What is the best def grem 6.g8namr, j7aw:inition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,ovu63mc. 9xf.th;0ue tutpv *4l2yu a Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a3r :.d/,y3s aj mdehob species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?r3sb 3d./hydj ,:oaem

  Figure: Growth curve of a popuf- cino0(4f , b(hjpetlation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc. lfoc w:9jm1qhistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gia4kzz0l 9h f0qraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solzfzh aql940 k0itary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of+r)1d6f8g fhwvbx .fu organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally g/lnei 4o,hm 8in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an econ, mo /hlge4n8iomic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over cer(+ko9cjqq/ ;g v8z time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead p7zo+o2)wrv*q0v ihat2 7 otgmlants and animals7 27* +0qo)2aioorztmv vht wg.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains ) eg4fg.h(l6)l9pcx q9xdluq2 xzh*k


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and)gm0tal3+ m s hgoqujg)+//lz other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceloh)tg/gg+u3 0/sjm+q)l zmaan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecop)0y0c ex 0a*umw-i)t wdvg 2f lxr9j/systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomjgz(dcitpiv++83/ ) k3ohil nass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence o/ d3i++k 3c)8 i( ovinpjglzhtf many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that isz) ne+p)d a-la a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by re .k8rtiov /5nvleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes bre .tvnv5/kr8 oiak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ro rs.h +46pzb9g2 fnxfu2wx fekwp3o:*5yj 3tice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pl*g9xy o*pb tj,0kv) qyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What (egy ,v)b6lo uis Factor 1; Factor 2 and Faevbyug(ol, 6) ctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at difty,d8saw8 ig (iztg1s (* qx6pferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice inj )a2v7b 2dr, ev6*x/mxyzwcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smv0k.x oniry 77all-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on thn0oxr7v7i .yke mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect b po 4d pjvhhke08 fwu3k0-.0tdescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we jemfq m kwvf zk,s,z4**kf)1)b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae thaq3c: dp p k*2pa (6:)srmkjqypt live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundpd:pq(3jk yps p62qk*a: m)rcs produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinssdrxguhuccj)2 x9,0 8 c9,bz g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceas.4skz5t1i5t hx +dftn


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followerdkdd 6 2b sz095l7ua0hx7fx ing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that 7zkx5 a u209bxhfel d07rs6ddingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyc rq 97yr;mgqd-bu*7nramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pko:/zf m(r q,mredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlord*+og - tbqvir ; jao1td)c1u+oethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commertmp2*y 69a7sekzw pdi rz/9w3 g(yeh.cially available seawater-filled e9twzemrad3 y.pg w yp97 *6shi(2/zkglass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of t ijdyrcw8** s z(f1w6ytok)0eransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converbsi(se 2f;v4 xyrn*3fsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in8*a v,pp9 p0dvrv/twn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pq s/ avbepq8j 6d0*i7aicj5 )lyramid of bil aaqi5)sjvij/0cqdbp * 76e 8omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ kyj*6yl*x m 0n7whla/y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reom+p;7 d n;limpresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marifv: qaz :((urune food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste7m/cc+o3x+ogiy j 5cyn:wh2pm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemenp,dqyru 4t3t3t that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with par-xmwkuh .-zk(asite-x kwhz-m( k.us on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the option7s ex4ypn8c;(y3aimz2r f e6 ;) t1qdrjzma2os below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?4 ymy7t 3ef6pcj(me dqnr2 a1 2z;z)x;8 oaisr

  Identify the statements that describe the use of23vvn ,rgh( 5u a0i29l3p6 oca7ztzrg3m qbvj DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy juqh)e 1fw3l -xi3sh /fd3-r fis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that cohqk1mjb-o ,. v;k1 xyrnverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.,b hj ;yok1qx1m v-kr.

  There is continuous cycling of cakcz(;h y ,kgjc +obh22rbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 2hzk,b jh+g;cyc ok(2
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lon lxt0v lr -h-3dm-:szugest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /9 b7tibsg1 s2btev dt.*+k4yv per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru+ ; b5of-k n8jkf4gga1peta-be.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatedc 32gnb- rowb2.

  Figure: A simplified cq:go g e-)wtymkqej1 +mw) 89diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughgr3 fsl1z fg lbeg*53,qaqa+, the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco*gj;xj c o46xd*u(kxhsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy w s(6jirb ov08/ zk)cosw9l0ostem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of-ow.m;czll h + denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect ov d) 5tcakh*6vn the nitrogen cycle.*tv) c6a kvd5h

  Figure: Average per ca .,aqnj3 p,tjn 6jzu:tpa(3fct7mi7gpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes:ek. tniv5ie *g6u(nbsb,*g esion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communit5: 6n s (*gk*e.evngb,iuietby.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fqi h+8a1/mwfoollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per car +8zkbs bh; iixaa7z7xl8 9o1pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usin esmza2w *dscv3ze v16 bq2(3lg bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles. (m1elq22de*v s z33 6wsvzcab


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages uhavxuj,x6 ;) & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19t9kz(oz:( ngzmi/5x t 88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a lqx5fsha1v;lj.9 brfgqzon2t 2 e- z):8 -wkm biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of (-g k7i jww3k+/ryg) dg:utrzRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from th)qo0 z4qka +h ojv.4 6uljz(ise followjk qo zo4ia 46+qs .v)lhzj0(uing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicq eawzvc2r/09)ff 0x y4fuywy 1h+9bdal variables. List the main factors y a 1q)vzy9 f e9wwx20y/hc4frfudb0+that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfo /:f yhauy(fx*rest biome.

  Identify the correct statemen*2aiajy 1jh k5t related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaa k+l4 do g5dv:i0n4gotf8x:fly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomh. wim.lf5zaqhfh*s.+ 5edisw ,mm )4es . z.m siqw hwhm+ ,af e*sf.hdim5)45l


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NP(pui:qil-q qlyzl/(.9o9,tu6 retv p P as primary succession progresses from a pip l tizlo6(qv,y(rieuqu /ptl.q9 9-:oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corahnw*rj, 7tqv0e6+k+x w qsf 5rect in describing the changes i*qrsfqt j,vnax+ 76k0 ww+h e5n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be me1wh*bi8l 2x nh2iepp 2yp8qr+asured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature oneo):h1d cspw4 the rate of photosynthesis14whdep)s: o c



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi(oe 0vo61wqkxeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trap h mg14 yq w8pvult7g8gr pvcbs2569k1s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals outvbc4 wsr1 u7g1m5k9gt6glpqh pv28 y8 of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of tuplmxkr:)02 whe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the saml p:w )rkxmu02e factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological saa77 5f . smz) lyxnlb6 2hf(q5zevxt:gmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data m7i7tx0) e-l,ac:q) onuzckexy8r 0wfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species datav0l f 8kyc(e72urp6n)vgb+ nm for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling-2wkgd. op 3 wgam/ods-3eh*u techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specmaue3s*3-2dd-/hgp . wgowko imens.