What is the best definition for a spi 1+*s uwba cm5ikl6.qecies?

  igure: Climate graph * zniyf 2e-bb/of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1.;do0cn6- 4 it nxkvl+w vobmj49 oc9j ;Facto0d oi.o l6v 4 v+jc;jm-n4nw 9bxkcto9r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiomh4nhr sa+ 4hdh9 s*p4n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe/xen c4yi go9tkr; tz7cpsc7.z8 ; qt/cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resei;u g4h( rpt.wmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri;(4pg hwiur t. Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofx / *ox0bhy.cb/kn)rp9fj0tx organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)W/yq smov* jb39olves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping thyq jm3b/os9* veir population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ove +j sl vph-aj 3oc,iltp55d89sr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of de k*j3ef/.wwfm:(jj am ad plants and animals. aj m:3ekjf.m(/ w*fwj
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i-4 1be(+ayb)chku,x r w;ciion food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orga++ -kc ypi7phb( m)1nuypgwgl c0 s7(cnisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thk cbmc-n)pu ( +7g 7 1hyysp+0icpwg(le Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l ij a5ute,7xa)ost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have talc.m 3ww/a oberu: gg;3l trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent org uw gar;emc.o:g w33b/anisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a co72jga, w +u*zo6gui.4;em8 j gwl wdktns6fb 5rrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive.w0jqp fx+(2zf6egik enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as 6p(j0 fg+xz w.i2feqk dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys; kem5 1di,fbjtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fortsvk8,c+u e /i pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ninlq3ck3aq l.3 che.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact .lln3cq3ak q3or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesisqbc 4fyqrm-) 7 at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rloj(55w rb rs2 6 bgxzc,d,,xuice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe anx*r xplet ,lcm9// r4cd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continuexetcm *,lr/rl/pcx4 9s to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tervu-fdf)fsjrbrx72 5kwg9:/zrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web z y6ynvpsxz:/n ,3e-o



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compsg l:5 yyd7is)ounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diods g5ly7:s)y ixide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi9bw),mmjxu rp4yj 21m )zduo-ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagralq a) p/-p)n) grhx7kxm of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormsg pn (,tm:1.ttr5jt pp thattjttp1rt. (ngp: ,m5p ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid el5.w recdt1z36wey:pw .dshy+cq v:fp ,a )8of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitie6a 2 w/ cozxd)*nfcy)7o/bu rvs of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D*u 2vm+r9(kizxaejg: DT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available ,1q* xry*s2haeja l.as+ zk,useawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lighea. r1 q ,y*ajlxs*su2h,zak+t source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an 4 /9rbtlpblfc58zl. (1xb vgky)l f 1cexample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy c8ya0i3)m k dstonversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains f( 6o ls)suz*52q xdjv




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is faldu erl*q,)vi 9se when discussing a pyramid of biom) ,u 9dv*rqielass.

  Figure: A pyramid of n*kr5n.i75bm ac+l fyenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fo74 x3 o pm(d,r1pxoqzkj. qk3pr representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food )qug: lb fpc49web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemd 2w y ,viw1p-2r:blev




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doesv,xm4o( b rodss6*p;x;ssu a /(mc ij( not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thatffnsi 81lm.d1hqz s/*ew)a;q could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lion/i.sh;qwed zq*snm81) f1f als

  Distinguish photosynthesis andy;76of4nj1espnm f(xty8 b2ys1/ o qk respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesi1nsf(oemfs njb y ypo7/2t 18;y4xq 6ks and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describef 7ka .y(+nzqy the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from e(ry7x ( 5ttq:id;iyh,nx7 r rscosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon 2e3wk a5.q ar* k+o exma7jgoo6,hd,udioxide in the air to carbohydrateaoam eqj3kx2,7 h.de,kor*6 wu go+a5s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other c d -ro-mcrtqg/i1b0s0ie d6. jarbon sinks. .di-e 6bcri jg1qo/dm00st r-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thd n/s(.df/7 z ym,aqtu6x riw4e longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area x1v:( k6lighs8nalsihor8 a.3(c p7g per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t 0)(r-vdzvekmjn5l n7amp/+jrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calc, li:e 6*wgj/e)c4jxkpe 0o pmulated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of pi+ tp-qyl(akvjq5-.the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t9c(ho:y 1 792xpvelzhznv jz,iqh8a 0he carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in jsi +ql8uz3su 1jnapsa2 9cq,6coj; .nua 8f;an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrjovw3p3 b(u; +s(g rfvial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no )vct0u8w. rkxt true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cylf- :/m-ajdmvv5b 4he cmdm/-vl- fae5 :4vhj ble.

  Figure: Average per +kvzv.r2k,wd capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary3e 3s* avi8jhm) 7aqtt succession progresses fromj time3 aqs t7v)h38a* a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ejiu .y)ww-aaxg;.rc 8xample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per k8 mav5as1qw / rtzu ,3el4px*capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant inf*unl w6)+t zk water. One was kept in light and the ottz *knu 6)+wflher in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows ihzp*p47u5j g en GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries2zn jsdv6i) ,x5v9uat by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio;a)x ftla:c j4me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, i2ga qfi i :467evd7u)ps1wkvItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statxpaj17-/;v ajt g nyw.ements from the foljja;t. 1v ga7n-pxy/wlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varjf;q(i0kje -d, u(pa1vtapmxch ,6x)iables. List the ;a-ifqep)01umdx h,pj6 v, x(jak c(tmain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the 5zypwea5sjqe,c y u r+38. l)qrainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an stuagv-m+zydj-1z,89v w t5 x;lq3fkecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, -hkf,ut/+dethfc i80Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pr1th4 mo0;ib:8 eaxd u,zb kya6oductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomea 61u0:yd b,oti8k;b eahxz4ms


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses 9jya(9sz m:z4l* jjwx from a pioneer m(9lj9wzj:x *s a4jyzcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descunwp 9v(9 , dt.f0q8qy(dgsdwribing the changes in productivity durin 8q s9.0n qu((ddfyvt,wd p9wgg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measf:b cm +wiq:l(k*10mylw w pt,r tf.a*ured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynqinj4avi5t9 17hov49al 6(0ucq wr oythesi1 v6nvwq crh49y40 5(qa7juo atiiol9s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie) ky,2(s i(.tqqqvdntld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used of ,g3tsz8l86msn zj)jf;z vv w.v7q,a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which j8 zq6;,n zffgo j)lw msz sv38.7tvv,21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impor:+vkwyx9a* x/h;bb zybre ;n* tant to take multiple readin/ xh;;nary e wzb9*vb* by:+xkgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment useqso7r oy( d+5kd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fog*eyko 89ifmj)5z7n7g)fwzu oh b(2k r two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplomwvo 3 aws7,:dz6f)xed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques+ p6t1*)zuhms pr ds/j is not effective for sampling motilerh +)/ zp smsjpud16t* (moving) specimens.