What is the best definition for a spescgxquepex3jks ,(,1 ec348g1nm uz) cies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome*wg6s6ds7l ve, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that 7bi6 4k*t tzzocould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2kz*b 4itz t7o6;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po5 85klrg9an:lc-d tz mpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specimup,f4a3u) jyydm ez1 2l3uf0es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffdg lxxzu;9z3tb zq 0/5e and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and canxx0lz5qt d3g;zu z/9 b breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgq ot mj4qrjbd iysr5+/6l1z(2 anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natu w25cevuc0:tg 3j9hh /re(, pcaz cn;orally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, clozw05h/regna;ve 3 c:9p ,2hc ct(cju aiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best m ,w;f3ka4s4u9dozmj; mc3nlreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains/l+wf oqa :t9ghz.4 ge of dead plants and animals. .4hl fg w/9zetg:aoq+
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tatl5 id2/e)i*p9u8lp tst 1yaoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal 32kuv)9 i 7-bwo(,l;wm :nlst nbshht, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in2thb (lw:mswv7) b9tn;ui ko3h-l s,n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is j6r x)g7: fua uh+mpnp:/j1qb6cu5fvtsp 1l 2lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largebtf-:h 6kuj ) :5btkeb kr58a v(swir4 biomass with high productivity, desp a 85 kv(stbju4r:-ftk5rb k)h6we:ibite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cha-+ *k23xsfx(pn nwvy7 8v 5vau*plesnin.

  Some fungi obtain nutrient67 cav pxt(0kwv18c kks by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings.kvck t7(ac kw61p8x0v The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiog w n1ufwu*7:un system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedbja85) lm /ui +k..uc/t7 cnm5zvc;.jby zi jr for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factoe ets m 0bc .bnbwmmu*d9)923cr 1; Factor 2 ambcme90d39m t w .*su)e 2nbbcnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperan 7qf5-xqnm+h tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated pl j+0c,0lm vmjgc(r2 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafd.g itlfb; :hih:oa;5fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and :a;:ig ihh5 ;.ot dbflbuds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ener;+vm,nxya h7; oe slm:gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wi o2 -s8qnu,;co:tv rjeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that lxa yyx. -ns..zive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produce x.za.ns yxy-.d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following che2m/nlmk+2 gfb4el -p mmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sysedehfn,et:h./(f+:n v + gli ztems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismsl:5(x ) qq) fbmzbse(n like earthworms that ilb)qzxq(b:)e5(f sm nngest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid v dfa ,:0l(ewzof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey x 5gd4 ;j0-fab. ,ljpxd beh4h


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetc1v 1*cep:ityhane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commera1h wfpu4tz0y/t91l o+1*s yb 0ehudmcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light so0zs40d1 pfmt wbuh91 /u1+tyeo *lahyurce. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor 2a:vrgpklb0ls1 ;:rb mation.

  Figure: A natural enst,5 r xq m3xcjxb849r ava8w9ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooda9rh 9hg-un1ua r5cur-6se1b chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whe(q3p o 1mba4kgn discussing a pyramid of bgq a1okmp (34biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of5f*m4seyc x6k energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in.bt0k,lzzf )j8vy+3lzw 8m7 5 wsckfp an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar-gpd4pcp dl41 ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste6kl8onq)xofwb4c9 s: w 9w 2wjm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurt3ayyng0*kcmh *ju56a 5 y x:dately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numn(x6ub+ 0,e 8dkngv etbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer li guk06en bve( ,n+d8xtke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optionm (/ ,hmkdo +8-gkihqzs below.What is g m k ,hi8+ozh(mk-d/q Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as squsgh /5qaq78u+2l h an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e r9;t. uzi0dwpvgc ,vaxr)3 xn0j:yw7nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conv9f a yr.xyqhq3op.1kx:q8)njerts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesqh :)x anf38 jxy9ryqpq. k.1o.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tf *ef3,whv+ fxo other carbon sinks.e+ ,ffvhf*3 xw
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carb+a 7gx-s: i+ufchw kc+cxu1/mon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / perml,gvf)4 4q,s yke,mo+,d s reuj )ul6 area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trfnk*/ j,eqrg g/h il..ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) ca./ 8xgjy kuuqa, -xbj6n be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diag/v89w8)r i)nk y yjsyyram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbony4ej /:,pda7j6q dg ze through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in5a4le b. 9og 2bqmnk3n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terresa;cdg)y)v2 c(5m q6v bajrh0.w7ru lptrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denimtu wuf/u40m.trifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc63rm ;hniv4j5fjhvbzd n(5,g5qy 5 bo ed effect on the nitrogen cycl3q 5;jd5ih5bno(, jbr5nzvym64h fvge.

  Figure: Average per capita ;al chb4o9ru h;anfbz77hy*q2 m0l,z $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiv :ga 7o,.mktzvyyn4f )ersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communit4t),vykn.fm ao:g y 7zy.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following / -+/pvg.fasfgol;h -n3tajt is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ch8 1a1uo53 ow8h et (g)pkohwwapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out ubv rq*we(lr+7a 6u t5jsing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept wre( v7qja l6*r+5tu bin light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flow kpbqh (5n5p1js in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-uq( 4k1.p g7pmzipw+f2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data ff n8kgy +;,mcm3y1n pxor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaxa-:8m ekuan )ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo(x sh :6,13wugom4 a aygt3uczre statements from the follom u(ocz3u,h saty43:6 gx1agwwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variableu5;tgq y 03 eun47ghsxs. List the main factors that characterize tg 0sgn xquty5 4h7u3e;he terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripzs wp+w s;k0z,04txb8b *7tr ixcozt:tion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosaeyjl b7*p5 (lystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Irf+7/ vh/tyb xtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary p *deckkf pzk p()10.g3gsrn,wroductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom.),wn zgppk 1cg30s e*(rkkfdes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary su*ez lqqiu / 7ij8j9rvvo4 1lt:ccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comiqjv 49 eu/q7 *8lztv o1r:jlimunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correccejnmy ad(v- hpj/1z66pj k4;t in describing the changes in productivity during da/j 1vnp-h 6( ek j4;cpj6yzmprimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using aan*c:6 ei;gou Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempeyymn/ l(y 318l)cxoiq wa9fi. rature on the rate of photosyntm3/yfl yc (9y.o n1)ilax qiw8hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in6 )j m6mln1r-ujye6nh a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapi r(w+1hu 4fvzs to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked4(ru vz+wh1i f. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the relia8 vf3rtys ; yqi2:c23 z1s6ozpdr1qsvbility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factory162f 1zzqtsr; sdrs3:y2qpoi38cvv.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used inpvnqm3w3t3 7ajp8 6 vthw(oy:vobqt7j ng 1+ - ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creasez 7dc2d cjvoo: pdur1)+: d,h9l*rek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samp2p k a m/jg:*e2g*nppc* gryk/led in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling j /3b2jpsnccpxn*: v. techniques is not effective for sampling motile (m2n npp c*j/cjsv:b. 3xoving) specimens.