What is the best definitionaz+ex 21 crgz,sbp t+- for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itts w qzznj( .*(hqup*.aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spk(x(i: nc2j5xvyto, wecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?:5 ,(xvx ywj( k2ctoni

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiqzgvq))4 yvm0eg,0 d m1hzvf; on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S16ibgb)tq5 dxq-x*/ e,yax v raav5-wchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized4 50kvdtf 2dsa giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the td5a 2 0fkdsv4mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t::3s xas*f/ yihoa;nbhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nor w67a vnhpuf*sb2d14ax0fp2 qth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of thn0fu*xp 6wsf24ph1 2bq 7avda e land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over timei0 ;ra d4) d)cbpyb(su8roaq*.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites afleng+s3 pm*+( hb 8exi)d1zwnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animal*zhf +w8+x 1 e elbsdi3n(p)mgs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup 8nfay*)0.q fgcfg2yuof toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sa8ff,bzif v ;bon0n...p(hjseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of to0svh;( 8b...apnfbj f, fi znhe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loj .elp:xpz 0hs8 n pnm(t-sl-7st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largez zl639uae gg4 biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The g ggzae u349zl6rowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thab +t xp(.mok orm roeg20:0k9at is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inb /;afuaq;ea0e39rn nto their surroundings. uaa erb9nf3aq;;e/ n 0The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultd y jb,8 jyanf*k31-ahivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ebnzhu/ 3c,* ebnergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni 2p1f bnfq9)atcp* .1bgshja,che.What is Factor 1; Factor s12bn1ptp9g jqh)a.*cf, baf2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperati zre-y1s2k) nures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system -vohi v::+itp


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes gq/(n.9hf n xpthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary n9. q(nhxf p/ganimals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial eco7 gv(+oozu-f x tk46yxsystem.

  Figure: A marine food wew4 ie0z ljno+-3qm3uz+ zitatz: m*d)cd w1(ob



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comdk v7(h zsx2 eq1j 1eg9*0tbrcpounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. veecq g2zkt0r1 x1 9(7j*bdhs
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following mx jpg94cr24 wchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagr() r (alj(fqg:slkchc7 o.o8nam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best de* )l zqc6x7y2 dzit7mmscribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down an6z)7mm7zyiqt2 *c dxld digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers nfkcb8f (2hcwed6 .+d


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of an d-4br xk8q*o predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlozzo tv 1g 3z3db6i2u-zrodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercialltj48 lk /x69u flrheb.ba/fwciqtm42w71bx7y available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following stat.b/t4f78re cf4bhwjqku albx ix2w m19 l6 /7tements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of t 3yr dom) .7cfhcxu*+w 6wzy:rransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system4twa8ihhe o4q r7* hn18aytn7


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch)- , dwip).cypc7q xk-c wis,nains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fonb7x wwe 9t0d8llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass0ne twwx97b8 d.

  Figure: A pyramid of ens - yy,oc vylhr;,dyo:o+aw1 0ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem;slpoaab3x1ypw 1i-rfu w+g631 4 ty j.

  Figure: an Arctic maring8ip-b ,h8r0kmb n7qhe food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s);bduytt rj2:ucfz gd2g,4f 8 oil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately0a bfncb(c;3 ee sb,lm+5i +v4a/tlkw describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sw lb vtw8u2sr ;9;r0pcavannah system with parasites on a consumer like c0; sw;l8urp rvtw29bthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthe2 tk2c .qte(ujsis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is uekcj2 q.2t(t Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the uc8v ebp/jumtgp 020 ,cse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frov *iib.m)g ghh4 b9s sm*z/m7gm ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide 3- l8fdya,1fz y9nrw lin the air to carbohyyay 139l 8-lrn,wff zddrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tolc kz2 l;3/co.ur 3fl +ft1xmc other carbon sinks.3kfr2lm; xc1o+/tcfl l3z.cu
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires th;h/6q9 gzdy+-vaso hvw5z)w se longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyst)z492ebapgk ( lp7zj kem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha3j-. sf35u5p2s3jrw watjf6ex 4p- j+wi ldawt are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be 5go 85a.-8dodk iuf- vp/pzxocalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine )s evuk.(oaqt5 *m gcyt9 cm.8carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of j8yssn. ihf2oa0x2 7ycarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in z9cm;*e3l55z p6a3 bfl lwdm;tfc*tq an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ilw+wd7b)oue- 96d;rq h 4azh yn kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tr6wcb iw2o6(m hird-)k ue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nit6*ot:e;cngd5 g vvue9rogen cy6eoen5v;:dtu *vg9 c gcle.

  Figure: Average per c8 a6w7z cb,oh yrlyoop8 (2w7iapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiyydk3nx/zqvq b,y6kz1) h v +0np,be .versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax + qp1n.)/3k6k,hzyn ydb xvbq,z v0eycommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampl+ akilvn; wzk:* pxa83 g75jkc5s a)jce of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capnc165kundf*,y y 8cagita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried oykh bmwx(0j b3g raj5,0 (iyx1ut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in bot yrj kxxbjyw5 (i1 (03h0,gmabh bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual floww)f hjrq 2y /l)-vk qzpq2o6.u 8rpa5ws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202hei/ 3sau8 h-gse7 o4n0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom.jubz glf/b8p4zev 7 8e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ok86 g z1)6c08.eptxcctc uwsdf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemenps4 df x; r*-27yltfhf)v 0zpkts from the frs t247*x-v)f pk0ffhzl;dypollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns zji1 ;far/ au5and other physical variables. List th; zajfuri1/a5e main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of theom 1z t* yffj6tjgiy1 (- /mv-)zcyy5z rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to y sl(2hoj 18txdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro+zehvs/ g)3im; un2t qme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of 2+3pl 4ryymv vd w.pr9two herbivores in different biomes y+4rdl. 2 wp3vv9mryp


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successiowj. 6b)9jt/nqis. /;mytm) x6cfsje *kte.fdn progresses f.j.wn/si j f6m)kbqy*etjde/ )c6 sx9 ;ttf m.rom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folhuo*)cixu ozr9 r ic+q7l5 :7qlowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during*7+ulu:i9z r oiq) hocx 7qc5r primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be cqsx v;5)wog iyb 2 lguj)ve*;;.fw g,measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phu)k emz642 i u *vznzfzudcnl:(*z0p;otosynthesv:fzmn * ;d42z ezl0 nz6ucku) uz(*piis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fields in 1clctl+bj1+y (,r



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps q+-rvkccsbd 7w15sx:f+z ok 0 to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of wc +0r7sc kkf-xvzd 1+:bwq s5ohich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ofw qlt5 -..:bb mpl(w gy194w bsq/ckmo the data, it is important to take multiple readingsbwq1p9m lq(tywb: ../gm 5cswlo - 4kb of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampag/bxq q(f2yb i d07z 2.:urwmling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampeuyg9 yuvo 9gu2agh).*5vd)vles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partvtqw(l l:w(1ys of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqu)7 js dkaclj7v- ,ck,ses is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specim d)- ccjk,v,ka 7l7ssjens.