What is the best definition forl z /md3e 7j ;layxjta0r170ft a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom2y4*ljt5o( i*7( xr e fwait*3docvse e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speci yyms x 6:wnsvwb:ff:e)po*m:-78er mes' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?o7 6:n)wb:e:fe : rw *8svmp-my myxfs

  Figure: Growth curve of a p sc( nv g5,t b-xxetu39,m l7qr5pqf7jopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of afx06) vlqz s9npl llpl7b55 t0 Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizl; v1wpr:kq-5mi jdkr9z t/ah6q 1ur/ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues rkh6rmud kiq9 w /lzr1 a-j5/v;:p1qtto be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pop( w68npq;g aqlj 1ecp-ulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wo p8plhm 4(s-vslves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss p p4ms- 8shl(vto the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the groro /phuz s-dr(((q/ sqwth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remooj i hd-wf*/y;.8qk dains of dead plants and animaq -oi. oywdfd*h /8kj;ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodknv 21.4ucl cy h58qqi chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear 3m4o raxp)n2w 7+vglj and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wa7n+j4po )rgxm3 vlw2aters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loxq2;; u1 plg e0dkog*rst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi*j,h aai wnp1.k9mz,ey d:v5n .ser5vth high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have behwpn yree5 da5.v1.n,*j:mks9 azvi, en known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chains,0cp 7bh :xb-n ueq(s.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into th58dw :wo flhu4eir surroundings. The enzymes break dowwh 85u: w4lofdn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste9k ah,dhh5e -vg+ 45.zahvjzl m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram7h d(wsl yhq+0ids of energy.

  List three factors the9+f) xhu: txeqq*yu*at could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and*ye fxu eq*t)qhx +9:u Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturss 20b; rt*cpmes

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaeyc8dom/1/sm ofp3- ttion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes n5k*vtihy76 6jko fx4that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years oi4vy 6njx*6t75 hok fkld, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestr7v8r :b.sy ri d*ky29p4daduiial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w1mhc37 6y()sy )mryp q;rpmj oeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon com z*iv2kbxh d;ws3n4)e v5x.vpb. b4e tpounds pr3i e*vx)z b.2w 5x kbvtnbdhe 4vs4.p;oduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction;di3m uz;+* d*lkxw oh:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag-w,t2rqx;xsy7,k/ 3spc;pw 0yoihgwram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms li,;:+uvhww9sgdx + qeegm:qn5ke earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.: xq:e+;5+e uwdn ,msvqw 9ggh

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbp7z*qa-; .xee6h6vm0o bvjg sers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and cgh4ou;-d(ow hnoc,ffe/w7 3its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloro1ni pj8;- j;d5yvenma *,wsn eethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usf9**a+jy gkwling a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following stateml*a k+f jyw*9gents are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fo25onp. 6 j /y oxfev1q5vwf+iollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysx ;5n, mw0kswwtem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cduo q bds *h1)rx3:ow6hains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following state67j4uq gghzbo;tk6v 6c4k 1 haments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomah qgz6 g tokj646uhkva;bc174ss.

  Figure: A pyramid ofwc)t6y;aqd 7r energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prodh3 n6jj,bjbq 2 v:ef6huctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web mhu;go(5( ris


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s feidx ;/, me*do+de,goil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a gi8 j/,ku5b;grle7wofood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could gpq )1wf* vp.dexist in a savannah system with parasitespf)vdp1 . qgw* on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the oz* cif2wcnxv hi7cbfv 93r 501ptions below.What is Photosynthesis anw cvf5c19c rz*7bx hn3f i20ivd Respiration?

  Identify the statements thsil2y1fs cclcr4 1;u8at describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eie tk+15-a 7qdfo7b*wt v bc*jnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tox: m9e6/r-ens.oiqtk; qph-z9v.p ir carbohydrates6vkenm/ -.-por:;9xqsi t9iqr .z ehp.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon si ty xx2j;ly/z1nks.xtl/yj y2 zx1;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in bdc+4h6 ou+fcg 7 l*vnthe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per a1d 6g p5fxfiap d*5t(lh1j ms-rea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thfg wj,xt i bnhs+5/wp(+qw ,ki2/ aef)at are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be wvc s*jc24:ca calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the m l:x0ru,amf vi4h hc.8arine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through *mv )x velspd3y5:, pkthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyr g5s-quk ::oqstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem j/tnn;r4 g*7bc,zwg j in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying8v ) 5 nm1*dyf,bwmg 03udtrgq bacteria.

  Identify which of the following ins)/:) c bk6qlcjvhy/f//xyx s not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy/)ylccx qk 6 /):f/syvnjh b/xcle.

  Figure: Average per capita csqf8(jt zl/*c l(2xn$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc)yn7y+ e mj w,:fh8zsj1vro4qcession progresses from a pioneer communy+ 7 sq,jrzyvowhe)f 418nm:jity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an hmy2anrbr+jj 5bjs;* /0s2ndexample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit)ikao +p(,+(tlp js m pqqa--ua $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bo x 7jjt+h,.xbfttles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and af .xf,jj7+hxbtter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fl lf3gli/4p4py ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishe ) xpo+q/mg*cwrbak49ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data qep0cq770 / sh vqvt+nfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,*lo z3hhhrjh +p1e+; d Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of 4o:j fu+n(jxk. aq6 gw"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the folj6 :owg4ujfn. kx(q+ alowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns andrjh /vkd8n0/8:hq xjeb7enu+ other physical variables. List the main factors that characteriz :80rjunxqhb 7ene +kjh /v8d/e the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriyvnc85 e-hui:( 4djc iption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement re)2q7 dgxr- bxklated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,1em y52w(c og / o6tpsjn9rk(d Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity(u4v q7ave 48ejaxja6 and biomass of two herbivores in different biome4a4 q8a ej7u6jvv ax(es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and N,2i+wwej (gwxPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneeiw j(,w2ge+w xr community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct ie:pt0 a4 yca), k1cqstn describing the changes in productivity during primary succetk:y p4a1q0ca)ts, e cssion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured o:j8. 9nw5 o3m-oel/ptnsp6h0 zz t zruje)d 3using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tcgsqes33ct47 ; /w) wjtqrql:emperature on the rate of photosynthrg qcse);ws4cj /3qwq:t3 7tl esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fl0t3rmuy1t u:449n rs os8quaield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Ach ys ( 48pgyymc:d-+e. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of w hpyc:+ygm(c -es8y4d hich 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of j: llq 6toagc,;11gfe the data, it is important to take multiple readings ft, 1jcoe 1lagqgl;:6of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usbjue5m;5t1 ux kbs m8xz-9o- ced in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampleshln1n3y v)co6*yge )b of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parzb;; vm,kjfmy6a3k ;bts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiv r5-fhr er80qje for sampling motile (moving) specimen e0fh 5-rrrj8qs.