What is the best definitm )ce u ce(zx 3go0 ectpq9luzlz19()8ion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, k,d ieo v5q.7.mp9mv;wq9dbn Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fu s4k c7rf3l+cactor 2;4+cfcr klu37sFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofsr;0kxy/) 5n/reird l 0xoo*s a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi1u 0;7vc6hahryrrme;stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that re)pjxju.r 7 zt;semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat 7xjj)tzur.p ; fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t-d* 0scidk , *.zu7xeek.muol+*bqsjhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur na+05ffeskbll 3* 3 fl/rh66 lrjel7xsp turally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, kelkj60eelrslxh7f b/53+ r*l pff 3 6lseping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects q6 g:l35tvtepj*i0sfthe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of4 eoh; ao.f l)/-bnu(ku:cq2eckyl/a dead plants and animals e k-ucul(a4e)obc:;lh2oya/ fqk./n.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chcft xm8rvwgd :x w83mr0v4*:uains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live aqb b hfsfz)dl)65 fj-*nd interact with each other in the cold waters of-5z*dhf)fq f b l)js6b the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from gl(,8aq 6)vbkhca k n6a:rys5day a/:ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large fw2-k ,g*anqr biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presena fn*-,r2gkqwce of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptioto.w yc( x59 ao,do6idn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzym+c edx),2jj hd qb/qz7es into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead ,b2d zd)cjqjxeh/+ 7qand decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedmdk+u6z/a o8x rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ene wtn390 a,n8o n7mbmrlrgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fakf r,bvu/ s1+jctor 2 +rsu v/ f1kj,band Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesit5 wt,dr3pqn 5s at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva,mzw .jnykunp q.6:4u y av8m6tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized 8r8xcm e;f. gd,eeqm 4giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are matu 4 eef.8dmx,qmec r;8gre and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in ap0c6 i)u atj(i -sjxv: terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webf.kk0 x3et-xd ekty04



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feeddqx:nr : d b.)cip983vky9 hc(skjw )j on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthell9b. injqh9 wvy:prk3) cdx(cs)d8 j:k ae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical r1e1bk (ofwp va:u3k-seaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ovm0huusun0y3u+x9 l- b,su edihg4 81f carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organ.,q ( ijkbj )bjq*h4kbisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dig*kb4hjqj.(,i bqjk )best non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbem+-jlogxk ya i7 1s1+grs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a .i3b p*d)1 uucud-ogond its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ,tfy; u*b 1fvj );xvzk*yba+ p
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially pe:3shiw rv hkth48,5available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are truer h p4shk 3ite85vw,h:?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiolu4ivkpa b0nn012b3yn.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysf1 kv5ezw igax ;,4atji 58t+ftem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainw u34jlgznb4 6s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the unx kgi)-9iz .following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioki- xu nz)i9.gmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyn9a -hi,dbz6m


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units forpcs os9m( mpth*w0i,2 representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webox 0;sbw-* ah4mcn3f 8i.cx sb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in p- ap6zth /xp6a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc :b.lj brtu x14lg)k8gs2kq7wurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para.ysesb y1r0 d4sib1dsye y 0s4.rtes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratifyy9og7 lj+x6 j05uaaon correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respi5ogy u9+a06xj jfa7 lyration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT axbkwfx;l m4n1r .ku(6s an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost b9gd+x*74gh yfp 7cvork9 zc*from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pr-wf.s0n 6*m wpbc4p zkocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd k-s0bw.ncz f6pmpw4*rates.

  There is continuous i)lv;a3y.nipaave h 1;k) j)kcycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.)a;i1p; k .3yv )lknjhvai)ea
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that ruti: jmz* n7.xequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area kefdr- 2y. g:dk r.ww /u859v o4(nrsrqh8niiper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr4q t m;lyei5m xbe) 4y7:b0v:yi,y ebyue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producxdos0) *8 emtbagstj h.:4ziq*(h4ix tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine caisu5tlj6 n/q(oo7x8prbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thr 8(b3pra *y;3 tjntgklough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anyig o4mh; 2.gu ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial f bz)l.r ;tn9,ukg(+zx au auo6-yr.aecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria* tw hio 3u.eua,9dkh;.

  Identify which of the following is not a mwgig .jpr (0;human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyw.;p g jimr0(gcle.

  Figure: Average per c; i-bwewv y)lt: zr(9yapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressespk2fx2zvbdd-*m m (eg69von) from 2nd (pv )vzf 2o dexk9m6mg-*ba pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinxf-npiw-f(3za : 5czeg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitaz iscp1h 65bp1z(aj -dzu x0d. $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea puq7 8io 3*+ exwvo2wuzlant in water. One was kept in light and the other i3iu*7zox28 v euwwo q+n darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon sto 8jj 5gy:c-qfkrages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 kk tc11a1ypjd,z 2 umti((pi9


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fork 4n;qb6rut+; ,t3rm qzx3elr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, ctaxn1 e4qy4vki+,)x Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ob-kq5 6gqzz-,re xi pr a2;jr.f "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the follork -gx2z ;zj -iap6 brqe.5,qrwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lim -xajtjk2+xz v4 3bs,st the main factors that 2m+j,- jxkavxb4 zs3 tcharacterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description ofp)nf+fq9 9 y.pav.qzz the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diver9/-0dp uxthes:b.h(k fz(wo csity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph vhy ( 9oe9wl+jof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbi.7lsekqayunzgb z2w,*0 p53fibd (b* vores in different biomes 2wq zb**iusb b .gn0d ,p7e(5kayfl3z


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fw -pyp21kvra :rom a pion2k 1py:wav-r peer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chann dny 7-tt1o.;.abv+k 8klkk3 +wka osges in productivity during primary successov s. 3d. abtktowky+a 7nl1k +-kn;8kion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using apeh,8 ez0),3sebdqw +v*ji ct Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on ts oolkp- dzet7- e8)k4he rate of photosynth-ozsot 8)-4 le7 ekpkdesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 2wdq; pxo: c0uengvc 1(r+ oa/u)mx 7v



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to cap2+ h9 vb/mr2waexio1 uture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insect+uo2heaxr21vmb 9w/ is, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipqa-wv, bt/+2r *uwj/p x xzy*nle readings of the same fax/z *a+yjv*brw 2wt - n/q,pxuctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicbwfn,b7e7z7o9lp .y m y1j vw:h9d4ufal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek ms/ m( s8.fbbfqo 7q1zr8t7mz; ch-dc




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowx/8mfhsvg 5 i:tj ,qs6j9t x(v Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sam pknifu50 7vc.u (u:0vw o+rkapling motile (moving)ka wfcu(:v0+p5okv . nr0ui7u specimens.