What is the best definitions3d/h ba(tr h0 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyld3+q h ku-q+t


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact/c tw9.fahu3aor 2;Fach ut93a/f .wactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populateqom1f,f 2+ enion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciem(rj i1lnc s:yf/ar /(s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizv4en8 u ;vo bl01ydj/qed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five ye8jvqy4 1ube;l vo n/0dars old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a okkd q1 ieqox barlg(f:1;1 20population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameregacu. uneb 2dl)z30/ica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prenb)3 ./u0acluzd 2 geey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a p17du p+q k3hk r;bbx-jopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and s) r0z1ml ag/s7pj t(q.mgj hzdqe3)/bnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.7emtjzh bsd j(1grzq)/ m0/ 3.)plagq
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsv 4za)e7e-t nk in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed s0/p vt3 cuxo3veal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th3vvpc0utx 3 o/e cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecow61 l ybx-7ywgsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi oke;6p9ujn ,eb fl4).*xdarsth high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also ilae d*n) ur9 p.6f,;kj4xosebnteract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is . hym 5evyvp2-a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rdc9a6 zbfrb2,h 9m c 3vs8ga5heleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and th9a c9bz8scb6rf,gvhm d5 a32h e fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivab*yy0ovjl yk63wwk *7 tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedz)xo o4 /k;+xss5(k *wfm2w5 k imiczo for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that wo zy:fqq +7de)m 0taw6sc+(icould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ani:tzqaoq6 c+ds+70y)wmf( wed Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesinencp rt+3 p:p7dp,6.sj:-x fmh r4er;ksb k7s at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice chkwm1wzj(3k 2.95chmji ng a;ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf.y*jyova63a d fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruita6 y o.jya*d3v. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in ki0wjbyu3v7k;k pgoup9 i/;; )xoit7 a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wep*u3dq .1ub bub



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livep7a;izr;9x w)kw l:5ggxd1f b,-ipul inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxi,bl57gk zx;-w wp:pf19da r) ;lgi uxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: pe5qxr 71n6uwh 84 mhz


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in n 7if. .xdpg)vthe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes6xn5/ u*t.vxl aw,ox dt describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.nvxudo/a.*lw xxt6 ,5

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofbq 0;hhwh1wh 6 numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator jln7) docl 9w0and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodd*1a-erxipgyoe,r1; v j1o0gldr6w -iphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic0sdxy2 s ill:nx,kd0 7 mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass onl yi07 sls:xkx2,dd 0rb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatioe(7ziz(jjfenm h10lr+v 5hm *n.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion s,w syck30 mgcn(q7w ;eystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins fdf*z n*yfi6s((e. qg7p kb5s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thev.nx21 ed-v5ti.,ph jrxm: dd following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomatd 5i.v,x.mhx1p erd -n j2vd:ss.

  Figure: A pyramid ofgv6)s7kvoxs:tut.b t10 fib) energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity iq-d 2-as2ak vgnuu53hf,h3r ln an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fops2xu:ov;ktu; gd0a7 , tka0ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil;35kvzz7n etrwu f k1- ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foohlhknl t t.zs6rem tf5+en 7:)kf*rqi .x 0.p9d web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav ( ac+t ptest6hv3v2f:annah system with parasites on a co ac(fttv+:v63t shp e2nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rf xthuq/xt+9)espiration correctly from the options below.Whatx9/ q)+fhut tx is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an-c ;87 i ;vr2wwnydw(+mfou tm insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos2i t4 hf9ow0yxystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to9 we:zmo:ep y3 carbohydrates.: w3eezp9 myo:

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphee1w5 tat2zdx )re to other carbon sinks. t1 5xed)a wt2z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that.pf kwpkrk272l skr. g0(txx; requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecoblzc0 j8kqiuq2 4u,:rsystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trum v /*.tdxvcki(1q kf tn,a)9pe.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP)**z :mojnt sn0 can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tzs:v(4 5xs,/h ig,9xje /phf tzi p.eahe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrbk q:z9 n:p-jo3nlyylk/+ o6mough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in 5np90 +n gcsom/ aj i43(dw-vpvb;9cxwb lbq(an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest9mm qpw u(tlm0/b i-d*rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is notcyshx)nc70 x7qm )n: 8vfspi4 true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrjjn9(4fc3u3m pe (cqw5fr ez1ogen cycl9(peuqnjr f( cjfz w5cme134 3e.

  Figure: Average per ca+ ;gj1ubh7rv lal6dm2pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiajp/lxj01/oe0g1s l o(se g ,vversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to lp0 js,es/0gvxooe ( /ja1gl1a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an45j n:4nlhrxr/ d8;ku;ka ksnr*ppp2 example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi9 ,eb0h dz 3tearu,/zkta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elode gkqmt2) g0c2 nfoq:r;5iwl,ea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in 0:ml2;nf qi,rqt5g)g owk2e c both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages xb2s+8 n no8:h,ce(svy7uht b wi0.xs& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries-0ef;)8o+vky ddabf*9a bgxp by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome: bvp).j ch9gi

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom ew8tm+med-0etu1 xq8e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemq. i ouz41bpo2xogf5 3ents from the following.235x qog ou1pfb4izo.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clima1t6 a9o,x.cvsdojxo5 ur6uy +tic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomess u6vtr,uo +xxo.o5ya 6c19jd.

  State which is not a dehfmq45ms .+ fkscription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct state hu7.xguepwuwh -/qsvz* vo0cb /5u kwu0)2p6 ment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy c7c;c-i pavoda :,4.ipgk/ mq


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pro(x1d4fa8v u) nmspya 0ductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biome(ndv8usp10x f 4)ya ams


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressv9 fk:enh h+qj x6*bx.es from a pioneer community to a climax covxhjf6eh:b*x+n kq. 9 mmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in 60i oe 65upwilec xy) xt-*4aydescribing the changes in productivity during primary succession. i)pe665e a4xo*wxyy -0ic tl u

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secc gb97 37q. nfanxpr/crhi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature o/5mzkf 1l)nud vfr+9 d 6nyse,n the rate of photosynthesymkn5ne69l/r1d fvu ) f,z+ dsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a +w7r8fssn3vm xbw4 o+ field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seryu*.n8l ry,a uies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the 8.yauyul* ,nrtraps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multips*x j+r tnt): b r(z xg4dl2/ul(lgg75tve k*ile readings of the same factor)sj*ilv(5nb 4ttxl7rgzld eug+: * x( kg2tr/.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eco2m8dd 9ez/w ztzn1 ib-kf9 /xllogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willnmn:t l/ rc*pqij2mqh-0.5 afow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of g v0n rbxvo q/dtg (gw9/0w4k)Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fo)v*f1mq k-lb2x) 5n bgpmf 0yollowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motileq b2)k-n5 f1 yp)flbmg*omv0x (moving) specimens.