What is the best definiti.sl.p:;*y qgy)vzz bgon for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Row4twqk3l j6n 1v4mmy7 me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wh (6a/0zm6or 1milduwk /bti.l at is Factor 1 ;Factor a0 l16m brk it zu//.o6lwdm(i2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popxl v.x+qj j(,wulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schz: mv icc2b z74h5l1olistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zhyzr 7uc o(j. uw k5lt98 .ixpc2g.cl3ebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s mix7c2ui z. ckltch.w9r(o. ypgjl5 3u8lk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisuu u0jh4c:ay/nbt150) rzvlc+e :lxims is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lup v6ymr u i+u2nqq9dx0-us)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by0m ir6 2dyu+-nx9 qvuq law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be94jl5 /+njn n+hq qypsst reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plwccx 85a v .v1uy+svs6ants and animaxv v8 16v.w+uc sacs5yls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tn4v1 jzap uu;b 4u u 8-1afmhg*fid;o:oxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otherk62rqjr6s nci wu d:81 organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waterq r2cd nj: r6wsk1u8i6s of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eca +uw24dezdz 3 4zf f/nrlq/j4osystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treesk:r q linm 3i+mme1;o- and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions havmmqo3l1n; m -+rkiei :e been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cyx f-idraw/05tb +, bdhain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by r3an kk4 y1r;ge)ef1 ldeleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the produced4a1 n fl3yeg krk;1)ts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice ),9mkl6ij 5i*kssu :xb pnz*wcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrap-shn n:/eg :9wkdgo az :eh7 slgtnx4,/r6e;mids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; :z2 xr:4(jlgiqjsn( k-o.v mw Factor 2 and Facqmj4. n ij2:k(wgxrz:s( -olvtor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynda /g(m5uaan96wz *+s0 xoyrqthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati(4+pbx9tey t03bg rovon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hrufh4*hhp 2u3as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six monthhu234h* u pfrhs. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripti5 a/ju-hoy(j.bwh fh+bsgqy7 4 q3 a*oon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w6f9.s gjshk5p mef-eig4p/s+ eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. 6x- 9/d)3gu1swiwd8 hxgxm i*wyda c+Corals feed on the carbon compoug1w )x/8d9c w3i*hid m+uws6xd g-xyands produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical2vqf,bxxvzz7hvf :; 60nne k8 reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systempag*xfdx )+3a s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lmln)e+a f;0n gike earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest 0 e )l+manf;gnnon-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers, cf/qrf83eoy 7sst/u


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densi:qp falj :s 0az-+yaq mldl+/m*z-qp 3ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltri91 f1b2jszxw achloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available se)cg b0 rz(m,i5ovapvimo : 9,zawater-filled glass orb, which gv):(9z,m, proo50vm bi iz acincluded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationunp(m:0mkh m9kqv ;7, ntm.is.

  Figure: A natural energy cs)pp;o9*yqfs 4v*l ajonversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinqw n,xif )5bmsz/bq f72f00jcs in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false lsdozv7kl +0 p9reb(+w0t/0 s.gd na iwhen discussing a pyramid of biomassi0z+gd+ p/bkns9sla7tw.r0 e ovl 0d (.

  Figure: A pyramid of enwz1k ;hw:cs)ssp 3v; tergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiviy;r wzxa* . kb ;mbe4y5+8 nlfooimu8:ty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine pi9( ks mpi(dxga36tx 7t hq1.food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi wzte5:6o8iqr f5/m/8wvizzno e9cf 9tey0 )o l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ;udy ,e;fb :nzaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system witqw: *f(gu e8gih parasites on a consumer *iqge ugf (8:wlike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthetfoe7*) jb q(psis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Pho)p7*be(qf tjo tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT y;-9/ e9f vkx ah omcada(5xwww+7m7nq:ceh3as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eners nts(3pd j:i4q2 ,ksngy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the p cw)u 7 wvzga3s 3k*z-bo5ady.rocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyv.bou73s5yww)- * zc zgaak3 ddrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to a13gtwg*hj zc0)jvf- 444guzp7kb ccother carbon sinks. 4u0 j7*c 4c4gv zh3zap) fgwb1gj-ctk
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thegp* k8a8o z mt67;bzul carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeg+q+7o: e7tdlt dmc5har


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr8qt vjsd 8)+pc,wq 3gcuc/ fn3ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaw8 vv/+3xj-nn* +5 yehykrnba ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marin( bk3; x nzr:/rsjwq8se carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thes8 pxylxs;u 9bxq54h 8 carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow invb(4glopg /8 w an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial eco 0ys:pixk imy6v6h:p ;system in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement )zt u.:nrpeg ;fsp9zh,6k7yg that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a /8k,j edywt, krcz:j :human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy j:t,z ,e8cjk:kyrd/wcle.

  Figure: Average per ,h *3875ax .sueon cpc8ekglucapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesk2pewy 14ah p 63bm*nx/7kmskf6k :l c from a pioneer community to a cli24nky 1a6psf7w/hmk:6 mkblp3xc ke *max community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following m8vdnr xy* 7q2is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ccjx .1ha-rl xz6 h3;kyapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wiq(x +j(d(zih4tpfj3bg pp)1s th an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light andi j1q(jt3(gbf (x+ p) 4pdhspz the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ,o 5:hb /pd8iuyr rpw6annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries a4vpf/rrj9 iv) q, ei2by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fve3 d*e9w 6npzor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, bqr) ,t5hg jg5(5 ac2pakcuxets- z5,Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’bk5du p q7lt6ne-9s0qpy choosing one or more statements from the fk7n 0usqp5p le- qd96tollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clim * 2)s 0hz 9kzwdbx0df,e;djwmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors)d s ww*0bjm0ek9 zzh ;d,2fdx that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesto xuzstg p(f4 6rfh7x3e- on0; biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem:.l w o6:lqubo.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy do 58 mo/ql. o(qdpgw5h5dd /n


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two bgbjbwrj,z fb7p 5* 70herbivores in different biomespbb 7 wj f5*bj0g,r7zb


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biows9rqs*i b)qy8te e(:diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communityi s):w9y8teqbq( ers*.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in desc0 tp- x* v51wpfh6usgq ts-yx;ribing the changes in productivity during primary sswy0h*5p- 6s;t - pu1qvtxf gxuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sb c c4,wrf3w9hecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect oxm+55fm,;ayaar t b(cf temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ,amy(m5b+ a fratc5;x



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie(+9wdih i g6)pn7 4*hj(qzhrkhcga.uld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seriesayzi),t0azuc- q,pj4a oa2lv8cxe l :d 9n 9y7 of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of whichvcp,l,zjiy dnx8q aa a 429-)zyoc:7laeu90t 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multc(.bve zp e(z1m+/v dwg(d-bh iple readingsgbepv(+ 1 ddz(c. -h/ (vzwmeb of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sappm f0k9 9.;igh+nsor 0.t nsdmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fod-fzr -8ttwc e/e0hm+r two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for 4giaqg.v-rj :7 y-om bspecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqueu6n y qxh d;q7:miap05 rm74cos is not effective for sampling motile (movc :h7p4im;xrduya q7o0qn6 m5ing) specimens.