What is the best def:qb* y,fnfpv ha(p1xz.go6 +f inition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph o0g-fb1 nu8ftd 3x2o w+q1ol sdf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nich/c v8z5qb7 jz,eipk g+e.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 28,k zbec7jpzi v5g q+/;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve pjj*43 te ri-52nx(lb,mtwr eof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie*- c te+udyzuk4:l6 dds



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that ren/i7;ybza1i ksemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graz 1z;7niabki y/e on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of jco0nub0j *-bz5u5bajw6c0 rorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natur;/x a7hb a imswz;d:(zally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify:;zhxa dbi7/w; amz( s a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over ti(*hci8 r*:(ze/g jc:x0z itd rnj*pu pme.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed g 6.62lgklg9ee. eyceon the remains of dead plants and animal egceyk. ee6ggl26.9l s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in flyd,lp -j1h8tz d0jxerhq + ,9ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed j53tlyc nsh6cn/ w; ghh18h2sseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other wg8njhy2 51 s/l; nthhcshc36in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost oqkf6lxg;/gw 3o..dt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tal7l+t)jn/gpsv (ig zx0 l trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils/tnx+g(lj ipz)v07gs. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a1kjj* d:b 0qfi food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nuk;an sok/tu di0p9l2:trients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things su sad t/ 2io;0nk9uklp:ch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaty;tsgu+xrb1mz -b7) -u(zw zoion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyz9f7hwigt/+ o ramids of energy.

  List three factors thatzk urjkssr0dzrr02e:)f(+ +3ez/bv cq5(hr o could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor o0:u5k/ fsr jz(z ce 0zds rh3rb+)vk+r(r2 eq2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentch-eyq.(-6 jr1 :hwyx qnqytt7ms 1)f temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu7/s6fz*c qxw3x:*9rcsw oq aoltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes ty;p8gs 7y sbq;hat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mqp 87;b;sysgyonths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptio/ur+qdzdpkwh gb; 8 ,5n of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food b:trq3)v ccuk ,-p4uckdf70 zweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbpr-5ek0p cl+c on compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carboe klpr-pc 0+c5n dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio1:uoh.;i.x8.orjxt7t o*sec sk ot8vd+ ui 4cn:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagraaxnuj715 u /p4,8vvars)uovd m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termh7x7y : 4j5sgxk.kn-h ife9nns best describes organisms like earthworms thatny:kjk7x si4ghx7 h.5 en9- nf ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers ,; hnqrg9 erpgkqk+v 7 6p1:id


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prvrlo3qyb6c82 8 jk 1kbedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrk s qvt8il8v6 2akah9w.(lyo+ichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comp ita:n )/efnxe.1u/cmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light / :n.p xi ceutea/)nf1source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the folf :bb *d8st7lwlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversima27mh l7x 0oxr /zlab(ghzx:ut; pb21ob (+son system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of t za(pea87p04mohw89e l y j;dooxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is18y ku:; qcgy 90jsiuh false when discussing a pyramid of csju098 u1igk:hyqy; biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy g wvh-j+8l5m4gyoh l0


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repre2y*ioaq-rs (qeja *n*senting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maef43j4durn(;rq/ o l xrine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sowyzhp v-.(yu-7s 1umpil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe us vzp51,8ap0 dif v-v ;qlh7ga food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systz44uron msawec6 g-nh3 bq*tl3+bi1b+ et n 91em with parasites on a consumer like thene4 buta6h9 wo-rcbig1l1 n3*bzs 4e++3nqmt lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlgz:,w*l,ujs s y from the options below.What is Photosyu swlz: ,*jsg,nthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thr*iivxp8cd )vl/4;c aat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec-r56 c/ds nthdosystems.

  State the name of the pp;gj ayd- 3kunf.)5v orocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd;uv 5of.a-d) nj3kpygrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosp zv3v a4(v q2a.-r cpeq 4:mtj0rfbp/ihere to other carbon sinks. cj/ 24vvq:be.at -frq izm3vprp( 04a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tibi - 1 (0wasknl:0dk+-cqztxwnj 9i ,ime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pe8r6d.t a k d;z*+apmkkr area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that qcrv 0 wys *vkm+4rak6syq)l5 1c6ok)are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculb*e mzgl ;vxb(x ((n7jmuq :v q9w:.0jjx n2syated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of thwd n 5:rc1e5nke marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cq-wn:w 8(f.iwba2v )oq uc1hg5m nkz/arbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem krc ic7*o.m*f


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy/*c1g t,jyu5sveu. s xstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyijh+.cs ec 6.-nanu- . /wheewing bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not afl)5o4+ e ,d)b:yjvtuy s:ai r human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle. sroba+jtf4ye,d):yu5lv: i)

  Figure: Average per ca lrfa7mkf+)/ gqnkz)- pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP 3l e0vlu6qa.z9xf-vl and NPP as primary succession progresses fro-xz.vu6a fle 9 qll03vm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exa/ u82ei vx.tr.z9ut ufmple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita , oiq8 o5t+itk0b00ehot0 ipg$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea ul/2n1bcdjz4*yrhr fzbm 8 // plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in zhj//ybrf2rb*ud18m 4zn /lc darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inq. -frg**nom h GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region ymqfgnh+lqj 60 4q s /ie k4lzv-h2*l51988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biog801hex q,.t;4ahpio zzk q5tme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphxru 5k wy9slh-mb ;b24 of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsa03p yu(tt/r6 ji+aeb ,,zdvk from the fole,6 r/b aj30pka+utizdty,v( lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical i9q8s k xrd8(,-erzjrv5 z*uq variables. List the main factors that chara5q jr ud-ze(,r skr*ivz8x 89qcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesrh3efz6 f*9 2a(bt ggz 1 ovmuxryg812chg79g t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversiti; v7xw0 gzcp*y k.t:3i1i wlzy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itazfo+rju:s v qf)/ 6f(dm8ehb6 ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dyt5a fzkgc817 ifferent biomes8k g7tfy cza15


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarymqvck* 8li ,1kkl tq57 succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cliilk5k k*1 m,v7 c8qltqmax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the mgc/6wsx5zij6kd,yw3 )jd 3 u/ha 3 mhchanges aj36)c, 6/h/gzxmu3dhdkw 3 wmji 5ys in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that ck3c1ji sr dorks.y++* an be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invh6g, f /x()isn9ykd:plga,d bestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisl,xn/a9(bd6fh) p, g:sy gkid



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 60w5mq wvuob1j1o lmi(a ;alr:f 7v8;gumuf:field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimy9 qr,y8cq v,tens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were mq, ctr,9v8qy yarked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it2o;l j7)jclhb is important to take multiple readingsocj;j2l)l 7hb of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecor w:c6u sy.gh/t1bay+ logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crnj vvpm *1s;sfd0:4je qa0ha+eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two paz10 smccs kw+f:je71yrts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sam8 (c(l djapja6pling techniques is not effective for sampling motil(aac l jj8d6p(e (moving) specimens.