What is the best defthg6r (6 zi ;v5ig4s:z0mijj vkpe6z+ inition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italx /l9t na qfi(*l1qrb7y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;9. n k e*ckbin2*:is,fcjmh/ lFactor 2;Facto2: .,bmsfi*ch/k9en*cni lj kr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve //. god,zq:encw bp+c of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciew)wnoktxu m0:xk6-pe 3s gf 2-s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like ac lz pn.y d(5gk7+x0mm small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives myx. 7m+z n5l0pcd(gkbirth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popug2d0(tk 3( arfbn:ol dlation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupusr km)-vyv )v:r)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land foyr) mr v)-v:vkr their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects o 1fce bd9(jpjvs .fszaa9z f 00o)9c4the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thuf 7h3-+i xokh0hjrlydc c6 /;e remains of dead plants and animals. i-rchd/uy3l +7 kxc 6hjf;o0h
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofqset,ts(gql83t 1 6lobbg -6p toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringet 0nbho/ : v4 wdtvor5xj-m5b6d seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each otheor5x d/v5 4 6bbnwhto:mt-0 jvr in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost b0 v 2 snl+0aby6rav(bfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pr9. ak x.+eguzhoductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have be9gu.e z a+xkh.en known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemen0a5 qke7u2idn 1:o1*ap/ssdm ueyf c,t that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie0;j-dob1 1ajivqjdnor a;;0 mnts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead andvndbj0 1-0o ai1jrjqa;m ; d;o decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati(sf0 edcr;eia 4cwn 0kbl.r62on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of e 34t+l0r a1paidjpe v1nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 18r4qg i jk*6:qdc:5ndcw n+nf; Factor 2 and wif6n5:+*j kq cq nr4nd:cg8d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffe(2 -uij v 4xocux. qkmjdq):u)rent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system l -gad9ty 61jfu/ af,a


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe :ji*j ola3h7t0h 9fgks that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the motk0*o9i3h j:hlg f7ajther gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptixhyqye/ + b0+ xgf+cu+on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wj0 zu2tvt.fuzx v-c25 eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liv z08/yacu8 x)a dlm u6 pw;2pp47lptlze inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundzpaxa8lu 0d lt87cp;l)z/ 6pm upyw42s produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re3ksf x1n xxz,;action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbo.p(1,h wmdisfx 2u6 nj 0t,xlc 4jgf4zn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms qz v3snxrofc-yw c7 g;nl/* 5(that ingest and the- o/zn7rqsxn3 wcgy*;5fclv(n break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of 7k +orhwk3h(.v v mop9numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pro /:ib5n6qmcssev g 9(edator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that :*o; fhg/ k)cb. igmd4hqe9o nare true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqzvq puqq +lou*1mr 976uatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled pu 1 9vq+zu6*lrm7oqqglass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformat1h,3q t8popbfm7n*t. sbxhzs :f -k we26.nksion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst c4.u fmnmt, 6od(l:bm :rsdd2em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo r)dbjl(9ls l+d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements o e*1lomex,x0is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma*,xo 01emxeloss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy srl nhe --t6l6 p;d(mk


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst)j0vytc(l gnain*3d )d3 pl;mem.

  Figure: an Arctic maj a2b6youah 8)fxq0k0 h:de1i rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi7ipl o vel,kih 2v;q3,l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not.j/zom kji p zi31mz(*oki6t4 accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sk5uzn (c5twl*ystem with parasites on a consum(u5t znwc*kl 5er like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration co( ;yas9 onk; xcdg.c3lrrectly from the options below.What is;o kals39c n.;dyx(cg Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidszg0f3gal9a,8wu .d368 wvgoduf2 nd e.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lohp ,3398nmt .ctxle(, qzox okst from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procekneo4k.jkmw cs; dx80d9r84 tss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyk84cx94k0n;dk .r e md j8wstodrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thl9 jzmicwmi-0f3u d(ru fw f.ts:l. :7e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. j:z:m.cws.u0i fi wf7mfll ud rt93-(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tie/*.lp98 ececcivct;7 5 r uawme.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an +iw;8g2kkao a ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen(p- ;*b0s *immpuq xbits that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) canut1o f 5 j*i,h.pc7hcm be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycljwy(.72qd ox4z3n k -fp4aj j9. yh9 ree;biboe



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car4u3j*2 psvicl; *u loxp* 7sjlrw3e-vbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anlye0: ngkjxh+o. 4vp+ . ws;wv ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow b0rp ha7w6jc6u9zjt( in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is nz ti hcmwdgolf b8:48p8 7s;2pot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eff*/0r ggrbfb v(ect on the nitrogen cycle.gb/grvrb *f (0

  Figure: Average per capi/ +i uj+q zuknhmf(iy*/;(vtota $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bioso mc jrvdtmpmph+ /h-,/i4jax; )snj8-) bn1diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionee1joh n ;+ms apij ,mp/)t) dxmcjnsr4b8--v /hr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thvuv19ies .1kd* 4hqq ue following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap of:j((cgftd9ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with1w pk/hv3(pzu an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experipvzu k/ wh31p(ment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ancqyb 4jr1k4flk78)tv ia 1 9cinual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-ll;6lhysrf( k80 :ndj2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datamoi /-bkb7 g-- adi8e(fabo jdxx+r*) for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyvrwn 8g n4g1q4



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements f2*e6g :py3 emwh7eeeqrom the follow 7 6e*m:qpege2ehyw3e ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patwc4+fis536tq8l8yxqr *z c l gterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrwqz3*x86y sl54 8rf tcgl q+ciial biomes.

  State which is not a description oj8+v b7t -gazbf the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to w9vn h hl3octa/h .b3r79k3yqdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 6 :5 538vj sjsz uyulmcf.6svpof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw 8-ee d71,xemsm:fxn lo herbivores in different biomes se,xn dl:7 me1xm8 fe-


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary6ff0qfpt0(ppy 0)5dkj x0k fl succession progresses from a pioneer commu5fx pj t)00kp6 d0ff(p0yfkqlnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the 4s* .zdast h(a1pe nb3 7r m9iw0;aqetchanges in prop0;4srid3ms1zaeweq(nt 97*t h .abaductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dva f6d me+g5m83kt7b visk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of ll u 4q5am4oz4temperature on the rate of photosyntham4 z4o5 4ullqesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat ino t.lsk- g gkkv3le3 2t2p+u7f a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to cap 0g -:8sskhpsuture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and wh uss0s8gpk-: ere marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rek s,iwg( (,zdyadings of the same fk (dzg, wyi(,sactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplinpof;5 pua; tn:g


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sicfuu*uvi 6/ql22t k:r2 a9r7z,.ox snj sg7damples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spexzoc; .op3hjs d;3r- ucies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technique15 ,juijzo0l ns is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specizij1l5j0 ,un omens.