What is the best definition for a specie)c dfg5 v a/aqahb5peq. /es(/s?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I +a8 7ko-nebmwtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a ; sd2vhz: nn8tspecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;tzd :;28 hsnvnFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati ;y2c)ggc6k5l yile2 qon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of c6) .hjgctj i3a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a *n -l0oqq0o dosmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yearsn d 0oo-q*qo0l old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a huhla9 3(- k9wla3,cn+g irnjpopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oc,er8sms+q x;f cur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect ths ,eqsf8 xmr+;e wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over ti , 6)uy7r/mchizrj5 qpme.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailsk3gd0 xr76(cqzu;nw*oao7*ndt cj1 y feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. k7guj( 3ya1nqz dnc*6;*odt 7ocxw0r
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chrb-mtgc89hb( nbok): 2 hd fv)ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer ws-guurz6) 3y w vw+x84b olt7hhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wa 4uwt6g ywx-rl+o u)sb378hzv ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec-fxdr l5(z2zuea.nk :n 7jjj1 osystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biot4tq dv8-u/dvn z3p h(mass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture th-tpnz(dhvv8 t4ud/ 3q e presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptijo +cwc-d y:4qjzyipqh d79(.2w3z hfon of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by g4 2azy3e2h2)nwuw 8)ns)qlig w slb6 releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundingeuwai3ngb g) w4lqnl26w2 shzs )2y)8s. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated1e,o aii(o,x ml8 y nv:*1g .w8amfxcd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ene: u)8ebp47ocntu5y e- 6xgehlrgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species'xdt,wf.rs9 t- 7aq/:vyn xkb: niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3t :w ,tr-sdbqx/fvy. 7k9:an x?

  Figure: Graph of the rate o f 7 6 :4h3mhjf7k;2sjyulpgaif photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated1,txy u;oc;v b rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafq(qok crh*rrm9.. ga 2fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Oaro(q 9 km2r g.c.h*rqkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of-g2k, t3gewin energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foonmbqt* 4aod/tlm 2n1 1d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the cqf cga;res6im0 986 9 bli-r;t 1sbuycarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaeyc8mfg6b6 tu09 qsirac - 9 be1lsi;r; from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionv. 9r (/mwy bsd0:yoda:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemenl* pzm0ov y-60ouhocp a2( .aft of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw81jlt1. ope )okmle:i.c fxs2orms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic material1e.xs)l o epoftj2l kc8m i.:1s.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidcr c(z f/soe*6)l -mlf of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a (nk(vm9ijz 4,xh, wljpredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodip) ,cyz5)1z ryqnu1m cvhenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquat+*bzu3 q mkcolhf6:zca3s*ro g5;7vbic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, whichco 3g3u s l6+q5ab 7bzhm*vcr;kfz* o: included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an pcv f9kn79+go example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converx el.ldt-yq4gg7x,9 p /u;nwmsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f+ *di hzwf8uv;ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followi.zme7pm*1g r- 3lnf s6 z)iczwng statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.nc*)ep17r gi s-. lzwf3 zmz6m

  Figure: A pyramid of energde8i27 ;j txor*-tkrjpz q78ey


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produm5g8shqq2+9ln+j pq ictivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wy :jlk1g-zm6.fsjkkf7+k8b j/f; mx neb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst 0 pa3e:jh4em i: s*l9vm(u /yn0dvcvrem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does notvip1e mp6n8sd7z84b sj-5 ofr gl 6-fk accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah s+kz29. gh wl+zt,+ cvit+vzajystem with parasites on a consumer lik,v+zzl+vk+ w9c thga+t. 2zije the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correct4)rl6v+ d5xz 8ms.ihdmc.v xtly from the options below.Whatil vhx v5mscx.t+6)r.z dd84m is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that yo 4ebcdq; e8vt7am 95describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ene,+nxe 6 9gvegxrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convy f 4; jnk.vvvezf718verts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrn v k.8vy7e;4fvz1fjvates.

  There is continuous cycling of ca dexl6 1fyqqipes4,0/rbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. xqp/0l1e 6 i,yf qsed4
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the sk-g r5ety6ii6 *(kerlongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year ep :f1tts1 txx*3ph1 m


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar2 af;wa ,rw,rqcq3s)f e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculag0+aiwn qziiv9i- f893 nsku,ted.

  Figure: A simplified d qx acd1l2d+:rh2q w.ej+1a naiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throlz xy8/u4* u b8su h-duhpx1+cugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy0,vwkgdq 53bkstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ,w37ls8enxi): *w0 bxdcppu w in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that n;zytay wi41a 6k uy74is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thn)0rkby0 ttk0kk vs4 (e nitrogen cycle.)sknrbvkk( 0k4ty00 t

  Figure: Average per c+lmw(y3cwz + :z /cjvoapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP 7rq.u ,g/ wv8q1fdj zpas primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clim 8/fjvqqrg,u p7wzd.1ax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampler 0,jje ytp6ogf;8-wr1edas j*z4u 7e of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cnqzjw+4l +q5 zapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pf7c u7)jp pa3kija,6hlant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of tu 76)p7k, paihjjca 3fhe experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages 4yb+6ul0 py,heslh gqu:c3*p& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishduauk6 9mvs 1ol(l3q0eries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datfw:k+ ugxf+)*ye i1 oka for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 0bkz(mb c n(wg( 125lzm n.xoj



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by c .wnff3 z;ao+jhoosing one or more statements from the f +zaf3fj;wo. nollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph8.dvl 7fn uz2jysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.7v2zlnf. j ud8

  State which is not a descriptnetoh 6f7 dix1/as5l 7ion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedxorf5f;8 8 wft to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita7*v*vvysw/ey-9blor9 d;t hb ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produw cq3u1 :0 ouedc/co9vctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomw3cuo9 ucvd o10e :cq/es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP zh+ )q/rlc4sa+e nt2rP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. +ca nrrt)+ z/s2he l4q
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the 6+;jvs l..l*lgxnshsi( wejb.0afi 2changes in productivity during primawlia *xn gehfbi2( vsl.+;js0 j.sl.6ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that catvh2r)x xq,*jrvxs ; j1*7rk rn be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate+0lmf vy(rwq i;0fv1 r of photosyntheiqflw(y 0+f ;0mrv rv1sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel2 x1 -5p*del dldnare;d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect tr/h*5ap6rpyhe,p5m x8muz* v raps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetl8zpm* 5hyprp v,h6 xm eu/5ar*e A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importqn2c:g,+m)y q dy/vvarca) ,tant to take multiple readings of the same factyncdqav :yt,a,m)q2 + vrg)/cor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sa ms1at yd6gjlqg( mb1m;c/(1 empling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data foruq2se v0g 78wo 9h2hht two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data ee g*8h(b/vt:mwwkn/ for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques iscm6d-fgp7j ec8 kac; , not effective for sampling motile (mova -pjc7 ,dek;6mcc8g fing) specimens.