What is the best definition for a spec 3irie/i y c8ej 9u:38zgb.f2 gxdiqt3ies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,, k-jn(ansfy,lgl/ 9e Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a,mkr ri1j;kz9 dck/ *d species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factordz9r *ikmjdkkc,r;/ 1 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofg,z-lnja 8 9pi a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp ;f1zg ux-eakl2 s3vn:ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t*/ lv1u8balqzsi3 yj- hat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed8b/u1isav3 *l ljyzq-, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popti x87mtx pj p;yny:ok23*8cwulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally itia w6*t3leqr7.-gb cn North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Appr gw-7.l bcattqri36 *eoximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth 5 emcu6fpz5 :y1gvvx2cyj* 7x of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thu:hr ,iar l-h0e remains of dead plants and animal:0il,uhrar -h s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains + 3gknw .qf wp3lm5(; ak-wexg


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sea* -b fpn.lqvwt9i(1 1tmrxe* p8:h hytl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live an1hbm. l r-phe8ytnt fq*1x:vtp(wi* 9d interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from hcy6(y01(dz kdn-v v/ 0yn e+xwujwk7ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known ta5b,x)e b )n nwzg*6vpo have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interd*nwp 6bb,ngzaex) v5)ependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a f dev x6h:z3b)ti35m;xmo kyb0ood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by vi 0z*x4ky k /mtk3;uoreleasing digestive enzymes into their surrounding; /m uk4zyik *o0ktxv3s. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationda dce,q;o ,2nvp/vz, system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for *w, v( (ibkhm8;ibpb zpyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speciestdcn amp4;wm 15ot1k2' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor1m4 tdkmtc w51 ap;n2o 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosy/x/ut*0ua*/ fa ca 2r*wncv sdnthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cr3sivpu; dyy2u;;dbutso .em;9 ,t*kultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like f;g)*xsmyo7fw ym1-o a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest im*ymf o-1fyxo 7gs;w )n the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.5bs(, bx 3jhr6pbjb:v k-i7 ur

  Figure: A marine food web b7i.pjmljk+n,69 y )fid mb /v



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live )ng8ji5+nyos inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxi)on8 5jgsn +yide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemikku .f+*y0rp5sl+bq bcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the o,9t:a e:ax j2k hc)tvxcean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follow-5 ph*l+6tu hed8b dhking terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then breu*pl8bdhhhkd5 6- +etak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofx p2 k*/cx d26dtg1gqp numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator aa wlld7k d 3q,m1ce,1ynd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltri7,7 lrr,6ctb, zyu lxwchloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocos0(usz2pbm15mfz, pq3 lb rvkf7ujt +5m using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, ,q5s7mt 213v0 l+prkpj (b5 fmubuzzf some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fo4evi + .ym ir*/tsv(aohsk oyt*0*zx:llowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion vm:ugi /fz7b9iwb (wiw unuo269q7l 0system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsy hnq6b;:e trctarae0i2 )zfk4 18 ukow1y.k2 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid n yj,v9+tbttb g9fo98of biomat8,yvb tt9o9nfj 9b g+ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy 89)rx qwq7 ejx 9grusm8sws*i2e1/vb


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in bh*vlqb+ nz1j a9w47p1ud.tp l r.a) 1jwcw;san ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w8urkvx4p(fjp6x /lw .eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in* oa/7z;n stb7qfo u/v a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe ak)ah+ 2dbw pq2 food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a r9 z*qja9 i,uhsavannah system with parasites on a co qhi au,j*zr99nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly w*3,nik zrr-it-tss8uk5u 5kfrom the options below.What is n5, i*8w i rssktkut-ruz5-3k Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.jbl-3gh/8t.p4v ppe s
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy -ya ja z cy)22b2qsr)v/)r f2br zd4fcxw;ir9 is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the p+eo*q j:go)lplgl36f rocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrf joo:3p *6 )gelgq+llates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fro(xpw*ob di porq 3-n2,qfg;w0m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. -ox f ,bpq3*g2(ripnq 0wwdo;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbob5x atgwq+mqol 6n(/ (n cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / lc 7x;d,-kasb3 )wuzgper area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements th n+t7htmke5-tat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitutswi bvpn p16*q+y(8y (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cahlh2 r3tw 7e:ex;gma 3rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb5j dwhd .c622p zf .xygm*fl9bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow z2/eb+otp l i(9ng+zj in an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr6 k)gelxz +g 9;vms/snial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemeos/xa,b xa9is hb z.b: :.nqi8nt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the 5b:a97 j8vxlgz r2lv efollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyv8 gz 92:lrabxje vl57cle.

  Figure: Average per *v.:kb,ervme:rr( 0hv bi(c eu3zv-ucapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaefs0 s13kaz5eqju dkij 465m /ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cdk3154fs 5 zaee0 ius/kq6 jmjlimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following+p:jd6rxc; rlkzw+-b is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap 1bzcvw*.1 qhtdd5tckk0/+g jmwk 9j(ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pla r,7)lgv jry6fnt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after 6lry fv,jr)7gtwo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flo(85sdfe :zf8ljqe n3 dws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 193 4ak+zcl/ 7ywigf7d9te+ d ve88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forzjf1b u s h,x8,w:tk+f-*ehk d a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofo ;:+b0ochq85wh oxkz Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zona) 8wzw32ebkrqtion’’by choosing one or more statements from the follow8bzk)2w3 e rqwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables.fi ,az9kna0n5 (b0plwdrh.b6cp1 0pj List the main factors that characterize the pzp. a wbr5ac0l6 (ndpbn0f hij,10 9kterrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.due55kao.i lf 5zdc2 ;

  Identify the correct statement related to diversitgy-o6k89xf7e h qfcx /y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy(c76d5rves yqzgqjl c 0s9n/ 2


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two he 1;ct4tw/ v6qfo:wg8 k0uuaz;kvz 9avrbivores in different biomes oq9 fu1 ;gvwt0a6w;z/k :z8vcua4kvt


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodive +plr7j (z fwi puq1uz3xjv/9-rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionp il- vjf zu(z 9317wqpxrj/+ueer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not;br45uww+ dk l correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary bw+wurd5;l 4ksuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using ah:kle0y(j0pmjf5wy3 .h9i t+aby7qu Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature ob1:kxw3x ( tprn the rate of photosynth:pk1 3bt wrx(xesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field-;nbnema adga36oxo )x ;*zb 4



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of-w4 g5knm()a je* bbzu insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were amb(z5k4-b*ngujew )marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipe 60ai 7n: dokbb sm,:;ht2dxnle readings ;abe07ndi :kx:modhs62,bn tof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling gfmpg :,0fgp 0 2sq 3sziubh4dc7s93b


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two shd-e ht+(y(dc amples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts:sx/vp r6 1u9h3gfvm n of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques 0r qn2ou0)of jscicse x0:* i5is not effective for sampling motile (movi05x0ciqors0 s*ejo2u i) fn:cng) specimens.