What is the best definition for a spsz(w abv401 +fk(gzm qecies?

  igure: Climate graph uhlm ,48av3pddp -bgo-gi4 h)of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could d6 rfqv4/ hpqme.5 )hanescribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor qa54 6)h v/efrq. nphm3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popxh.,0yjiq lf;qz+ lo*d d -.wpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp 2jjn63old xdh5 6k8htecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble brntm .- 87t wrw-*jcethe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat -ew jwbmr*.7tn8c-tr fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms isa/3 hz0/gnvost: 7*ivhgf5nf a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Norrb4a5.kphlu 8zp+(r2 *i tjezth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returnetr z*p5er+l(ip 2ja .zhub8 4kd to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pmoyv0 *bluui 55s 8go6opulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snail*dfe c2qh)y8 0o3g5mm ujow. vs feed on the remains of dead plants and animalw.05 q8hmmof*c yjvg32)duoes.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tdn o37 oy 11 qd74csva.cq)xxfoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, knk)9 .xbfdph4e 6t) apiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the c.e) dakppnx49ft b 6h)old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enhppctip maqe94/;w+17bvw * pergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and am+ds/ fa*19hx.7cwu,h mw yenq, wi:j large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presenceq/xwh*dwa,.cejfm, u:s mwh 1n+79 y i of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptionx1wh ic* m*o2e of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymed6ou,x :gy ) yjlmxm4 ox:q+p,9 mf h5v:utc*qs into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then*dx qy:fmou5 x ylhqgu49+ cmt:6 ,, )omxpvj: absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cvw6fpu,enq0j;m)c u d +f7aoyf-s/ , jultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrg vk66hhq+ qp(amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is2wm zwg lbo31w2o 0ip)k 8*tto Factor 1; Factor 2 and0 wt*8wptwo)olm2 obig2 z1k3 Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different th5x gv;4bdwi-,xd . rfemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culy1 mlx/e9djvx g8) .hmtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffeq)x;ug( t-idn )kdx s u*s; p./rqny(g and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent d)qsku qg/*; -x(d;rnnp x(t. i yug)son the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowzie7n gu2g9yd*l alie*+e 14x in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web d/ee+sboka9r5 9tag kax4z ax :qh1 ;/



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbov(f osl9nx h.w(6n j2*jog* ibn compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.269vx .l(*( nijsgojfw*b hon
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti:n s)rt s5jz sjv0h7n g3cyj1xs6d 4)f9yf 3ccon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of (6 rbklmtb7z2 the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tereewrw+7x45qs/a*p u vms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then bre*75vrpa/wuw xee+qs4 ak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of yox3o 7hl,io- numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and 2xpk-)fav* oez5pvo 4its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)+:qp-lv c(tkt:
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabl,z q (m2a9hxclnpz;ir l51e/ qe seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, so ,p5iqzlecla x1(hq9m;r 2nz/me corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the * wg;xwr8 x.z:gyvjv; following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energe yth4om)7f3 d-rew+ oy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in onb se+ y2ai45acj7c 3food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyracr w :d9dqe9)rmid of bio:de9r dcr) q9wmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneu74q b :ysp.gdep b)s3mhay- 6rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represenepl7 75rps/bfvnu .+ xting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wkl7o 5g0jmj7+lj5y uweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a3/ oi i y.(2x*oyyushq soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acp7xa8 dhen/k3curately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numberpox il (i-k4ss2 3vw6rs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites onoxis3l42vp(k-r s6 wi a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corm ksqv:y3iux4mie. l+ , qf1p fo+ur:+rectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respr+ ui vo:4fu ey.mfsik+q,ml 1xq3+:piration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insec2c0*5a fnie0yja uwao8j-y1aticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eneuu n-i:lii r*w:(4xum rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ap /uqau9-jl(;:uq28cn y3r lu xubbt(ir to carbohy:;2 y(8ajtlr9b/ lu3x (u-uuupbn qqcdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospht(dct8k 0 5xp 0nnlo,were to other carbon sinks. o 58nck,n0(t0dxltw p
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tp1nvop in/m4k-w 7 qy5he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area p p77vnin ,dm bvo s++i-zgkxq/h, bh-:er year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.b:+ ox/lslnr )ya2 p9mvk1/q n
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondna)akc rrtz)2f 2x72kary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ca) ,, kqrwgsm:5gq3f hbrbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carboceo5.(j5hvgc9+ kr5. nughz bn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow iultp,e.ins8 z4y y.i0n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyscy+mxo pnw2 3k.9c ;rgtem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrif6(ptq 8capc* ew 4hg6d-ik.ulxg)u b.ying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inj/h+sd/k0zh pz ,dez+ x2ee m:duced effect on the nitrogen cycle /hkd ezepzedx: +j2s0z, /mh+.

  Figure: Average per capkwddvn-v6 i9*pq:s 94xlan* tita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivelu.02clpq sb agh7)ie ,*rxg6y.2pek p 5*gg brsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from p cb2rgsl2ug .pbge)7*geq, 6.a5lx *yh i0pka pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp2vlis* 1o2nwv afm4 *o0oen9zle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capfvp te sh2k5:wt43 p/qita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plh1x .a8p je/d:tosz82 +ncmz:fcyj*s ant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygencjzxfecsnpzm2:/ashj1 8+: 8. y od*t values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagpc:5 ;iwcw jk6a ds u;r-ol2f:es & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988g 1gug,8m kyp2-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi swi25gy5qo3rome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph re pj 1mswzq*7rk7)6wof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsz ccf9/pl1mt.qw n9(jyx; td3 from the fw3z(tnydmxqcl/; j.9 fc1pt 9ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ojmg7c*ku(k*;fu 0i +h whqlz 4ther physical variables. List the main factors that charac c+*i*q0u 4 gf;w jk7mhlz(uhkterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforeork4gn7qnr)jg4d 8 j *st biome.

  Identify the correct statemenp (gfdc5;9,ghv/x xtjt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapfv t l5bpjn(+5h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivit(1)fxi)tc hhf y and biomass of two herbivores in different biomefhh1)(tcf) x is


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pre 2 6yex9, nlh p+zyu7yyk+tue3 ,umt-p ij*u7ogresses from a pioneer community to a climax community6luz92yynepj y 7mu ,eey hpuk +3,tut*+7x-i.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements iihq- mk8.) ezhcg ,;prs not correct in describing the changes in productiir)hqmch. ; - gezp,8kvity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be t11ew0 ovyd;zmeasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate o/dnd4,enws k5 f photosynth s4n 5kndde/w,esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielo2h0x4 ug okmoc nd(95d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture ,krwm;fopcu*:/9t -qzv a iz/ specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, /*tz-o wi/ mafv:;uz, krqp9c of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabiliv3egsn4p,i 7sty of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factogs3 p74nsiev,r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedv. l ltfl 11lznl57lm/ in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek i h8-kb-j wefe90v(no




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partz1s.o-18u8dlt p eeuts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sad3nfkx5g /*e8pvh /a c8rs0.l a(uepmmpling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movingd8ncg*ua (s8/ ler/m50v3 pp xkha .fe) specimens.