What is the best definition for a speor,(hjg3oq:uq r/-md cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy -b43:. d.lq qz biqzca


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nifd ,b+p8yqxo3 che.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2,y+p bofx d83q;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve htfjrkcgfa- .pr 6 ):jqp79:xof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiwjp4b fcl,;h(stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has s nx,m2vn62f- ldw)gwstripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and t-ngwv 2)fmn w,x6 sl2dhe mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popxdtgmf+c; ;7 dulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolvigd/m+yfs tx-46f 7kjes occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated ix6yk+dfj sm/t 47f-gnorthern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growt- 9mtrgiom*5.8c efqbh of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of qvo3kmebo -:3 dead plants and animals. bqe 3ov k:3o-m
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsszhnp831: oyye:1y5 sywwivgnr 6:- g in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and othesmvrbk1q4t / qd 3ql+.r organisms live and qbv+mqdl t s.3k qr14/interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteykdirx9my -/x4t.md o ( gnxcsm5*;,ams.

  Rainforests are known to have ta)z t:y jycn/*yrgntp(k 2c-3l ll trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species altj*g )p zcy/:rn3(c2ny-klty so interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement t:g kgnsm/z26 xhat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy8bth*m f3hw +fh;vgvrt3. x :ames into their surroundings. The 8fb mw+xhr*.g:hfvhv 3a3tt ;enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sp tx87ujyu v)a: b7/baystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py.v h5g,:jw h 7lzrq6 2-gstqnyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche49 gpstwjty62k0ly/r.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 any srt0lwj g k926/4pytd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ofo :n00/mbosjp-dwr k: photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti0bub9twv cua). tn.s2vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that7ix 6 rt5ahtm: resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six montt56 7 ihrxm:aths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriphh.dmi;h( + ;voa+ egktion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wu n + x,sinl+r4wtib8/eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoul:xw( pqlq/ pn:u(yrf )kk /y2nds produy p)/rx(:k k2 f nqwq/(:ulplyced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chegvb(t wl8j n qlv364e2mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean 5h(;aa2nwh vq7)b+x)pheivv


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organism/)lxb3 m-(1gbx 0ymeh d9f bhms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dd)x19mfg0bx/m y -bb3eml hh(igest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberzg-vw o wf+ru8qb12n :s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesaj1vgeq.4n(z0 qs m1e m z5gz9 of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetim40; avsi3 zsd9:l fk:o/bschane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seaw9/+uw4bb vcdzater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statb zud4bc/9 v+wements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the knvn qaym.cel 2+/bo -bjx, 2:following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversioc we8zpu;+t)6 eg;us5k icy)dvc1)zs n system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain s 5 td z+ujevgoez))q-0her9-jsvm+ mab56w +s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid k oj)q h88inxe1m,k-d of h8k)jq xo,-ndk8i m1e biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofa6t78o )dl ,49 zovl(xwhx ovs energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiv5 f2kbd(: wxcv9-lhjoity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food:(ouw1g1jhdzl 3mn+y web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi7b(hmarq;la c4214ph bwzj:yfu4+q)o9ts r fl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thatthgt*zgt3/,ck1 ww le h:)0p4 9jnjpn does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coul bm /inql(+d4 ozk;ccw+re .uo2a2v6sd exist in a savannah system with parasites 2orus4al. /n;qcoe (ki++6bzm2 v wd con a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options b 1(ooop v5.uoielow.What i oooup5(ivo1.s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an vs+bm+rk0k*s-psfl6 insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e4 huj g9dokhr4 usnhc9l)ovl.( c-1)unergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ai2-dmd 76.k nievl/o zsr to carbohydraldkizo6s ./ne7 m-dv2tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon ocl: gr5f,t8 g+9kghnfrom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. +o:gn, g9g ctkr5l 8fh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes igdgv)17kx a8gqaaqu8b -6 tw3 n the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of ener3jvb hjrzlq; ab7p9 :10ftn:egy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatu6iin1 0x ;q.+zjoomw:w/ qtz are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatedcu+tb7 ;ucg y6.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of thmaxfxosk;v 7h: x/ f*x5 wyh:,e marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car)w k;xu tatx-,bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystfpe 4+arqd0ir696 fyn em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre zid1kj1), vf0sa pfl6strial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrigwvxa .zhs+7z1r-kv ( fying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not assue,c:i)f5 ed r.xo9q1 xaf8 human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclo x5.s1 :ee9)8dqffxi sau,rce.

  Figure: Average per xh)h9ndt6t5;oa 5w+fczi)p w l v8ym6capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession py ;1p2v8ry lp8zky.fwrogresses from a pi k2 y8y8zlp1;ywfp.rvoneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following i -+ (zbyypg*x:xi:rpls an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita cu91j2 z29 fgbpcwvy9 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plantodp9 7c kpus97sw qrb)9q8m4d in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at thed4bmrk7qwpo)s989p csu7dq 9 beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inn)+ cajho .pk0t*tos6 1nf(pm GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishepr1lpr/9-e 8l (sxfhr ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bis)fv4owlr gi9s2i/q5.w n) vqome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of mbs7 -lhwb4,i-g p;zu my as+gd;v;y0Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of " qp e.o6i,ewc nu0y8;mzonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the foi ;wymuqec6.np ,e0o8llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by c/q69dee u lc/tlimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the m /l cedue9tq6/ain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrir3 .nh;ux(aod q5 gb+wption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverscr n6. lxa7(lsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italvbhbvjv(9knyzm 8t979rr n ,;y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and ogne2a faa5 90fn5 gh7biomass of two herbivores in different biomes efng9a2gf5a5 ohn07a


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionkajl jsj.baf*+mlx7 2t -c1y+ progresses from a pioneer community to a xl++f *.jk a12tjc-7yjbmlas climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correch n fjsq 7fq713i,5rcrt in describing the changes in productivity during primary succfr57f71i,qhjs3q nc r ession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using y54thwdbd./-)*wywcotz/ dq a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratel o,bpo9)/s1mli j-ph of photosynthepmbp,1-/9h oji )lo lssis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aq .fi hnz3oa9)p(mok 2 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle e sv7+ctp ya,t1w qz+7kbep:5 A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a tota 7k1ev7a,bt s:wtyezpq5+p+ c l of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it g.na xg,)ak-jis important to take multiple readings of the sg)a,n kj-ag .xame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampliky50c,pqln0- vhxr) -z. fuen+ vy/zf ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek mwsp :b uvi.qj32vc *b(* e2uu




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled icd(8tg,yo u8k30 wc pwn two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques isl3ho7op8i7dw not effective for sampling motile7 h7iw lpd3oo8 (moving) specimens.