What is the best definition foras(h z;kb0 1j.a46bmtfb (h bx a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy j)4-3sxs m:-jqeb5fgw ajcd .;nk +ok


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nsfjnd*vgu ua6 x1,cf1459n ioiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facsf xgc1u 56ivn,*4f9njd1au otor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve1le6/(c s4fxg u7s qxv77t duz of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S( hl+.kh *;okf:mgzfcchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has;h fnt0*ul* xo stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on g nx;f0 h*tlo*urass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pop * rl )t) as)bg6wu0deqp3cpqrr;sj6.ulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally j 7v ;lsza+e n0 luw +kisoi2+w/9vn q9k8a5hhin North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Nethe awj zhi5/l elou n9s2q0h ai++n s9vwk;k+8v7rlands.

  Identify the graph that best refl2q :8(v pdrquiects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the re)+ 3pu/y6wm7/+whk +u2xjans/ nmo+td yf khkmains of dead plants and anima+2w+tky /7ojk/xshnyd+uk m 3 hwm u 6p)/n+fals.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch 75f*idb91 npv6eegbh ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wha8lqxc)q-q e05imk pk2le, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold watem8- kq e lcpqx0q52k)irs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy 2 u,q.h u u+qnf.k;e,vlkas.i is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a kc3nk zxro1 u7j86bxcg-em** large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they ckog k xb n-u618ec7mz3*jr x*inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tdmem8056 3,i7l l p.vley eblc;op7aihat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes intoque.eg;/l ih*kk4s 3x their surroundings. The enzymes break down things sucg;i*suqek x 4l3he/k.h as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s)ncna/3lbf(4yhvhs a+(h , kp ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids /f-)kqn)ljq(g8 y+ ru:yyppqof energy.

  List three factors tow8 ls a z-f-,ji4inr p5-k1xthat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoi4r1-t-z lpn85 ja kwi-x fso,r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosys /a+pn6y1hnk nthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rix li7zkiyy- txv;/:u*ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like 0ibxq5 ybu;v 8)e(k;i xx.ijx a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which iyk8x0q b 5i.xb);x ji(e u;xvcontinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrectu34mn:ehv8 ri description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodm(9wt8tx28 k h ywo+ qt(p)src web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals c9:6vbf22qap2 qc cj5fz e9;.nttqpr feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from ca jpccf;qn:tte22qab956z2 c9. fpv rqrbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaq g;w-7 u*cu k*b1rzerction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mokiwj)a dch-2 6vement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following t,;:vpq,iz 56htelulruph /z 6erms best describes organisms like earthworms thatlqv6it /l,hu pe,zz:h6ru5p ; ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nuln0l: c-l)w oqs)yw5j mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dens- 6-g9xdufrmfjz3hs e/8z ryu7*7vkw ities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( 1rx-p4:m-- zzd au1gvq ykid;DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availr lw*fs8e-pj4t :ko -eable seawater-filled glass orb, which inc8pok:*-rwsf4l t eej- luded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampv8 op6 *y0mfmfle of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion gs oc*4)y wrv7y:d1ji3 ;aey bsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo7o)*u zmt* ilrre n:uuzbm* .0d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wh59q zlm/r;0thb;of ph8p -bau en discussing a pyramid of biohl5 ;hbq;m/ upp0za9o-tr8fbmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ-wkdi/h s,0kd oy9 ,vky


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representinuj/ev*o tt-+y gw 4:9ga3txhkg productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin:4lnrx)r) gw k(b1aneo8c;uoe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst0/vpoo1- pytkem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementg sr,kf1h(+75lb kkl u that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systl wa32ut( ,jazem with parasites on a consumer lia wtaulz( j3,2ke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and resi8zm mccl:c6 ;piration correctly from the options below.What i:czcm6l cm;8 is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT a) b9l. f9o5y k/.5fyodvhiiv zs an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is los:;)h5giqq o4 g*g/ylifo3c dk r7bem (t from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procen.mcr/ w0 wzb3ss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd mb/znc 03.wrwrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the,j8q8kt .sj5-pkjk3o bub/pk atmosphere to other carbon sinks.8,p ./k uj bjqkbkt3jok p-8s5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time. vbr k.+xp(y9eu-vajzhk8 y5 :5)sjpu

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y1f.c .zj -cyl kt i9t4n/ezbk,tn(ax;ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are v3n;a3l*zpx ns;u 7hatrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cal9ec 7wh 8ap)m(x1*. 2x:i uaaqxwfhnuculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagramrgohh w/ q835z of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caru n*ema;ln q8;bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eczex(,liv n10w osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ odl0 yom23p,g $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement p7lbb6 2r 4gb2g0frkhthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effepj,h,go 1k*si+nin i .ct on the nitrogen cycle.hg*pk +jo1 s.i,nii,n

  Figure: Average per cc+p:suk8x ckkke;f -4apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresji)qsly9kd7 ,+ gk4m 3if-csk ses from a4y iqc9)k,i dksmf37-sjkg l + pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exam9uy hrgehvks4 3 7d/;ajy2g l3ple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cai/*iz:yb yw0 apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carri p;peqvbo.70m q pk)h.ed out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other .emb k).qophv;p7p 0qin darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual f9foekk n57yx:lows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 80lyfq p2vio s jki;vqjuh;5785vp8p 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ;34 xtzaav+oe a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of 5l e-jlv e9v/ b0lfux.Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of *vk +3xb)mo0q s/pncfv 0uz8b "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followinb ufs/kz v3b*+cp)v 8on00xmqg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizedv qa)d6seu4y 9sd70e j.ftt 46mev4wn by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that cydtdwnt967e v64avq se .e40sj4f)u m haracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfores;o t73c/ropdgi89ihgh/ m0 z at biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecomj g8q3r4et*psystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italysg.d(t.upj, dz.z3u0/gj ,s( lqzzc p


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity ag /neyr5sm ok;/0q b.end biomass of two herbivores in different biomeseqrge kn 5b./o0y/m ;s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryy15wx)c4efuu: thf j 2 succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxh4wy) :2 u5fec1 tjxfu community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in deif gi).d66bhl/)mdy)q nxpr/scribing the chan/r) ydpb6 i))hn.xq6i /glmdfges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can betou;d,jg0 8 yqyd *jgd3*bb5xjif/j/ measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate x gy6rx2): kstof photosynthesix r2g: 6syx)kts



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a9+;mtk. prakvinn93usi0u h7 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture speciap(9pg7 yzg u9(gfrzvx 7u*9mmens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21gm( fa(v g9ru *y9gxp9zz up77 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability pvc,6onsbg 259pz gg* of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facto,5ggg9 o*cb2v ppnzs6 r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s5ylh, fa8lh5p0a0r pt ampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willsk; ) /ixes,poow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in twojrt1*rdjv+lc/ f4( dk parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samppx;x)wh 1u :ih u0.sslling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens:p1suhx0)hxl;w. i su .