What is the best definition 0g 4i2 4logvujqzs53chp(uv . for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of v2smcyxgj (hb3pv98y- g ,) kiRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fac4fa rjmcp/jf1+y b *p/tor 2;Factp1 bj/* 4y+/af jrfmcpor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio l7*-(p5f+8 ozfqc7cxh7vpl7tw duvqn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom+j yn5hl w*ut zry7nv,o4gh1 .a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble dgwqdd0jlo t xb(9 m.5l y1l)-the zebra. It lives 9wx1lgd mtyj .- (l qd)o0b5dlin the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the (o7ln6nuac tmr:r6./ qgdo9gtx n7r/ groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natur qr06ftv n/sr g9h,+jk oqbm3; fo4h9eally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give 4,9k6omq;tfn+je o gsv b0h9q/3r hfrbirth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ow0d3.g,+x15oar gt(i lrt kqzver time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fedkog,5 2dag4(h g8*4h vnalvn gcv-;fed on the remains of dead plants and animalvg,;hg8 (ho f 24l*av-ngkgcvdadn54 s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food q dvmbao1 a* e5t57a2pchains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organis skkbrm;1x o6st0g57w kke;4duax6v0 ms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocexwsr7 u6k0dt4a 6;5vbe1kx sok 0gm ;kan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i2rhg;4 igoc3qh ru.9d ,8xtacs lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productc/.coky;m,dyn- p7ifb)1fs 16b ra vs ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the p s7vr1ap,nyc);bbfysf.ok -m c i1d/6 hysical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iedx(9sa*)u jds a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrocwfu an0),/1o)6rxio duqwp n8n 0 o)yundings. The enzymes break down things u 6i,8) n o1o0qxnof/ y0)w nu)cpawrdsuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu cip *12sub/u2zdrl8 eltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for )cvh bz2v+v7d r,x)n (f()kv zfxj8zdpyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe/nwv wx2d-jl - a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 /x d-wvln jw-2and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesisbc wuui2tl7tax7 )9/1 6ojdh h at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cupb+rs w) mf*w2ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rese,*ag0 z3fav bamble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but onaa0bfv*g,3az ly with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ene*pl8mzzb5u b y3d, 3lj7rkvu 8rgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we+.r;ua0 g yyo* mz;wnvb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cw5*g6,rgxl u4ra 1em uorals feed on the carbon compounds produced by4uuw6em* , 1grg 5laxr zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea4r g3mdu by,7kction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sy ex+p8sc065qs(pqiji stems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eazvyh)lxovj g1vsm 7507x85 ymrthworms that ingest and then break down and digesmlx)vvzvhsm x 5 y1y07jg75o8t non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers vgr9../sbdk w(/f:a hyd5 lqkqu0h1a


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pip5z:0if8 by xredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abrcbyf)vb2pweks0 5 .1out Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comm71i l lhedoca7iqa6+ 3ercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windoi+li367ad7h q a1cl eow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exah 1b2barfz1*xmple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural eneog6rwbg/ q-6 yrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins3(pe6k numjcnx.7 l+u in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements iscnch 5d.u,0 je;(i rhm fcqw:u3oc*d1 false when discussing a pyramid of biom he*ju,.w1;udic ncr3oh c5 c:m (0qdfass.

  Figure: A pyramid of qz/e wtpm:f k8h 74e23ei)polenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.4h/yeuw ww3 j4

  Figure: an Arctic marine fop6zmk ps0t8r1od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inv*t-ng 3n9kft a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describcqpvxpr.)ok0, tz) f a0-so4 9ata3u7 kko9dke a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syster e+k(8q6m buubv9 -vgm with parasites on a consumer lgu-6(q+eb mvuvk8 br9ike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wha2nvr9/otsh 5 tt is Photosynt v/n 25htsr9othesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidhy05tj(qv mu ,e.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.uz )apc4v-dtis d lg( tm.6j)4

  State the name of the process that j xmkln:0+u +ann x2 vf1beb43l)ksa)converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates. alv+ 1ekb03u):n+ n b2xmls axf)jnk4

  There is continuous cycling of carbon0dln)1zhhqm7+,; vqwtu j q +)moc0n r from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. n;qzq10q jn+0v+ co t,dl)mwhu)7hrm
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle c *hhm.8vminm qd 7v-0that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per aren382tolp-uxtn .) pj+-nt yvka per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru)9c/ddpzw ub1tn/ i 4le.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcup6qc hi.0 sa0wlated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine caau1,qye8th ykk +9ij9 rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car kr-(kh /rrwq4k- -bxgbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy8m)lg ej u*xz efo89e1stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysterw a llkz76bv.g-qgy+ /x7t7-g wrf+mm in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bo4rvf;u* dt3x acteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrowqidp t* umc0v00o;1ggen cycl 0qv u witc;p0g*0omd1e.

  Figure: Average per q qi i 7yx*9oqja3n66bcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP;/ ckmks nha6h(wgd65P and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pion/ a5(d6 kscnh6g;mkw heer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the k)f c+llh/ f9ffollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi v9z54x jwsqh z -moogw(y3q,*w8oq;tta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ous 1qhs6;t9 gymu 3l2uloqj.p :t using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both: 29q 6hsgmqo; tj1slyu3.lpu bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT-z.;g, jnimn nh:a0nc4 pl) alsnj 9*m $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202.jf,b3v3oxo) r ;mixz 0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fojby-mk ;35 0an0tqkhrr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom6 lhgs6a iv)6ue, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’hyc8e02t,ez 9 (ixe z:9mfe fq’by choosing one or more statements from the followi2z0:c thefyf9e(m ,8q9eiez xng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phyzakf.m5x/zxam(a 2 b1 sical variables. List the main factors that characterize the1xakzb2fm5xm/z. a a( terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bioa nord ,oh3(8ho;x, zume.

  Identify the correct statement related-v92z+9 evvjji l yvi- to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, q. ww3(-0nb 0w 9jng4c9jfvcuoezw3aItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different (hboyo0 -5 jg 0zrd4gxbiom 0z0g4(h5do-g obryxjes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession (gmy iw15o d eli/7 (.tvv0xtvprogresses from a pioneer community to a climax communilt .wi(1o/5ixyvd7 tgvv( em0ty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folow-pz*;, rql ylowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity duril,wzoy *- q;prng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factorayj d+8b 3gx5d that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effec mgd7v vo+ou(w00wny4 t of temperature on the rate of photosyntheoo 0n4 70+m w(dgvuvywsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in agcmr-1- x5i7g(4b*s ujdf0qd hmx c. f field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tralznw a3v.f8)9ytpw m0ps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of 09l 3twa fv8z.n)ywpmwhich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takbr 0bzriwm67 o8bpf/qxlq :r2 1w/;dme multiple readings of the same facto/6r; brobqwfmzr d:0wiqm b l28xp71/r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologwql*1 ros/d(z) kcbs:ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampleg)*.l.jm tlz)e:lw kvbm 2/j bs of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species g76l: pmb9xue sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folll6lo/ (qk*/sk i;vbzmowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movismb(lk// o6v*qk ;ilzng) specimens.