What is the best definitd.wbk0.y6iscw2k mj v ; v+0hvion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,t3kaopo :ch c,zsg ;w4m7q v;7 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe aq ickp)my2mci(+p6 z, species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factop6 iiq2mmz,+cpc (yk )r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p*5u wxcawe1n+ opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species 5igzh05f. sk2m mkc *q



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip -*p wh31 vljl7c(doedes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis oe3c(dhl *w17-lvpd jeat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gro/vs o/mootxx+6d3r9+, r 9gxswk(.angw4c ye ups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupuvm: m.3(aca9vmxb,ej ua6fo //sax -xs)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves(:am.fbs-ajou3 ,vx6e // a9a mmxxvc have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflect4dkt r y yiu1l+s,m3 5yluzj91s the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remainsy19(bcdvyl1 b of dead plants and animaby (1bvcdy1l 9ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food rs(ut2 06l2ocp hg.tschains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringb4a .os t50 v.c v.dbbwol(p7xed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other o.ol v.4 (b bwpda7c5vbst x0.in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energo7xg zn:2:* t; 6xghvxa6nyu(grhma:y is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treesk2n n/zy79q zk and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known n2 z7/ kq9znkyto nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correw1e-r pg 51k6x7wi vcrct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enobt7s4 f7dp- if;1v xjzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, anditv 7 ;o4j-1xfpbf7d s the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culzoje4 w**vjvzosu cyg 2f1dh (z052u; tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en 2pa0qn1bc tt-ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is md ,nocjjpd8 4ehws:sy:i17 6Factor 1; Factorns hc47e,:ypjs ddo81i : mjw6 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different :exg+ 9i- sj soq;o(sjtemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric1l)97teo1xwqcen, u j8o 5joze cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the mz lk sw,n+xcfu *u7 6j5 (gmct:8,uzczebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solin:t+xgs k5 uc( 7m, uuzlczc8 ,*mjwf6tary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecn: 2np tcnke21osystem.

  Figure: A marine food w2jz0c.qz cy6 peb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae thaj ;sff bhj90m9e avo5+3+ww kbt live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carojfmv f9+k395s hawbwb;0je +bon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:uiw )ad ge/2nph;ipx *v8iu71


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dis5bnov0v0f p +:el kc2agram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes olw b5m em8 jo45 84 bvck2vpk.ug74zjwrganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digeskm 5o42l.pww8 jb84v5e z4jc 7bmvkgut non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pq 8(h+7d o*nycp i2wg9k pv05qt2k hdyyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a qwh7,*9krfz n predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true am kv05 +mrrbs+bout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-jnvx, .4qy ;) fbpu-jnfilled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light s;nyj q4b j.n,-fvup)x ource. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followi bdsg; uzj7l+,ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy7; sbyn-ux0oe1xckjp1:d en1ic)6y s conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inw3)p.cdegna;*9 qh jk food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid zv +/.hza4w/e zbmi3iof b/4m./i 3 ia zebz+vzhwiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en3tu-f8 t*e99kg0 kex nxsav- mergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in h3b9o:fafxl0/ d:jwnu .ew e1;ja(a h an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 9s h+pd5h/pnd1 /mzyj food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemn3s8 rhu)ql.dki bvra )j i /)xo7h;q+




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the stateme k cii5t9by njf1n5yd)3 uz6m4nt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist h9 5q, :xho rcnw w64z7ciwjgh2f6lg: in a savannah system with parasites on a consume,hh6q7j2:4gcw fnoc59: hxzr6 wwlg ir like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesisud0an yw-/rh 1q h06i8:he3swn;( fo *rr pcnk and respiration correctly from the options below.What i( f3ya :nu 1nd; h/8eic ho*wrhk6p0nsw r-0rqs Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statemew3dyb**z3.dths cp;mh m 7 l0rnts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is kt bf;l ktf6n,;ebk d;57v;elqqkez3 w5v. d)lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cb z+3rq fjs;p cf1pcmxk92oiva 0d(i7j94z1oarbohyc0j1p4q o+jfzczkfv (b9pm7 2oid3 ;r x 1a9isdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon5n s up,ca+-:b6ofsohs)ry( q from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. sn)o6bq -hup(f+ s, syro:5 ac
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tug 4,xj47hztgime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year 7rgjh g pd bz,zj*+cb8sj8h q:ju43 ;7nmz:ed


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement5pi02vko2 ln8cju-u7 f3eel es that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bed1bkbta9m1 l+2m q35xkgnd 8f calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marib(n1p;e.h,f a vy*pv xu-ao 7ene carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cychv--,) k6utxpwyb*6 *;g*v3i+zzjfpq mh u vqle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ini)17mtou e)vas0 ovz; an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ll j/feec(t4 m/br u.2terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement th.z2s8 qf usts,at is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the hf7 bwe kdt. ft-g(z,( mz,v+snitrogen cycle(gzb w(k,-,7td.vhf+mtse zf .

  Figure: Average per ca) lo0d1.4t(g6wv ojft h6ulbjpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primar12,phmx e0 w+ x3osjjby succession progresses from+es p,b o3m2jwxh1jx0 a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa,s3.yr (p gll(yqzq:ci 3/kk ymple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita ; dq:eg vc 5*3qi/bdek$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plblf-a0yl39 hcf -gb w2 pdg97zdczb0, ant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values weabd0fgl,gb9l c 9p07h 2yzc--z3dbfw re obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storage 7* 3w,q-v.zcbdfpxwas & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regipt+is./ s i3voon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomt xr0 b(:fjf d3/nhyj2zh2l2me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapcgzdg61j 6oc0p inm cdg91 4t+h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept(s0 c4g.;okov ng8dcf of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followigfg 8 dc.vk(s 4;0conong.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variable7c l rpa(vwap.8 oicvxg4z+7+s. List the main factors that characterize o pz (c 4a8ir7gpx+v .l7+vcawthe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ra3ss2*t* 8srcfd5ht y minforest biome.

  Identify the correctiq eh3e:;ry0f statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of .j.z l-/qz yiuRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bab(k47tlc a h3iomass of two herbivores in different biomela7a bh c(t43ks


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a; is-l7pt8x fent.2qfs primary succession progresses from a pioneerpt 2n xtel.is 8q7;-ff community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folust wot /krb 6buz:xk(i/,31 tlowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivit(bo,tzkkb: tu1t /w xsr i3/u6y during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measu9v;1 t zm w9ogd;obqo/red using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photo:hjo:mxy4 xu-t o*g3 /z3umywsynthesis3j-:/ouxytmh*um4w :yx o 3gz



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fit3h)j e:jiv u65x;z fa-b tpe.eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps ap*i bort05j) to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individ*oj i0pt )5baruals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reai(j6 pgeife/puefl 6mv+6m +(dings u6i+lei ppfg6mvmj(+/6e( feof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used vgjo2p cqx*08hh0)sy in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek1y4 qv1qw)o/0g z)r.hdwnngf




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowec c .2**tv yj vds9g/9myoy,u Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective3-ux i h ;nf1b6fs5soh for sampling motile (moving56hxsis1fu o3b - ;fhn) specimens.