gt- indzl: 7xg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other av 6+w/t swld090czyg physical variables. List 0zg0vc9w +s/ta ldy6 wthe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainc/5hfajtkq- 4f ;v:dug8 a.1 gq8rlkvforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related.nfx 2cvdl+ )x:)hfx gp/3xwa to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphqpq342pba 6yweu(g - u of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity anr;;mfg (,we8ku tm :kbd biomass of two herbivores in different biom t;8k(emrfmwu ;b k,g:es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succesa zgy;))hzz 4**lnv/+uqke agsion progresses from a pi zy;av l+4 e*gn) kugqzzh)*a/oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following st,sca y,.3nhh 0fkupc6 atements is not correct in describing the changes in pr 3pcfu,c a0nk, shh.6yoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor 3 ;5z pk ku.s0m/lvzwuthat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat w1/4le( wbv .qhdfkk:dyqq*6h8:gnue the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes8g dq4.q6/wbf1(yv kuhl *kwde:nqh: is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inr/ bxf ,ssib4 ,wth0j/8ewyk1 a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimbci 5u,t f9lx)ens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of wtf b5ic9, lxu)hich 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thexuf kl m0.w5*t data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fafwk.m* t0u5x lctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicj 8qth y l9)cyp8:bi:yuq3v;jal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twems aafwpife a+.; (:;,9ve)q5ivs7 gtb*jmx o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wil27g*lw1u f pl9c,nc sllow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fwxe ut zfwuxo i:i 5kej*9 y0s9 +lo0o,;;r5vdor sampling motile (movin0fo+ kix99l; ;vw:esuo0 weoi r*jzu,yx t5d5g) specimens.