What is the best definition for a species?i zo;p lh*a;6f49kg-lsmfd+e

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It g/.b1,w zl. k7dhpy:wjc.mtkaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species3b +;iqk;yxtkgm y:d3ev r*i3' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fx t diq;k3 evgmry:+by 3k3*i;actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pry72 x :ryby(jopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma s6fzor j zbe+4q.gu3/apecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizeioliltwh 14 jj:,- 0gud giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they 0ljjit4- g:uhl w,1io are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is 2:yj6 ndq;x1 swouec8a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lk rr2 ;ulmw24/.* dovelj far7upus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20%mf4kl*7e2orvd r/ uwjr. 2la; of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popa 0)zbc8d7b fo23ta yyulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on btban ( :18gesy)5hddthe remains of dead plants and animals. shb 8a5tde )byg:(1dn
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tdtdsq2r t.nki(eo +3 9oxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other o j)33u iyo:hoqrganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waqh oj:)3uo3y iters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecz*; bfehz;wi1z6o 9vhosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a larcpw.xmk0 g z2sfs8i mj 0tq;.;ge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These speciess08.;k.gqtis xzc m0jp;wm2f also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corre : 3ztk8awlat o9mf(vu*y.e /act description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into s-hkv ss* r.+vtheir surroundings. The enzymvsrshkv - *+s.es break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys fqlx58 j0hu*tqx;,kttem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f t ,tp 1fq.acr,utjy t0(+l3 oespoi(7or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specim 7e25kpefnak ; alj9;es' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an; pka72 a lm95nek;fjed Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate oz*+bru7gjc j7 f photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuh.* tnyuyqt +3ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha *.,gxe /dtnzht resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mont xenz /th.,*gdhs. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of en-55ld /3 kmql ic+orsaergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web jai 7;nlvi y)v3q )raf;yq1k0



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liva 9.ojlkus/ m+e inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds p.mu/s9+o lk ajroduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: k va6ub r5(7kf


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceawymxbzeu+ 80bx4 g 9q3n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms likep iast994ht1x earthworms that ingest and then ia4xphs9t9 1t break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of o1 tv(o+ vd4vmnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dwnu0cbl/ vvy 3 wu+ 3+c-w1pxqensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DD. mofq.phs +4aT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially zm snw,3r6 xt3available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a wi xtsm3zn3r6 w,ndow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr 0 tbqkj4j9+/m)ac :r;ptp tnvansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion s2 pnmip/2fzs;hgh ) * ;9zha5bfm5l rgystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooozz: kg3/9yx, ili2vo0rt/kgf 647um 7fdva ed chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid z: k/hrgsjk3mear, ,2 of 2rg 3e /z ,,kkhmsrja:biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energhygl7np7 9;qb;cxl(-rx.0j sx/ ntrty


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pjhe w* ay-ewjqhm,u47+1 0dc wroductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webn7.lh3a 9mar 93 mvqcbp7dt h5


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystemtoz* 8 gwl6(vh2fi8s*ijw o*a




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe y, bwoe/vn4q:a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras c 0b.0h*cr97pykdttwflu 2b)e:ifj5ites on a consumb drtup7t95wkcb20. f: * hfjei 0)ylcer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below,.9 ( jjmtxmbe.What is Photosynthesis a(mj .x,tj 9bmend Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the 9*. my -rqph8;fj shbxc8 9g s)3zvf hdwde7v6use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy itap3 ( widch yw61g*7bs lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that cc, fnl/x : d3fkfh.0dtonverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratktx,f/ 3 :hfldfn.d 0ces.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tog(b6tfu8bs5wo,e 4of other carbon sinks. s w4ue(fobt,b6fo 85g
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tq;l)lf3nn(n9 z- nfcbhe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energc8raq(wg5 cdc p()hn 0y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tn-3c6bl w, ufgrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula6v2/w)nv pxryted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the 9o;i0vg xo1 dosmyk lgnz2)vr/ tm56/marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon t ;d9q.rzflz 3m(9 b n;o6nxtcfhrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysth fo+ t;8eqb6ivgtic( v93pwhaa-0b2 em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in lp,jr ) :hf7jna terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenf8q* /zks8byq-s 6fv r )qu 0ri0p0qbrt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect;,xtb1zq: yr2 cgix1 )rroh /h on the nitrogen cyc x: ir1oqrhbcrzh) txg,;1y2/le.

  Figure: Average per capitattw6wq a+n7qn*cp)) r $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession proa04wliwdai1/wb5rk /f 4 pgq (zbli+ 3gresses from a pioneer community to a c5zwb q 3(0awlrig w4 //l+bia4ipkd1flimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranep;2ot.-pp (/soq aaq, xda w,x4lxw4 sformation.

  Figure: Average per capita vl )n1c5/j 7wgfufa+7xd4tyl $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out us.s b xqa8,is7xing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the exp7 qx8.s sx,iaberiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & r+;ntvnhj7gi sr/ogt + 9c+rl x4a0b2annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by la4dcl ):2pimst1e2qregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 0d p0dtx(d7cv for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grape198c6qpslcm q(n /q3 hzma* fh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing oj.cej6iks/e 4v 94z vzne or more statements from the followin4jz .ez9i scvv4kje6 /g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and o* hxw1:n 9spus8(b a3xc+7ua3kx i;n 1hwuhbather physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terresu1 x97 (83 xnshhhwa31u abc u*bax+ipsw;nk:trial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t9 h9knjk7vq*khe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related b as,*3g4v1: sot ,hlpkf6dsrto diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iu621/gg (i sy:l4r2udiuvargtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in 5z7 )a34gcc0d n 8mqut.xu:p p4prnzr different biomedtnm u7p. :z)34cnr pacq8zp5guxr04 s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre.b;;z f3xb8 +v trmpo:ty l,dtsses from a pioneer community to a climax c+.8o,bf rpxt;3:z vl t;tdm ybommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo: +v oe :ewwt/ox2b+q -dnbu7rwing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succesqb2-beo +tw7+nde:vrxu o/:wsion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dpknu vk -: )**7cifja5lxndh3isk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynxj k:z1;z :va 2f5hnky4/ee duq:w9bjthe:fa bqjz:v;ne2zj 5ex ky: u/dh94 1kwsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ax jp:yht0.2gd field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens vvy2g xjt 8e)m2 (kbz*of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 v2e)tj 2g*(z8mvbx ky insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple qrd-y1ga wt mt28j7b)readings dm)1-yjqw 2b ar7t8tgof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use 9v5zpsixb j)v8uy10 od in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willoudw1jiah ,o qkgkb x.9 ly:w(7m (ug)8w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fo187hv+1gp4gutl , dq1 )sjcg o*yrqmcr species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not eft+bh 1ndbl(91yhkip l pg,h*f awb2*2fective for sampling motile (movingkwhl 9tfi+1*ng*1daplbh b 22p,b(yh) specimens.