What is the best definitionmp28ifutb 6+ 7sgtbd. for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita iyi.t:u*w *d akm*k4ply


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factf*.apjh z h5d*by- 8fax39da30 xhuouor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto50du.hfda- uxz3fa*h oj* p89y 3b ahxr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve; n+0sx8p2 hze2xhv ic of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma tng0l7d 6 wk2ospecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that ; fv-j9q ;fek4u7tpwt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’fewk;tfp9-qtvu 4 ;j7s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of27j q0 ca gt kaemtbz2y5+ uvi;j0 w0yxt:m.(m organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natuxlxsscix92 *.hru)kij j(q: 9rally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are terrsjiqk() j2cx9:srl. i x9h*uxitorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over brum: o7zti4hju--xj ;3 nlu3 time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites ah-p7:;buvt rand snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animar; 7p-av:tuh bls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins 8qwaa/xr7a5yg.mew tni4* )e;onr fz .0 /lzn in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer weeet h-txg(gf ,8k6 g7hale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic7ghexe ,gk6f-8g tt(e Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eb ed34x5htt (ocosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees 1j* .f r00bwpgb;japa and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species alsob ajbaj0*;0 pgf.pr 1w interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaa92 z +, 1:hp2:okf bq vozdssz(+opmhin.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into the),y 4yuw;we)1hvnv swl z;i9z8rzb )o ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thenbv;))i zlzro)e4n1 w9zy,;s8wuywh v absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult+-jl /6r aniettix2t rz4w, c)ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids op /.0:)soxq5 .t/ n(jym. pn tdtfxnjyf energy.

  List three factors that iorh5*-8vf 3 )5h1tvlec5 uukun0xgw could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fachixuco8f0* lhuvw5tgu e rk ) 315-nv5tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tghgusd9 , +-nnemperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratesq5l fbdf.jtcm4z,( )d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hah1 30zk. vdyj3ryz:vl s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other ok:v 3 k1h0jvy rzyd3zl.apis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste+x o-q6hbdqdqy2 9e-om.

  Figure: A marine food wkj- ; ajv9x v:zcy8w-aeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals cmru,m c,kp)4:8ndtbfeed on the carbon compounds produced by zoox c,mtpn),r :ukdb8m4canthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic p9-ife7uh m9dal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in jg(s 9e-kp je8gxuxg2x( x(g .the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lixur6vln40r.blcf v 8vc 1-8vj ke earthworms that ingf1-c6rr j48xn v vl0bvl.uvc8 est and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of 3nm n:n;:da-4xshow 59tje jc numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d-t f :tj ,ild 0qjo2)4t.diuyqensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorod/)7lq,jrijvxk/vx +ey ujb o)c/eo/( iphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciallywo8okee3 sbcgd142cy*njm k7 .:h f:z available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to prdks:g y:fckw* jeco4m3 . 72bze1on8 hovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an )gkis(eatpykw6 6h/ xg )aza n6b z2.l*.u(cw example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system r, nf0w ,ro,en


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsfc c p06wj5tc1+4 jllq




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false0s5pgd t+gba2 when discussing a pyramid of biomabs5gg p0+tda 2ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of ern)4w, .lye svnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produckqddgao apkas(:ozq53p,0j4+q)cx * n( / cag tivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mavx--pg f zh67bl liv+23- 6mkk q6tmjlrine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosa0. tg bymz70 qtr,p6wystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that ny l;c*9 env kzr)m;+wdoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tttd3 a 8 ps1br:;r+pvfhat could exist in a savannah system with parasitsrvb+8:tpf ;3dr pa1tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and resvg:ny(kmac:gb f .74 x;f*iuepiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Rese(vyiak c:fm gg:x* ;7fb4.nupiration?

  Identify the statements that q**ixcvpm7j- describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy )k03+3y lmuctjm gz+vis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxxdg v1qnw+jowwk m/qf g8 (:*8ide in the air to carbohydramv1*wwgq8ng (+8fo: dqx/jw ktes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fazwm(b y augt7f*4 aba 0 )b+z,m)b+eyrom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.)*z+abm+bab(ytaeauf mg7, y)0w4 zb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle 4(rx +ejegdk0.-yu ev that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yos2ucefj) *d 8ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that wycsrf ;)*hy+7 m(ynv are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can aj+lp:dj: e88aywv5e be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagralh3 wtce fc si12,9i/is;xp9 dm of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thrn.96b,r8 sxo4 p- wcff yys7krough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystz :a yqzp),inuc (r85aem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow /dd6 3;fy5mtuyyxo+4hzep k )*az;cvin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bc;ttp, 6l4wbt 4;;wu-yz)y. ufyufedacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effec) ( z;ewcpg3gy 46dfrst on the nitrogen cycle.;g3 cdywe6(zg spr)f4

  Figure: Average per c*ow+2 2pz r/ymabhikh(g2 jbaxsp69 7apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in q dr o7-q: 0 gxtu0ddt(euo1q+biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community o:(u+qdrxtuo0-qd1d0get q7to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folri 9w6 xqhdm*1bp -;allowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cxodd/ t h.v9s+( y4xtyapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wcdj+r xllq2j idkl1.9: ilfj r-v(1l5ith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved ox ( rlij-vk j.12iq91f:dlcl5llx r+djygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagev. gb*fmu3bf 5s & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherie2 0ysjtq 9tkqk/c )ppp)8-qw js by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for;q*jpx 2olq(e a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyv*9h:pved7dfkg 5; n c



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements f; 8lkngke((s1 xfln:srom the folloss1k:f n(le8nk;( lg xwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othet q4 a)+1sl chbwfr,)h1xyb 5ir physical variables. List the main factors that characterize thec5lf)+1aytsxr)bh whb1qi4 , terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not am. p m( xwn+4sn9lywf, description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statementc1gpwf(plq dlnf9s x2kso 7p+ ( 62ok*f:zw6k related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Io: ak uilu5yh(25iq0ytaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores v)(f *q7fxibiin different biomesx (* ifqf)7vib


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession ;,-( b3lwlotdq6dr ibv zw *2uprogresses from a pioneer community to a climax commu3w(wq-dlbz 2livtd*;rou6,bnity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following st56do wj2,hxyb7z l.a xatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suc.y x7z,bhdjx2owl6a 5 cession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuree7z e)9yllc(;m 3 m nqd31miubd using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect o3w ihm3 p23isxf temperature on the rate of photosyntm33w2x3 ihis phesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a tv*8s58 mne 8)pct tdufield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of i(xpp e;7.i fu b):sqpansect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insect(q;s ) ix.bu7:aefpp ps, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabzqlrh0 q7pej /n6* (qw zets71ility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings o plzjqew *e0n71s/t r76 qhqz(f the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecouse-fu :. j((b-k6j-jj2vq tqww,e eblogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampsce,aj(gw 63w9ke5b m les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in twoibaw6i h9np2) parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sa;wr/(l rn5l7jj n ;uopmym4 ;zmpling motile (moving)m /jz5n ruwo;;l(p y mnr7;4jl specimens.