What is the best definitionc:h ) :72qalcgpckgd7s(yc5o for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itawx2 /q7hxcxop.k5k6 va e/ 6rjly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n)3 6zri5vfuaij.xp/jj f1g4iiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;z.p/giv rfu6i14j)aif3 5jx jFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a /r32 dnx./em0ee jjutpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso5a0/zr;n0gf3l v5h xx mdsk 7ema species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip ;5/nkb( vgafmes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the motmfn bkv5( ag/;her gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ.0jirv.k k a-oisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Can- 4jw(mjs5grj 24 taikis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Sinrjj2j5ak 4st-4(giwm ce 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time.)hlng+uf1 j.e

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pland/ ns3qes1a0r/9ccsv *gb/vf-h a l2fts and animalccla arqgse9vf*-s32/n1v/ b hs0f /ds.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in p q:3.evtlw -tfood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other oy2uth3xm y /-:wyq4,mcpr 8 rw7s*kp krganisms live and interactkhp*y- m/,sryqcwuk27ty3x4rmp8: w with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost x lnr6nqn0.r ,from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have talld bbwwjnaq,*d-;p) )n trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Tjn,bb-qa dw;)d)*wn p hese species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a7g x* f(pg*rlo correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes intodn2l1w1 ,4svgks 0jac their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi t4kl,jw10 2 scvsan1dghen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice 4xz **b6ogcfqeb4 *y 2vgci00fxgbd8 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py/y0 o0 fvynqd:ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatc1 u+x*6to/wdhrc1vc)oks c o)+ + fip is Factor 1; Factor 2 andkf cocdxtosr )v ch+pcu+ + )6wi11o/* Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperal0 xk2e(h 3 knsi9t:uwtures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedi0y r1r:9lsba rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks liketdv: mp rcq o a51ao6u,m)p76sj 3(ebe a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, th7ore m1 p,:uo 56mb)cq e(p aj3a6tvsdey are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a 5syz sa*f,v8cxty ; ;cterrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food zqt)t)3p d,:(gkir) i397hf dkprxqd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fe00nca63+ vwjtu(xrzx ed on the carbon compoun 6v0z+w3xr (xujt0ac nds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica1ln//a.6utj o3 s(wul q -+4bqmlham ll reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemp.b6qw )lhi8gs diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms 7m h*1g7x)t6g d hg*9o9+ onf oetqnmdlike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livin*t*6 e)ho9nm7t9nmo +d1 d7f hxqgoggg organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofm+cck8u-v)fb+ ylum hb vm1;kv( r+(4/ nbmre numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a. jo gry-k *2+iv+s7lbbe ,tbtnd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloro9klu7)8ou wmq/uw4/ sxlmx8f ethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availx wf3erwwm2z * :ryb1 g:ngx73able seawater-filled glass orb, whi31rgm:7 erwxgbx fn 2z*ww3:y ch included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example cc7 vi7x(:jp( y xdx5vof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co2vq0el e4lg 0snversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food(w8ijz zdcn*8 chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wheneqtjq:m4 l) lb74lmdr4s-vx9 discussing a pyramid of b)qmd sr4 l9 lmb:t 7l4qx-evj4iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener5iz yv, j,ho nj4 cqatw8fb/5;gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi:5e6*2kmkd8bafmnmjg i: 0y zty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food lfbtz/o6wv+6 : 4x49s; pvgrbwl 1g ydweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil noea8ph ds ;c8b46d.4m(kvgvecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web.k7mrpkx. vf /h3zqjh9t z01z*

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist icu: wa)sd 4do2n a savannah system with parasites on a consumer li da2d4)cws:uo ke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opti xk t45;gm)gwaons below.What is wt4mkg5 ) axg; Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectibo v/q58h (zclcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos(ronpg7:vn r jtb4)9y ystems.

  State the name of the proces*p lw,0,atrbf9a 21* v)f qd jou4z4kze5dvass that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrateks5f4)2zaf , ov jebda, p4l**rw 1uavt0q9 dzs.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tojx/3lz7myf*u :x/xb6y f vue / other carbon sinks. e 6bu3my*yxv7/xlf/ fuxzj:/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires i:n+.js9rvc 8 hr)icgizs: yoa eh3f5sd1f3:the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / (xs0e thih, ;ej9ugsz vj71o-per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are gqt uuq(rbt4y v.6wah8zt 5+e:0c)l l true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cala */piqkqo5n:culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m-zgn j9ey6ge.r+z5t yn2i1z d arine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb hn+ z7*lra/ rr2)n1yl1e mx;pzgiyr* on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a,3:b jyva6gm6kbkyv1 n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriall r8n7 8e4intm ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteriad4i7(sc2bq yfx87df: imhn 8a .

  Identify which of the following is not avvp9puumc y7x 9q 26x3 human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle9c 7p3y p 6vx9m2uqvxu.

  Figure: Average per capitara n+bjg9doql25m(f ru y)/ q; $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP ane(,d4b mg7 8na jmn8wcd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer n c788bwn,4g madm(je community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra: :)v+ ;bhr4oub4f jnkluu,sunsformation.

  Figure: Average per capi)o.xv9 vo0g) f eozxy8ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant h;.hfapi st*9 k qf,u/in water. One was kept in light and the.*uash ,qpfkh9ft;i/ other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon sh(tdvaj-s2l aa ; ji61torages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-4 khjq9jxegl 5*my2r12020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio/5(b,5d1 lntdgnoo9uj l2 dl zme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,lhq)wg r if59-cu f--tn;p; we Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more fz lapdbm21mji 2.9w8 statements from the followingb.i918j2p fld za wmm2.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variabl 30gnielfk5-(4h y ofies. List the main factors that characterize fge435if-hl(i 0yo knthe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biom*w o 6th1vr tidqw jr.6o5((zl gh:m+) oj;gcce.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit( t+da ga+w hz9icqp:p*2 of+oy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itg2 d zv,wxuxu59dx+tt*m1(qcaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two2bid+n 2.to5+4ibc,dgtc t c n:6umau herbivores in different biome, .a2co45n 2it uctd+udcnbbt +im:g6s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPPa -. ijf+ w27gbz5wlxa and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer cwgz2bx7lwaaf5j. + -iommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describinv9av fnp6oaad u ;+40gg the changes in productivity during primary successionpa6; 4a9fuv o0dg +vna.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can h+b /9trwrxyuq71jg8be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the kdqp nk5d)f ./af((xvi (edcq +g*i6beffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesik5(*((ed gc6bkd f ixfiaq).vq n+pd /s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f5.hclbz 2gd.mifw 90 wield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to crdf5yq pa r n)l0h;7tpn ;m.q5apture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were markednptna.hdqq;p yr505 fm; r7)l individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to -2ri* pdg3)u1jrk grq7*zp wul1xi n4take multiple readin-z4i *2u1rd)w3ul1 pgr ix rpj n7*kgqgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp0k6vhlq -45 i uhz(-btkpn8ie ling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of l 62i( m4barjbew7ci-jc u/sui *48dya2ep(vWillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for s3de 1 +myzqad+j40aalpecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo cop0zpj rb5,0.c utwuh1k5f7r sampling motile (movingpo t50b.7h,rz5w u fpc k0jcu1) specimens.