What is the best definition for a species?x9 ueqya-i8mp1cas:+

  igure: Climate graph of Ru2b 0fhetyc8(xuj pe6y8m)yvt )q..p ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ; wug6uaq dsx(p ja97p/,j-j/kFactor 2;Fac p s/ujj-q kw/ dj(6p,9ug7axator 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of atcp4/ j8l8ww m population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch6ldp 8y q:(/ fdr )ir(an+o)nn h*ozvwistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that r:yil vh 6cp*zc *)h/d ailbi91esemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit.c1a i*9zy vib i*dhllp6:c) /h Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is r vm0dk;t6 )nia population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup)i ,p;ea mn;jfus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Nefji; m)npa; ,etherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over g*tq+2 x pxv8d-yd + oq1g+yantime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rema5 2 lb1-jugexiyv: hg9ins of dead plants and animals.9 lxg b15:hv iegjy2u-
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai7j,ie1la deik ibi0y*)i15 hyns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear awn sr *rkcj ns,8l /uph,;z0*knd other organisms live and interact with each *z ,kuw kh/,nc8nj;ssr* 0prlother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysw48bvitc kw,gu-5 9ei tems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a -.hfb ii l/4coy,u.d ylarge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they idy/h lb-i..y f4 cui,onhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of 5/ 1a)qtxzgdcoq8 u 8ja food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relq:w al2s9l4ul- nct)b easing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as debl 4tl l2swc-nq 9)u:aad and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul1 :qekwm9e mx2tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of b xnq7vml1t/- energy.

  List three factors that could r8 qwp7lue u+*v mjz)c5 +0eewdescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and ml *zu+875wvpeue+q w0ejr)c Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different6,ya8e e8djig rdjl he/.ql ;9 temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice a xnhf(84bc fp 2j*w-icultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks likevh7mhk1i v0y0x7 h jccr+1kb5 a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months.r0bh1c07jh 1km7v5y vk chi+x When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial e2ds.*(b f* hdv:huq ugrh 8pj;p0o.ifcosystem.

  Figure: A marine foouobh)xl 1;;/f0q vzdsd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coraoc8tfg, /cz87t vmtu2l. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxaz2u8cg ttoc78t,vmf /nthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:g zlzdh+d4 w-e)/ c3v;x(ydjk


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ok80cgt,dq6 /wu be- zxn 4op-ccean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like uotz. fjb , tfrsk:4k(kv/;;w earthworms that ingest and then break down and diges: ;j rw svktz4(/ufokk;bf.,tt non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb+cdxpy 5zwllydc 5)*5 ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator am :kv 4dq7cr60wq.gzhnd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane y;p e fb9s* sqtbd37m-(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic k1n ngo0x6cbo q64vo /mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which ovkn o6qbo6c1x 40ng/ of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of thf7,o6-ihkl: c 0a nonhe following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ene h8jrps5q) 0-* gcjel6 v0jioqrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodr uf+u um-d/xvj7oass3 z/ ,x- chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st ik*x:w+n/ouzatements is false when discussing a pyramid of b u+/w: nkxz*oiiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofmb . jxkf rsy9) av2d3c(p*-od energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiviel+u ;i *7vqd .:-b t2xdghvxlty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo)v7 u).rfrscxyzv0 7k1rd fl9d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosf)jz2xeb3 cfzcq1 6t, ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does f-:gf gu.xw/ws ej6)kr/ r(svnot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sy go2..4ixi)g5xj ,huagoob (z stem with parasites on a consumer likg ho.x52z )io j4(xabg.uoig,e the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctl)k*ldd d7uv sjk.7r1 y4pvs8my from the options below.What is Photosynthesis anl rp*sumk78y v.d d7)v1dkjs4 d Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as az gp0xg**y2ok n insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoz rx.*d5*)lvxelivl/systems.

  State the name of the process that converpckn1 u 5o6*yc(;vrqqts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrakyq(5 6r uo*pcqnv1 ;ctes.

  There is continuous cycling of ca /uufwj 45rm;)j y4co/ap l*fhrbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.yajuuf ml5/f 4jw;h */rpo 4c)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that)miw+*yx;st y requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem h(h.ap-x9hh2 abn8 he8x z y;l/ per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are (h02t)bguqax ku;x+dv h k:gj+ k7f:j true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can 4r64hdqg rlks 3c ,/aobe calculated.

  Figure: A simplified x/7;oz;mu *hdu6ju s++ittng diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the g58v5 aumu5vb0j 4uuhcarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco(wk7/suf42l9* xmdl u 3ccjs esystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terret(mu+ ht4lrn3o5ab 4n0kvs -xstrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacte 3*yzjkhp2xp -ria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inducexyu.p) 3v : :qd0oj0bc 1vlcwdd effect on the nitrogen cycle.:0 lcd)v1ywq3cjvb xdu p .:o0

  Figure: Average per capio5m4ci7 rbhdk2 5,blb ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary lvpm/h r+ j-.* bbhp/zsuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comhm-hz jprv+/*.l b/bpmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformarrmf auq* q4 u)li .:+jmsdm;tl5h6qo05p iq1tion.

  Figure: Average per ;+s 0qa .bvqybcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrh3hb3o z1owx 81s4t c iug5t)vxsvf 0+ied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. h 15vfvbi ) 1cu0og8wtzxst+h3xo34s The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual febru w5arwdv /7v/.,k lows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regbi4 ffw3y7+rqe tbt2sd.m. (oa vdt/ *ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a0.wk3 7l v/f.arnnwzj (d ulv0 biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 1nw7 mayy -sk1Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one0rkt/m a 8j;c:.n khon or more statements from the followinghm ntrn:k;jkcao0 8./ .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicx3 :f s: f45odi/otdaylh,gt -al variables. List th /:olff5yha- tg 4stdo,ix d:3e main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dtit0zva nkod;:*j x0pk61 f7rescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ec *il0g :glwa:8fa )scxosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy sjkt 1tp)zx-( wx-wm4


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioma*qfetnovv(n80t (j/o nlc 3 q*ss of two herbivores in different biomes l0 tv(*oq38 nv (n*t o/qfjcne


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversitya*:tsyjx4)x) da a5a a, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionetxaaadaxy:5aj)* 4)s er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements ,w,9ovkr0 w ejz: h4rvnvv dv5tyl959is not correct in describing the changes in productivz:0r9kv ,9vt4veh vrjwy ldw, 5o9 5nvity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cane.dp7hmv rz52e: a zmk-d v jgm(6 j6j-8mnkd4 be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyo ):ysc(q5gqynthesic:yqy (s q5)ogs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldmaf+vtfkfl50t,* fso2;j5 ,)w gsfsy



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spup9b j1p4 m8p b-rymi0ecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were mark0prm4myj 98 p1ui-bpbed. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thej:9lntshm3y9 data, it is important to take multiple readinhl9y nj:ts 3m9gs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingi. a vvqu:ka 7hn6w*k2


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wilhbxjrg ljj(:of+ s- on1um/p1*z x (b9low Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wi8gugw, izc 6:)0itnxajyp a6 (llow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following ; vl:i l:5zf*8;.lv(r3qtpg17mc qngjhe yrs sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens. hi.r;jp s z5v:e*gvqc l:f8n(t;mr31qyl lg 7