What is the best definition fo53kz7r2jkvfr)i-vv8 oww 5wnr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy 0+k vqoif8zi-b +sb(fu:x nx(


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact0pz xvc7 6vcyo2-ap*mor 2xaypcvmc 6-poz0 7 v*2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop,bpcilcy-1.. al xsf/ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomac*rgfr+l6 (r /5wwbk6 px3qnr species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and ha( uk xr-yir2m(s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oy2rx (i-mr(ku kapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the group73jdhj +b-ur os of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey w ajles5n) ts,.x::q wmolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves ma)e5mjwl ,:a.ntx sq:sy prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatiomv:ou9 +lqve 4p4la0r n over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and-yscjd ib)w; yq9gl ;x)omd mc* 6sa64 snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.66j4-g c;bs)*yo icyq)w9 dlammd ;xs
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins 6 segil x/88zain food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organwf7y:pv 92f obisms live and interact with each other in the cold wate2bvpofw79 :f yrs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste; wfwcjp5r20mms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wit)zq0ue (xf ldb4a gsw:a/1 is1h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interacs1/d zfi saa )41leb :wx0g(qut with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that4gx ub-(u(t ls is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing di- dizg2 f+ acnrbn7g0ds0;4kz gestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead andnsbc- r4;ag 7zd nf0dg+k2 z0i decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ri- c+qc sp7dyufh/ ,a0jce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forh-m.g:p7 e3 o 0cl4povhhh m9j pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoe 1kxsa jc*m1p0wi /.fc2a-d yrlur;8 iaref.1/cwp*sc 2 lj8;-m dy xr0ak1ur 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photfsqp 7zk;ffy4 *u2c y6osynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricfc28lj;/k bdg4tr3 0li 9crp ae cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g)e ae6zb/vsxix.; -j;lu pm3hiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months..xes)u/me3;h x6 ;b -azivjl p When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial eco82azgdbiu)o 2 system.

  Figure: A marine fooddl1o dp )9wc*d,x4;u+)thut af1ncbz web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the car06woxv7:vo5p tw/) 7l px b hlpr8cru1bon compounds produced by zooxanthochwp06t/ lr :wx x)o 7rlpupv517b 8vellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemif c)69 e qiuh9 e+kej.hzqb 4ed ht14qm+-u8aocal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementoz,/ dl n37c5a lwc*kg of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organi qq6l7)*zkm8lca:enb( qyc 3 vn3+ltp. hkuz )sms like earthworms that ingest and then break d3v3kc*m: eq8 cup6 b h.nl )znazykl+ )tqq7(lown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o lx2z2)cad6 ylf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiwk:eg6cwc* k*es of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements 8wo kx(b7jj*(4zjts+l hrz 2wthat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawe 9j4auk6s ib1ater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some a9jeb 4ik 1s6ucorals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following - 2ka qhfe(1fj3mksp5is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con(vn c vkyk/al(9dd,ji-z hy+3version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fe,uoi ae0y0m +ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid)3 sfg ja*,dhh of biomass.hj)*s3f ,hadg

  Figure: A pyramid of edyx(3h9) z44h l j,so46rtuhh d5wsonnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit+od *t sd,dqxn+ea96gy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wrd;zu1kl ,m k3eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosal(j e. tcd,y0:ub e2mystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc;d eevue, 7wn2urately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist ic8ul( 3g0 6/irngioq yn a savannah system with parasites y /3 r8nci(go0lgu6iqon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesiic:ot8j c:7 n dz/uqh6s and respiration correctly from the options below.What is hj/tq6d : uicn8:zco7 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe 2c; js 5uetl95rjprl1xp,y6q the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from(p2ho c4un.6aavn k;q ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide kk)rqneo2v)m+n 5nf8in the air to carbohydrates.nm5nfek ov2r+n)8kq)

  There is continuous cycling of xq.fm) kr5z iz t(.vi6carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. qitkfiz5xv(r.m)z. 6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cy)su8x5jp7zqiw t8 1n4oy n n:ocle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per a dikj/m*,2g yukjq1.g w4sp .area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemew 2.i0h1zouf*ckx)e(sw 6 aojnts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP3pg *jwgjorps. kkk gus/ (;51) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dia -iw0tiuen213 u;2hq9 khwnaegram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throu k1,oo1 b0fbaggh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in h zotev ip .;86f+vcu+an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJld qujkat3 w :wp), na4ien/68 $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is gp- 7vs yg ;m,5nye9wdnot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following issxb8 ymj+eib3rd+ ;b 0 not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyb083yirjmeb + s +b;xdcle.

  Figure: Average per capi ,1ubwvpqd6p 1x1bg*bte g;7fta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as blgl*1tnrvpt k/+3 lwa0he o+;-v* lz primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax h0l1lvb*vz n ;go+rwa tt-lep+k 3 l*/community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examplem-,pl +p. fvjpdv ;2zt of transformation.

  Figure: Average per 8 d-sm0n+xa xvcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottlvhqfmeph d39ur*+7. 2 o8xqed es with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen va3 qf78m eud92v dqpe.*xhhr+ olues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows inje-8fzp+k dby/zp9 ) d GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020p8:kl*8;ymanyjto yke3n 27 s


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bioml0w;x wdi0ttj k/ qbo+g*.j5ac n l7pguf+t72e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itatye 3 chpnjf.4n4 l,d(ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stato*7u as ;)h 3vyu*)gc*ij kibjements from the fol kgcj*uy o)3*;hua v7ji)b*s ilowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticoyg8-s rzxvyh5.mqs*m; 5t r- patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestri -sh yms5*t;. 5xv-z rqo8gmryal biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.b3v- px35e a- 3qhl ggg5cpc*g

  Identify the correct statement rela) yf sa*o/m;pkv le48wted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy k ui-j6c r40 9rndxlw,


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffe- lzdyh37-yjp +)zavg rent biomesj7-p +-3yg)h yzlda zv


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s6jkd 5d*0pto ruccession progresses from a pioneer community to a clim dtorp* 6j5d0kax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing tmnye 9 67e2iqohe changes 62 iee7m 9noqyin productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured uhw9r9s47a aln j5nokn 54nfo+sing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the pl+n(: j 19utajsn,; py sno0lrate of photosynthesitnn;py sslj9n(:p0+uo 1,jals



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in bv(1;uyem1 m bz2f)jca field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to 5r c,)gg/j6i+kt z xezcapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beet+6g zic kzjt 5rge,/)xle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multi-uqfpevs;/l ::dv ml; ple readings ;lesq/: m: pvvf; ul-dof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec 6g :*ehjbn9uzological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplest86 b 1fdnb4 k;xnrm sra9wi3o0tj6b8 of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willos2 lj ).-imildw Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampl/sh-bo;1a qvg9fme4 u ing techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movqvbg a9semf1/o4;-hu ing) specimens.