What is the best definv+)t7 qtwc z*vfx7s7oition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of .lnrj5-rym ewk66 a ,iRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What uj*u3 uv)608rjxj*u lun cpiwrj :, l5is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;pjjvx3 :ulur i *lu )*cnj50uw8 6,rjuFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of h:mg//k mjxt9 a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species m*yzhns6z 9j-



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sii h)y4j.bzsq(;9mug+ilp cq ;,+llitzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsprs)ch+;q+luilt;jiip ,b( l 9.y4m qgzing which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organismgpvz 5wo j*gtt:1ra5 p d5*1jas is a population.

  Fact file on the grey woah+ ve6: jm3k)n76yb gve3bdc lf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a smjm+y3gkebah n66:bvd3e 7c )vall, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population7 6kcskp9j1bp5ciw - u over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the k(e f,fh w;5vb-nzf6eremains of dead plants and animals.6z-fv,f; w5 kne(he fb
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of uxomk0 3*qy mu .is,h:toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live/ ,zw0 ez-mur2piqkg0 and interact with each other in thpr-guk e miq0/ 2z,0wze cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy 92 m/d ut7prbr:m*bqw63 rveois lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to h73yjw37dg2prlf w r2jnqp cq9 qh;.r- ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species alsj fq rjnc72dy; r9qpw - .lh7p3qgw32ro interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a c0b le;s2-psj/w acjds .zeg0 gi 5y1d-orrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sure3 ve4*kq3 zqsroundings. The enzymes break doqs3*zevek3q 4 wn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaqdltr 2* c::p2l:tdayfm1 m)vtion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of i-4nqtv)*pczqpk*1ep8a4i oenergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fac7bsa hr:eu04f6 pov:l tor 1; Factor 2p64 7s:lv ure:a0o hbf and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of mz. xe4*5:b+voff3b2xygy l8 opy 7up photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu* ::ecu on -+vn69xtyayefv1(ld cie1ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-si4t dxq(j f5+vzzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach.vdt(5qxz4 +jf They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste4bi:f yvnur7* m.

  Figure: A marine foo3upxlkplkv,/ rg6es rxbfop 5- q 7.* p,h6da+d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed o rkgq/m;7b4va n the carbon compounds produced by zooxa m7/vqk4gra;bnthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicar2zumh:6 -fn ql reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of thee*(5p0*skosa1aoh5vrk9 ko: nd3 cge movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms liketjv g,wk*: gh; earthworms that ingest and then break down and diges*,jktwh :;g vgt non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramk*qmidz+ra * a(*r jo*id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a fh r/;ugu.-83 fd adsa6p(,i6pp vbg rpredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trud0s mm* cnnm m( v xjmz2i,r5.ix4y7l;e about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially adghdp58 -fnt o(m;fhzg9:3wial8.mpvailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statem(tp5 ; a8fd h-3wgzo8 p9lhm:ng f.idments are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example ;ieze 2cze;: mu22gu f(r2mgsok6gs- of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy ctt o0ev34 k(p w..gyzvonversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins s1uo+evb fk/4 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussinllhimy4xs1p8iy6: qz d8*7yl g a pyramid of8yylx 6 qyp:7 idmzi4sl1h l8* biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energmuo/ (ww5gr/i)o *z m0k 1cndby


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.g9 i;qzv.)t75 vypxqy

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we *.4e*vf y(:ssfxby:y+nz 3e ob wr8llb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec ,izl3l hkgl,n (.k.leosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe akx29p 6xw81acy6 xpl a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sava:f9.c*mp 2zk tuwuv5ee;:cpgnnah system with parasites on a consumer like thft5.:g c2zkmvu : *w9pee;upce lions

  Distinguish photosynthesiwca(qn pu g8,y,f*vq:s and respiration correctly from the options below.What *yf: guqv(awcn 8,q,pis Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe a 8u.hf1djlsb6p,rh tzm9,xyv *1 fu- the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystez6vs46ziu. uqt e(j6ipbn:u03 gy: chms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo6i2 /cqam ww:vvcx4q 1hycvwqqm421 :c6w/ax v idrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from ,; ad2yd+ jdgs+ cxy6mthe atmosphere to other carbon sinks. d2y+axj+cg ;sdd my6,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tha n.rp(g wc61+:o*i jy8xpcu gm8i8ehrhxjv: ,t requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an e p -*y;x q12runavad,tcosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen f/;f*nvfaqh (6o lfw1ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) canaqq -e 7;lxokjn6 vg281wxpn* be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marin wft ,nd-ip;-be carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througbp(s: 0lz-3iqtfpqd docn 7:w1 /f; tjh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an :5:l c je w+iglcd)imuq. p21recosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tere zkdl) b1v)u5hi4/p orestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is c) fj*4du1gdt not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyxz lhu*vwiw4txnqi 71ch9 - 18cle.i*u17x xc8nhq4 vtlw -zi19 wh

  Figure: Average per capitw ;)4ol epuop*p4f 2tsa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodia9)dgv.ut2y mz l12zkversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communit)1 k2zd myl9 a.zut2gvy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati0 +f job6dspa.on.

  Figure: Average per cj94 xb b z +4lgttpf.m,s6qx9xapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using boykjh56i(x0y nwg/el nhi;5 a;ttles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light an hwye(k50jn i x inhyg;56;al/d the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT b(tansfl 76lytyew o;. 7 e/n($yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriez .gvbeb1i.5fs by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for0q;m*7q d.jaybe i p3)e)ljxi a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph v wk6bd)6kui n e-6o2fof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo7j 01r h:je;feeh i:ngre statements from the fh 7e;1:eg0r hjni:e jfollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns anxy 85b.s.kcq je)s+jcd other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the te xqe).cby+k8. jcss5j rrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of571 -.,zvvqptbqq/2xvz j.o1k gcwjp the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit;5borkp9 tu7w y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itab/o8yip/i*: cnn:ny7dr q ry 7ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prod5 5*oa rtf-ulouctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes -o5l* utfroa5


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP7y.mp /q xe-dc.jdf x38p4fs d ixacc:(*krt 4P and NPP as primary succession progresses fpi 3 4d/x7pc(xt..fdrxjd*mcyk8s 4-q e a:cfrom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct i7l eg g+zet.ra -hc68k, wdl3hn describing the changes in prod7cw8a.hlh3rg+,-6g tklde ezuctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor than t okhkc8,4vc: np7t dq*-v.vt can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photo.j+gd 5b tb fe4fxyb ;3nj4307rbfe egsynthndfbf34b x07;ebbef5r y4.gj+ etgj3esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in) fq6)*hssh(arp k-fb a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trav.sax-wc ipaa /v9 :lyco03w -ps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 wer aiwspw y av-o3c-0:/.vcxa9l e beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dk( bkhn;iidqt1 v7+ u5ata, it is important to take multiple readindkq+h(n ib7ik; 51t vugs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolou n (ut0wn,/gjgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek djhcw)m:- h5) .*vu ru4ile +wv1cgif




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species h89h5/xsh epp sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fofvjo2ok50m3 t jaa 1;ar sampling motile (movia5 j 0kto;jaavo13f2mng) specimens.