What is the best defim8u9p0*fa a tr31 asvh7vyj0xnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of; 5(tg*sgwmqm Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic0pt il,2ka) *x5zg :nfwovce3he.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2):gc5 xw 2pz,l a03nti*kofve;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populan5 io)g uyfw r)ldm1p-5l9r/y tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomcaik5uss )af ln 1972pa species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hkmm9/+f:pisr/wo+ y t as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mothstpm: o+f /y m+k/9iwrer gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatio(zua c+ko,vzyz 32 0qzc0xwt9 jp,7pkn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Woln/p.iygo(u8l + 463mw mpmqx. ;okcyr ves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keepino(wr;68pucn3ml iymog. /+xp4mky.qg their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pop9uml +j5 ei6uunaflxf5 4* rkta(m;f,ulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants2 lohey/gv+ jxfb64d 6 and animals. 4eh6f 6gyo+ j2/dvx lb
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of t1 u0vvzutkx9 q:d b,4zoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kibrx-.3 1xbf ljller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and ib-j1rlf bx3. xnteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystha vaa2eo+ru v-2 ood7s ;b*l4 ttr3b(ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prod 4 glsbc2 (vas,du/ ;(s mp87b*gb4g 3rbdkvmductivity, despimkr (bblgd3ms;b *dv b8 csv/(4gapsu d4,g72te infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemed(4l a 0pj ;(ort.m9qm1 koznmnt that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by r5br. d obmn cgv1*s2h;cy y45ueleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayi1.u;sy mb no*cdrcb2 vh4g55yng leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy1p3c(u j.51hg otb unvstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energyv;pt;vgc;4sskp.78 aaku i/o .

  List three factors tqm56tc - wllf,hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor mlwq -flt5 6,c2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ratectpt4-dgoy988e*r wub- xe( fj,zfy/ of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult(t uaapod3fx,irm3tc9 :,3pcu;v t (l ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resjm i:thg 0i khd8l78v.emble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds o 8h jhgi87id0:k.tlvmf trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrf q-u-4);ezxk3seru b ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodr te jk2::gvx4 j60pjl web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoh kt ww nn2bmo*di,d4ks--x)) fhv: qb3+jah+unds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunli *k, b3hdd-h b+)ajsmnn: i2oxww 4-htf+v)kq ght.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reahf6j 3n4mnmn(9a9 wwnction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in 7x(4n m4v2jy5lcvd k uthe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms+ plkppu jf. 7(e0io7a best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and .i7ea pjk u op0f7+pl(then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n+f 6n8l8 yu3 2ic+mtya ccgc/rumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and b2osaro j69 :sits prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphe/:c y;vkxa18pg /q3 dvchqi 8enyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabl(i8wzk qpnd5 4 vww-l;e seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whid(w84wp iv5w; -q lnkzch of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foll)h/isg)t ol4krty .z .u6/v ecowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converrki,6 o,ny1)rga j;h bsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain6 xyy2jgi6:i k7inm h*s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sta1kb *-spfje5iht kk8 5tements is false when discussing a pyramid ofk-k*8ep551bhj sf tki biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy* kbqnsa4h/;s


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produc x8 l/)1x1j1fdeg o1cybcsqy/tivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foozxd b zdk,v;16zab 08md web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil8y c(e hnf(xn3 ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tg h 8u0v7 j8-rll*qzmbhat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parat9qjl q2eoy8 on25migf.j p9c-4 q x/usites on a consum2j5x c.8t yq ug- 9ijm9nq/e opl2qof4er like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thldt1r njq2 +8ybelf56 e options below.What is r2b+8t n65ldf 1eyqjl Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insechle l*.f(j+h* e-eq hsticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystjo d* e6p+kk4rna 9q4dems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon9 /wukez9qfz 3ru3aw+ dioxide in the air to carbohydrate+9 3kuf 9wqwzre/auz 3s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cauw(6 6 vr yi.hkdsi yi5j, 4o1l;izn)nrbon sinks. jz;s6onnuy .v61ki,riiwy) 4hd(l i5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tn)i o5 *vj ibbn,w4v2that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per2y98fphk 9tm* )jjcq o area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that area6;rulfky).wu5 32bby x4 ;zxuvkv-b true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiitrt n*;t s,(wo4x0mz 9j wp5kvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagry+xl b:)k 3 f3antg dx.r2y trop((7/v6gz qqyam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbont7bolvc7g1zd x7e9 f2 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys+lwsezh l2k4o9) ;cjn tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosm,p+8ps4i,5bzv olly ystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingvbn.3e * n: ko6n7)cmxwwfam7 bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is(g jbug.v:nj 0 not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclv0.:unbg gjj( e.

  Figure: Average per ug8*j)2 gzbhl.q4rb bp)a,8 wvpz ju0capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionzrkb5.ml7ycm-;8ko +pn5 gyvm1 h6fy progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communiv5mbzok-c81yy pg+; .y6lm7mkn h5 frty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tt rck,2m4n ky:ransformation.

  Figure: Average per ch*( - hag1tmapapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Ele:(ev /r(yzhg odea plant in water. One was kept inrz /v:eg(h(e y light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbonc08ct7d3i54x fyfv hj* mku +s storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishcz2eu(t/ oj n**1zkrg y,gt k(eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a ban*du*i s:* tmiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Roee3sef)k5wrlklio;x.w/ 6z ( me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more st 6pxfm 4an5t7 cwy( 36. +m8qb5drre wqvajcw6atements from the fol+d6. req4rawm3 5avxtcnyc(wfp q7m 5w8 6b6 jlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physi4f6m jwn, kwj7zy qb43cal variables. List the main factors that characteri63b47ymjnwz 4wq f ,jkze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t,3 qyqa1wtl4jfs. s*y6 ee2o lhe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity i hk i4yoqy7*3jn an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o ;p*pw munrurc fg8;+6f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and19)ayipe;re tqvo;bhb8 2iy/ biomass of two herbivores in different biomes t qehr12/ ii8byv;e9abo )yp ;


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pw23d; wy8g 62ywlmdse rimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax 83ed22l sdww;mywgy6community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi:k+k cokbj a1i+a um(e)u)7zrde n.h8ng the changes in productivity during primary successinoeakm e )+ad7:uhu(cz kj.+ k18br )ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dd):nm..q 1 f pnrm9obvisk.

  Figure: Set-up to in4 fic x8gla-.xvestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthag-4 .cxxf8ilesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fcix -sp3i qygz3)r)*uield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetuo+a13lr*he wle A. On the first day, 1w r h+3ouea*1l656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is imp22.x g5we5 agznl +/ btkrpw9hortant to take multiple readings of the same fac2+9bkanp2ewt5gr lw/.z h 5xgtor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in+),dx ecm n *mrvoa ro4vep:.5 ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datayg0 x9:xvg ag) for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of :bizgmpax u f8qs3)+zt:8o(k Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl pshr +qyi2y -o25o.06hozx viing motile (moving) speq sovhr +yxz.0ii-6 hypo22 5ocimens.