What is the best def3hxhf;ezfz 840 vv6 guinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graphqjdlje7f(u53 3re 2fsg (vsd qp)vg +; of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni4*0cxr h bici+8lql( mche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factc lb(q* 8ic4l+hr i0xmor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of adnwm hz3d57 h1pj onxmgp 8mn14(.0hf population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoo:nhta d s(n;5x.+yeisoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb udgq1e9kjn8 a/uf(l :le the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the moth :gfnaqjl/(e89u 1kuder gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a population.2zg: f8),f+7w8txaawj -7dbvqz gqhs

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nort i *h+cysh1,lh(k *,)mjydrwwc.b9cph America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domedr*b yhym,c1kpis)wwlh(9c .*j+ h , cstic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatioj : mh4n6oyvc(itfqbdc0- /8w n over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on 8s0at(lreoj/bj4h2 3xa e p9zthe remains of dead plants and animah0 alpt9ar4eo bx8se2 (z/jj 3ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chae1t27cwcpn c5b x*ju(9- ckpvins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sealzv rq +of:m81w, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact wi+w1 qz:ofv8rmth each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosa: 4iiphf(ug ;yi9u)i l4 4vnkpfw /m*ystems.

  Rainforests are know8t0y aay nobh9+ngg-)n to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knowg8gyonby0+ahnt) a9- n to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementramee5m9v9 v4wei-5 g )fiwp,mesdkbo. :8e 4 that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by r: )vzs8jex c5veleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzyme z8x:jv)5ec vss break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricy+x . nv5c-j9rzz:k wze cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energo/v f 1-d1t;w)cctuypg 03us4ggi/e cy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor f1atf;my me.m 1 2i-:s:2 f(vvzam uvl1; Factor 2 and Factor 3afs-em a; vfm1 fvzm::il2v12 yt(. um?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differelzlt5b*u k(97cis9+ nnm ;cmg nt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systw)f nm3emp 92vem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thvx/6 64f vaofp /bpekp/c 5-qxe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to fae 6-pbpo xc4/ /q6 kp/xfv5vbe solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect dw uz5hlzo*(/pvdi95*y dul ii5hk7d3escription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we sgg d (r3xrou-uj1:;rb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liveyh )f,vn4qwvaatz1m8m8d d (* inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sun ,z n4vf(1*t v m8hdqwad)m8yalight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction9b l(kwsb, h4dp5r8 ih:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tsg,8m 5j f(fsf9tx s1she movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrs /un :kl)pui3ibes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then p/:3nl u i)skubreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers -i(bf8dol5iap7xk l(


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of 3tj-m(1 (k+t vy nyv otlrrm7;a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodinjs-m 67zgm-n rk - *fmogm (qka-g-r1phenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mjt hlxxm46ov9; 1whv/ b1c*nuesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glaswvn u1 ;94/6olth1jc* bxxmhvs orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr6sk7, 8ey)o ;x 2vinq al;nzbvansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversf (ap5sx0ods1 ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c v6az09)wgohm hains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followi ytem.:h l u4muqx3h,7ng statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomas,uhl :t7m e. ux3qhym4s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyuwq (95xl,4roblb yb q/b/f9 y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingqn apt urdh(xo+ )w/py;:ff )4 productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo ulv7jfakmd d5l.-l*ccj0w:u8t;0 ivod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst , mbka)lbiw+ fuq-yvq 553cgp.,4xgzem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ag(z4 w-ygi;;jxe4d xbccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savafw22b7+ynt c5ry:i rm nnah system with parasites on a consumey+mn 5fr2yr: ibt2c 7wr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respir5m2hzqxpp-ai + 1o bn9ation correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?o5a mixb9p-+hqznp21

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT 773 -j-uo: mvl xq)ttda zmk.huv5xc,as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyum-l0j0j+pg j is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyztzhu;hj b5h3ysb1*:du )f 3tdra:3yszt);jzth1huudh b f *5b3tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmo/uihxrt gb l.m17x9-3mw sg3.poux;q sphere to other carbon sinks.-;ghg93.3bmu ptx x1x misw.qul/ 7ro
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires teu9b e (1iz1tuj6mc,3e1t d fche longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pj-)hkdgx5 kx,5p; kh mer year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemens. ggp.h64 ppa-(lx onts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productipwqssg 5qg, qsr-/r 91vity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagb 5np m7w7qz ykl 6js737dud;pram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon e-01q t r p+hm5pbs-qzthrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in m- , efnn(z5mlan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te5-g vg+jpnfkax h+*p2rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyin7;dgcet nat0)g bacteria.

  Identify which of the fvc8 h5ehp gyv34wjud5j3 ea5;jn76n eb dk e88ollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyvuehjkv jangh;38 54jbw5 n 3p87ee85eydcd 6cle.

  Figure: Average per capita if0qtiojdfeb (b y;1 ;0 t6zkjtw)l* (7i (utj$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s3l,eo oc w :v;z/jh6i /vmm0twuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climae v :m/wwczi6,olhto/j30v m; x community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of ;.1v a ,5n*k gx*p8g9sr5aijsdipr grtransformation.

  Figure: Average per xm).bk m l*1h b2t.k9by1tcg tcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Eqj4(f/, 2wd arynonn3vn,9r glodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlesvn 4( ,2f9nrd r,nj/ naqywg3o.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stiah8hza5u dt 74r;gw+a wwc6d (hk(e6orages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 8hnnkntl- rp12z*dm:


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fog(3ub/b r *bigr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italte3ts 3 mklq4;1beo*oy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more 56h1zydck kppf87i7p statements from the followi8kypih7p5cpz 6f7k1d ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lisdta ig0v1)o7ssz /n2lt the main factors that characterize tho1ad)nvsi/2z7l0t gs e terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description ofi9 u h3)eaan.t the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemenc tx25e d6gi8ft related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap ald88yu:j/v,4 ktxtu h(poh8h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herapi s r/v 6kr-srf*65bbivores in different biomesrrv/s p s5i6b6k* f-ar


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primur,y* 0y c2bslec*tif71 ky/qary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitu tk ye7cb1qric0ys,2l/f*y* y.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingfy+*g3oswx4iw7t+k y statements is not correct in describing the changes in 7 owx4fs++*y tgk3iwy productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diskf: oi o(w0dig(.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the raj:w8z t5urd a(nr-snn6 5m1 -m r9mrktte of photosynthm5nz-k:5 -rr9r u s (dmmj61rn8wtatn esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fietuylq3 4 buu95ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapsc1r2 ruy65s/u f4.a. s p 3nulz6zzvla to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total f 6u12c 6.5pszrvnzzs 4l.yara 3u/ul of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impoymbi w6 :lht h;br28mhr0 a(-drtant to take multiple readings of the same factor. 82hml;b-mthh r0b:r (i6dy aw
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolg 7k6 4 c+jts4*r+ant0qhufx xogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crehp g,eu 9lbj/0ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for-5m mam5 z,t cnp)7zmb5g s:qj species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followingrha9x16xk p,o sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specim6oax91xrhp k ,ens.