What is the best definition for a species w17 nfk-;(b*ygrvld f?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Im m7d8s1i 2 gfhregily,p 79:ftaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor mcr9x 92h5( dwo0j0z mfq go;qkmb1 7o1 ;Factor 2;99kx7 fwdg hbmo;j01moq0 m 5o2( qcrzFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatioorslki9zzks;.n9 v;p )ufap 3. x,;c pn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp9l4t tbvto+,k ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe andp. *a z1 wwqs(j;t1jti has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six month s*ji(1.;zqtwt1paw js. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is jwzxebv6a:snov(v ,+8hrrl; 6r w-4b a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Ca2dl(( zj/stzenis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population eljt2s/d z(z(in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the grow h, bnfs-t1h*buf:+9(zsj xnqth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remainsa z7 *.rdiy28ax9jbx.ts 3ecd of dead plants and animax8r2 datb.3yec9.s j *a7zdixls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxiwt4 o-c7wk7ge-r8u. zkquwq: ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, ki4gv:)m9p5u bctt4 9c z sark*+lkx d.rller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and inter t9uacp: )4z+*9bklkxtr5mcs 4d.v gract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ed goyt 5m 7vlch* cs*9uu.)yh-nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high y7u-bs kqz8 4:hi(a*7kp soi dproductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurayqz sukoik*7:(i 8phd4s7 -bture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that ik,in:ng2*dc6 bi e8p8a qfg 5es a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienm:fox zzed4 zhov; s-z hl pv.f7er 9v78.5+kfts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and deca-.7:d.4 5fzvzso o+ve zzmf hv h8lpf7xre k9;ying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricf tsfwic/s3sj*m ,.d.e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o5y2r1lux e2qso t47 xlf energy.

  List three factors that could describec;icj9j p uylq9l*7 6z a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fac 97i*pqz9;lycjjcu l 6tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentv2 9p 4nnr4onf temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rii.. bzm-m-o/ha1 ivsfce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe +ty q:znzm)dzy;pir 7/e5-yt s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the It+7/t-i 5tz)y r dq; eymn:zzpyuri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripi q fgr;n8np1nin.xt - bl6cp-g0f 5.otion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web g0 itfz53gv7bk y-uk v+p3 c* jnf1ky-



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon0is qs prh46k) compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diop0shsr kqi6)4xide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic poe4v)0 9dslcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean hfj 0(qmq(k 2ahql)6e


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best m;di3yvp:/a cd ;2rrc describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m d;;ciycp:rv/3rda 2 materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrw jz) -.z.,)i5wpdbss8rr pckamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities offi dlw( f o(i.0mprntnl0a g4-(p v3q4-yj a7l a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodioym/33 ezzrs0,fo lk +k9yj1z phenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sjn5d ahp *1bd.*i+oe veawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following saih n*b*.ve p+5odjd 1tatements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an eqr9q(uikp1 :o 8jf 7qwxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enes3hy-ejb l48g) -fo9z rsm7i grgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo9-asn0 .yafvbg99 wkeod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid oyvh-q7 yms 73gf biomasy v -37hygm7qss.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene432kk3s bc,sh* ow sjwrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in anoxm3i83a4t9pg wvdd / ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin5drqzco m tij9hmx //f0(n ,9ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem 0 j9sp2 ze,qia




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuro y j4ua*(1yjw jve5x(ately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah(prz h 2czvybuh; 3o18 system with parasi;r1cv3( hyp obz8zhu2tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respil(-pur l*-w p 5h5ufphration correctly from the options below.What is uphp5*w5 ( l-pl hrf-u Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as coi4ik lkbf9+9h: wxqa6 8x :can insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losmk)c0f8 qy e*st from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the a ;1+uvp j6aazllvz5; ggm8 iu*uhlvzfr((,;d ir to carbohydrates.(,r uv 8(v;upz*fhv1lijmllzz6 +a 5gg;;dau

  There is continuous cycl/ 4ea sl8k,wdhc i 0 o2dt5j;umv;u9riing of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. dr5/wj94adk8tclm2 s,u iie uohv;;0
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l jwdz oo4g635xongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / //u,lxpy uvhk 6oe1u6 per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen 8vg 5k-hvble3m f v4x/gx9pu.ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondr8rq)d3,z,0ok2 l4;e r2vlvc gibmfmi nu 1g;ary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbowmhm-pal r;qy 5w;97v n cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throut(h lga0i+1up gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an kp 6jdhh 7*.)pardr.v ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terref cy xv51.tgg4strial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of den /zi3eota*c7iitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c( ugwfsaj pn*4 pl8 xej8+0rng77yc8e ycleppwy 7 8gra(n j80j lx*ec7 efgn48+su.

  Figure: Average per capitvdu- ku;op(2fhipux u5514my a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as h95ht7 4e)5cxij 6ybscw( gxbprimary succession progresses from a pioneer commg5t4 cb9y6ihxsh5wejb() c7 xunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa (z p zn2cotq25lcdp63mple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cahi97y 2v;z+ gujgdl51qf;gi apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usingif1* :gxkpl2s bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment f2ip :sxklg1*and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows1tlq 8izo; yswnjd/+40y3ywn k 3vgm) in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishecfs )jn3+oso /ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fozd zoo(ah pc,d8,l6i e j;yd5.r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I5ngj(ok c)wx3taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choo 5np5d:ur gk9msing one or more statements from the following.5gnp5:r uk dm9
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by3uwdjtim2 pgx 8pk 7;/ climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize th 2m78;iug3pwkt j /pdxe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a kbgx :c1u9jysnqf1*i *rbnx- 574t qsdescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity)i*0fh .opnv ( 4mozuw in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rnoa3 n h7;foyhpa k+,z, iw,k4uus18 tome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary producwpa7 p 3cp6 s;z;4vrkltivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomep7aspk;43cl ;6wv rpzs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP an-q8eqqm 4 wh2))ogdxlhh;*kr d NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community o)dh e8hq-k;gqlw42 h)*qxrm to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is u6 q1xe 6oohtpc1rbk+i1 6e0co dp-)enot correct in describing the changes in productivity du6 11 x0epbo dcpe6-kuhoe1+)ticorq6 ring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor po0-hw xf z6kn n.1y5x3zs ,gqyc)du 7that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectq/l4 j/6ctqel ghok 91 of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisc1 gk9eq /jtq6 hl/o4l



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in apl2l ie 2g**p5 gy.qjp field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captu,rv 2 46uqvgaare specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were mar uvr42qav6a g,ked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reli zsx go2y0,fu./-mywqability of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facxmz./y,o uyg2 sw-f0qtor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecoloj;l4ie +rkq xbrz v 662pncr/7n5e*tqgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Co5l6*k-u p,xlwu. yxpreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of ) z/7fv4 armwr2mecz+Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folnk+ h8nk )ddm3i )oqux0e -fn)lowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motiq)ufn0 )h8k-knem o + )n3xddile (moving) specimens.