What is the best definition for a specbgl45 mu./ inqies?

  igure: Climate graph ay7kfe *fa(1 xr9e g4p6d.qo bof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors than (sr* z;u zk6,hlc/dut could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facton z(cu lkzu6h,*r;ds/ r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul;hldz yhf2v+osx.3dk 1w1l0gation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist:mlt3)zpjgh kf/xy9o-i6sx(osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha,e1u8 oqb8a; )g9r dix: ihgpmt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be sorhapu1x8e m;qii 9:,o)d g8 gblitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a population.b8ixc4yo e 87sty2p0o

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally ;/eoh7x s8xf3)jf i exin North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.;3 f/)exxfs 8 xjhio7eHumans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bvc3j7vpb x 6l5dsra719jrd7 h :iwzc;est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains o t9kkfnvs1/o fh di, 9u0k2hjjf;r25lf dead plants and animals9tjv2kkh1,rsni/ f0d 2 oj9;5 lhfukf .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cudf97*oe5ssx hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and t0mkt3 z1yfzd. fmw3 n)g(2mpxi( tp5other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctimdtk mp3z t .w5 pi(yf30)g1f2m(t nzxc Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsp4 sc2j2xh ai8 lxf3+p.

  Rainforests are known to have1y 2rkvm6:y pe tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have b kev2y1mr:p6y een known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correqumjwta4 :l7im43 pt9 ct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sut jxwq7fgr5 /j9l)/vhrroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi t g9 vt/ lhrj5f/)7wqjxhen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation l1gk, t p9i/5e;af4i u tf8vkjsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used )+whsi x gmpy58,oa, ofor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that 7 s;zbw- rrw wz ko4p,aa7so-.could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 4-z; ao.aw7pobsrsr-,ww7 z k3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate jk lyt5z02yq- of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemzcngbt u 77whn:.s x83


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smjq 3,-yee 8aw7 0ee.bl3 :nko2vpjyvhall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsprij8 l.a0ebep,k3: eovy- 2njhv 7wyeq3ng which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripti+sghz a7b cm6 d)5dcu(on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food v17fpo6hfxy* :h-ie t web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liv;t5krqb n / 21 dr:zp,hbetbn/,u4pkv e inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producpev,h1tbq 5 2dukr4; /b/nt rn:,bpkz ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti1ti6pzx5s r x 5 wk *40h)*d8awup,hasq3kb veon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tjdb g9xb dwvj*b 5;( bl42af7fhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms ayevdu8 1f+ /hlike earthworms that ingest and then breaha deu+yv/8f 1k down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numi/3nfx oy :+ahbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pr0vrpy-f, yvqkf*( x*vey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiph+f7r hv,/wwf axfb)9henyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commer-f 2k0e:waf5c :fzkxccially available seawater-filled glass orb, whiche- wc0z fakxk2ff:: c5 included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following9)pyya5epd o 0 is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system5: 3)tc ww78:3xtztry dtc c i0kg7lgb


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch* x; w7rc+8)g4fw zcsxicxz:gains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the x +kjk3;ze i9gfollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid ofek3k 9 zxj;i+g biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerc 31b6/smpmcovw(v nl5.l) afgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units n, 9japi,6ltow6 8wbafor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinq kn3 np (knau83wf7n(e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilpesf.tk*v 7p0 cd0w z3 ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not;ylpn1n;yy 0r*h*fku q8ok g+ accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numb 5mjz;pi/xk-bz ./bro.lsm6z ers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a coz5b-. p.l io 6zbxs/jmr ;zkm/nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fc5p :hyd-o zn2rom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiy- 2:cdnhz5 opration?

  Identify the statements that describe tr 5laemr7b4fb 48kc 6ihe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form efxmuzcw s)c29 8 6xezl-s4 kr8. ujgc9nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pr31 av(gjfr2iy0rz lx h- rs8q(ocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrf x r(-r yrvq2a3(08zsih1l jgates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinksoxl1qc-mctw ,8gm u/),;ws3 c/epg n w. wg qe/ c1ccn3,wg8 mtuop xl-,sw m/;)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqh /,j4.y+db 6 x b o4v,qekvqnvsv0b1tuires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyah0oj ffx:-utu01zu -stem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a qr,+b1ol w)wc mmx8fuim(5v; re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prorr. 61umj5ilnductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mariqa/55ca 9 nnl7n),k2sb jxuc wne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon th-o*3m6 4.m5j3vyrdd /. ve,tlpfr iv /dieelwrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow id ai0u4d,3 l:w1kc gmin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecos a7xs-ab3m:jyug ;*(b1tc yghystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denirgg0i*i3gadc;e 9 ae+eg l/l8trifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humanzylp2q68n 2oisu5oc0a6j 0 l y-induced effect on the nitrogen cycc 6 82 0yl5ljaz qupoyn0is2o6le.

  Figure: Average per capitatvcbd *48dc1 n $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima 3.d8xdl4eu*brg 9 ogery succession progresses from a pione8xb9.edg *3 delgo u4rer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfsm/yc*,.dfh;8rr ;a ikavr+aormation.

  Figure: Average per capita.t )5p/lpyd7m xyxoh1 $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodh4kpr 6ux lb(wg+tj 6vv1a f8,ea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknes, vlwtpr1 6kgjx 8+ 6abhfu4v(s. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storhe7 4te5z jm(xages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region n7kjv5et+9fn sbxq* 6 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b50fhno;8 b) fftm0pnyiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itai-yy3h / hm,nkly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ohri k7gs143aag -g pec+lv ::of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followge+osivp3 ::lh7ragc 1 a4-kging.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lisk s1xb dm+4qkl 160imyt the main factors that charadslq kkx16014 bmi+ymcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrgo3 : x1q z28q)lv)ote /yz yqee9osw:iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatf bj48 ivg/0 bs,figb8ed to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romepluoy *+,e2l0 n h.b5vdhq/ dc, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores .;lh6oq8e gmy i1+arkn.t w u3in different biome r3;a +kge.tlo. umyqh81i 6wns


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in birz a):k*v ;tnuodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitytu; za*vknr) : to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not :z6p woa.2dhvk6 d)wziw0k3gcorrect in describing the changes ink20 vw pwwd:hzdazi) k63 o6.g productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usin p* jlgmgxb;j 2a+8ck-g a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntwk93glqsiy2ea9hp 5u/0u7f 7wo *ao f hes/k9u5l72e0uawwfg ho7 a 9qf s3op*yiis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a )psayf:1dax,yeu- k *k e*z 0wfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimenszggok;p ok056x 3z 2lv of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were cak3g 5ogv20 o lx;6zpzkught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multi ;yrwmng78 aey/ 9ox bgrqt-)*ple readings of the same f; e*rnbo98 ywrta/)gxym7 qg-actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ;p+ 1a0)nyw,t zg4vsebu(rla yql/8min ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow wzax de0ja4k/h5c 11pjieg 8c8x.;*wclw-qoCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Will 55 *df ,f4ksefkjsa6cow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not2zj-*6 cf.bp.g mvdyz effective for sampling mo*pmdf .j. czgby6 2vz-tile (moving) specimens.