What is the best definition for a speci-9/7o ow9h zqhrmiy5xes?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Iynblj,lc4 dz 4w0tl hdkf 0)40taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wh- q3cv-meexg3b-)-s h/zzhz udpg,rk w0 /i1zat is Factor 1 ;Factor zi0egewgcz/r z-hkbzh3-)-vd1,x 3/ mq p-us2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu;+f l7an gr9b*0w9p gfa(mdywlation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma n*sv cm);4z5-t r vragspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesyd.hxe8d h6 g5 that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eahde 5x 6d8.hygt the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups q;:nk.g s.y s+9 rbao,2hhbonof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wi;n *ih* -yywtolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a largei; t wihy-n*y* area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflecgshg r2i30 i3wts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants aehz/bvv q w1r9aw72,z nd animals.,z wrbqv2a9/z vh1ew7
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins 2unx.g6mjju,fxt ;:x. 9gmgfin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pprmchw6ls nr ,( *,)tvby8rj1 g5c0/t rg5pet olar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in thep/m r5*w, cr6lhrsbt,cg80jg prt(5 e) nyv 1t cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fromex4jd06rmak2 6be3da3/ z1zyazy ;iv ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large3 ,0hto+sanvhk1 n .ttmg2f 0x biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the ,t2+hokhsftg0nam .1xnv 0 3t presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct(x*d2woit9 i e description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasim v -7jdc yt-z+qmp 4t9f.hg/wng digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break d4-.ctz - w/fm9q+tvymhjpg7down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiz0lywxg.;f d, i fi)m*/i(cj w1w /iqvvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forciy33 vi9we;h52 4pb aej7inf pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' +u*phnol (zi0 niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facnh+u( zo 0p*iltor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rd 4b(6 zlc8werate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culxz0 j(ry d )l13trzzh0tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizegbtj.eh g / epk 3u1ni4x7)k2;vb .u28zsqijed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are fok ee.ps ge2) n/i2 z 87bi;qktjuu4.hx j3vg1bur to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descript: +rfjknh +p m;vt63otion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food k,qpu,hr z j5)web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cor l- gyf8g0/e g7fxi:rial. Corals feed on the carbon compoundsfxrgi 8y0gg-f/7:il e produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactl7 d7oum4)z cdion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tpi4i h;ti4/pp he movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms*d; ;sdbnc c/y that ingest and then dbsdy;*;c n /cbreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of5uc gkgs8x)d4;da:o ;+ lwsof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of f ,8zof9);r brx(xwsm a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlormu a94ku8 dngqyt:l:w 8c*p ew-yfl q- .jk;:hodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerpe ( 5p4bmo) t6k5ysyucially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a wi5b(y4pks y5 6t)eoumpndow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fr th8 mw*eqo21ve9h ;m(g*c0 l 5pxnjiollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemeov tryf(2 (o wu,w:b-f1 rqs,


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup .il 52n6zyts .fo r7nqof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of9*m3 o u c;x yo(l2vpne;vnzf3 biovu3ce 9yn;xzo* 3p2m;( ov nflmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of hlj0sf3g hj-w4pb/e8;aq, oob m)yz; energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing p puyu(.d:v yh6roductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wb8wr etqrfaj) o591*peb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecj 8 jx0srah*a vx qh9mh(z2d9-5o 3hbhosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementflj5:cn s tf)5 that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of n8 ;xya1ijz fu/0mht4e umbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a coz t1uix80jf m;hea4/ynsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis anfrh 09 lm;rpce,* z )8obyw3and respiration correctly from the options below.What is zrf)0ywna9*l3m ho8ebcp;r , Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descriq3f 4waorfj/+5wl6 -3 f cfhxabe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ6 m2zsooi 159sjnk6ufq(tj) zy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carboww)s02wt by 1vhydr w 0yvb)w1ws2tates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the aac8-xvabv2 uwzj/1hx zj8q.;tmosphere to other carbon sinks.- ;w8/bua2j1azv zx jxvqch8.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tmuaiaj -7(0u0iwl)noru /2m nly 3hg;hat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yenw 4du8j/cnqyvhu5 v5*u,1x kar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tvtc 8jdrx8;z5 f8vw7ahat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitybg(t*/ e t-9px 7wjo9qkt.w op (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine c563tg 2 vmukwjarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thenqn 5lp1 cv+k8 carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystedi2jd46nq b4m 5h1zt mm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tero 2zd2sd-( fpz-vi zx;-i)fi lrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacter6+zph,kz ye737dkpcl z m1-oqia.

  Identify which of the followingra m ,./tq;bry 9rovi da)9t4f is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cymrr9 ;)ifttya. r4q vb/da9 ,ocle.

  Figure: Average per 8w :zp ytcnd;e q)fx3*capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes. ( rvjcggm-n-nb o45psion progresses from a pi ngb-4ocv(5mpg- rn j.oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of 21s5 us iz,yzntransformation.

  Figure: Average per capt23t(( q(6) sws7deptfxo vmm ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wit-zdb 6:y1 xkmf6ll 4wdh an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ak1lyd 6:m 4x6lf zbdw-t the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon sd:vt(.bfa8y y rs* s9f- iqba:torages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2t. z x,6j1t g3xpiaj6.aof (ukv u9cf3020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data mj ,)c( em0ae+de cbw;for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph o,tgamfegwyt vlm/;8 ))wyc3*f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosiscid r:zc7q *wmr20z0 j)uc;zng one or more statements from the followi z j;0 qr0zr:usimc27c d)*wczng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot hfe6 -p.xuhfhs 6:2xsg1n1 lgher physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes ex61hhnflfhx :s-1p2gg.u s6.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesd 7/o5 hnlgxhz2s:qu4 t biome.

  Identify the correct statemvz+iii2 6u.enx;ubi/ -sh k8aent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy ;helf*0h e- xhv ua31ayisk1s3zrg,yx*0sq )


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and b+mf snx cuhb( w.e0c3-iomass of two herbivores in different biome cu3(bc-mnw. se0x+h fs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP amk08sxx,i p 0lrl0y4tnd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communityxtryixpl08l4sk ,m0 0.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follnb/jvx.29g; ri tnf4towing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivn tj9fvn2r bxi4;.g /tity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cao 0pg. )76 sfhj-wvze1 phvqp64b:jafn be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of teux nsum+0o.3*0 rnu vnmperature on the rate of photosynth00s xounvu*un3 n.+mr esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in rwo, .bwcf:k9 5s;v /yzi(rrca field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps,jz/n24peyo zs5/ voa to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 ina 2ye/oz5,pzo/jvs 4 nsects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dr,/7x: dzsa: h,:xt umrz ak,nata, it is important to take multiple readingsd 7xanz,t,a :zr us/rhx,:m: k of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecm b*s2ukl3e9po w-wjdyx,4q(grll2 3 ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data nt9arl zq)e 7o.:bxm( for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in t+0dk l :qvn+wl(wo+btlmqx(*n. j 5oj wo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective unhj9yg :fi-vj j tej v5(9d+8for sampling motile (moving) hu5 g9tj8 ji n(:v9j+jevfdy-specimens.