What is the best definition bs) lz ,ks69ryfor a species?

  igure: Climate graph lk, 4k7 b:tvis3depo: of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that;0tfu cm jc)5n could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa5c n j;tf)cmu0ctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pm2x1,tzo dvh(yr4r3i hok4o)opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistodnn *tq ,f1sp6se9fe+ qul,:px(nq / ksoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smacf nyx*8tua) 5ll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When tt)nucxya8 5*fhey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the guv 0 :oucu7 y7qlj cl6yhhc.*5roups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolv;oon. *z(hnlr 0umd c+pz-8q ves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may preu d*z-qo.+zl o;0mv8ncnhr p( y on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gek evq.. lk(5.kldv b2rowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thew 7w4/layce *g remains of dead plants and animale7c /aw4* gywls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of av peiudye2,r yi8-.l.mz 5 i.toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms lih)96j zou(ht rve and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcticrhzj u6 )(h9to Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsdtf4 jh8ap agh*i 514f.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ;1 0 czggrf.znctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also intec0nz .ggf1;rz ract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cja84w;fx.hy6. y;p3q wp:p ib mb he4ahain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienpyb q-llk owv. li j4m.f)4x9l bqi4--ts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and qwj x b9flml.y44ll .4pi-- )ib kqov-decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiamz- q6 xvo)3mmo:c)ovation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramze -ym yenl9 gtn8)9y(ids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fkj(j ks4muio d8d(fa3 *ydp7/actor y md48k/k j*fp( j aui(osdd372 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rat84h50 fgubldm3 n8 luqe of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedil 0cubsuzf2vd 3**umxnf a96:t5 7ge rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hg8r 54ba, m5qur 0eqlmas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds ofae 0m5,mq85 bgrlqu4r trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecz zio3yeadk ,j* d+nfs4k ,)j-t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo)ubv 1-g*gu)n *rkf8d k*zw emd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live j( s:twm, iy7bny ;a2zrgl3j0 inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaezwj2(myni7:gsj ,;r y3 tlba0 from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical r,si. za: psl5zgp,h,p;.n tteeaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems di+ rvc/5( z59dcwahebcagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describan o26w s,sf3tes organisms like earthworms that ingest and 3fsat2so,w 6n then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbw:s/uc+dody . ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of xrix0a1 8b7b na predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltr zt-(pyoszzl 62ov-f*ichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comc; :8u7xrb dolmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are ox7l r;c8 :bdutrue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following ,w,drqbp bw(*ybi/z 0 is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv )wvh7n 0xwh8m1ik 7qrersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c f xcra5;8vf.shains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is b*w*hcd znev++, a4gd false when discussing a pyramid of biom* adg4c vnh+zw+bed*,ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enuv48ivcpi t5chz:7 *t2/5fjct prx :oergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productieo*u;;5 )p 6vmivsj(uf )i lfvvity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food q9zp90 dsv/ 7+tkdvhhs(z1ajweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in -1l ge ajg2bj:/2j.zr twue3ud z..iha soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately denc/d5ke +w* ipscribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system1v ; qywl:shj:huaqm3i(i; 7r with parasites on a consumer like the sli; quhj1 7hqa3i(v wm r:y;:lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiebn wk;0 03ausration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?ne 3bsa 0ukw0;

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insect+t hmz gq4tg)/7ni kn,icide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f* 8 rcc.5gsv9gwgb4 cfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohp:* atj,o 2itbydoip:, t*ta2 bjrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinfv37ur8d uwji.1m d1zm 8v3+lck r+vlks.73d1lvd38w iv+kjm ml8 rv. +u1 rcfzu
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes i6wusrd4 muu ;4n the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perlfri)t6fz/ n:7va7zhb y 7a vorit6 /5 year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements ty2thhh82 fb77ep73 atxmlo 5mhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity oa; npfneutdc7.r43tw; ,/vh (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marin, kb tmw1/4sk5 kfz;hhh1aio9 e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thro3 /p3 jfe79ks:dmj3aujc 7g kvugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem )+6i o+xcjg(ef+d3fk9i5 kocqp lzz*


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysht/5 m8lv sjj7ar(. ep8 ezik3 lmku7+tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not xwd,7aw q9v* rf.avw278n hmrtrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a t;ld)vdc (a5f qspxz; x(+l9roy* b4rhuman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.s4v+dp;(aq* rldfb tozrx(59;y )lc x

  Figure: Average per capv,dk7lqh,1c od2 tg* pl1tq l8ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and N9eb0 bv cp29duPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community0u9b eb9pdv2 c to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the t8.q j3lts y6e0hbch*ufgm/: following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 8t/mav1*lrb ;+( dl+ oky x)txz4 xkmv$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottltabj5d7km: jl *jm(q9es with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment mj(9:a j5kdm l7q*tjband after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuey siw 3kfl,u2sn3, :kal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202j( lbi(kk4ar l(li 9qf8bin8; 0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for t6-yu.gf y lnp( f9z6ia biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph 2z*t2/(po p qbuxg8ufof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosi7 m -0gt0aonkung one or more statements from the fug0k70at nom -ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical5a6f ,ls:9 ki xeow+mz variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestri,zw:i f5ex+6s aoklm9al biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biom; 0x ocbxax(3de.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eshogzrll6yl)+89 4qt4r fz+ rg 8*raocosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R/ (amwius2l):lcw t1 iome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivore- 9(e8al5 gdga: swrp 6tkw+gts in different biomes8 5 p9( agekdwr:lw6ggsa-+tt


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionzaoj;, .p;wpx progresses from a pioneer community to;jxz apw. ,;po a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin b5l8d(twr s3 g8vxw9qg statements is not correct in describing the changeswd(txl 88 3sg59bvwqr in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured u8+5dpmkbd 08o7 cp*, dizeyg fsing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on theyd/9ejt8gpbnd;+-o( xizc 6e rate of photosynthesy ;e6i/ e(dojgb-+ zt n8cdp9xis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fievsy 4n;4zhl2+* 8hut1 uer68mkj qasn y/g3 kkld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of o+w 2 1-xgeomginsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 in +m-o1gwxe go2sects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability hgi* nhz6oiw;4-; z yhaqm, /nof the data, it is important to take multiple readingso iny6;a,qhh4;z -m* hgni/wz of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplifgtngqy8h ti gfe.-9 *vrn,;:gz. s)t ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow .3gl pe-pniam oqls, k74.mo,Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wilhk7e ; h;ji6ujlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectigg.fb9/9szf f fgs*p1 ve for sampling motile (moving) sp.bf*ggs1 fsf9 /pfg9z ecimens.