What is the best definition for a spphne2o fls6;r9(j6: izny iw)ecies?

  igure: Climate graph o*(pnzp cm +fv/f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could des1 9e.oir (3r iim+hnbrga87tlcribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact an18ithir3r7.ebg lr+ imo(9or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop58 agnh4rswn. 2wyc9hulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso doc qd)y-u/c+txnb3)v8 o jn* j+yf0qma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smalhw2 rfic+ kf5gl* tnd *uwuew.3ey3d7 /2b d,sl-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only wit3 e n dfuc2bsfr,le5wiu dd3k*y t*gww2/7.+hh other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populaa0nn :9 5nleo02vp zdj,er+ cjtion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis4im 3 *nlkz.l6kvxwi3s (ay y- lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A matywa nllm 4z.6ii3 -vkxky(*3sure female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bm/cv,)lpf w04eqw fk2est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites an *a+o4 gd+ hr iuabqw-i28fj7ed snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima7r+a*8qgd iiew-+auho bf2 4jls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tou-wgy4unpx.bu3 9r 2 wxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear jk q t1+07rexsand other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctj7qsx r0k1+ teic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyspwkb7g/ /yffd i /*g4gtems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass w 42e (l s6 jx29gigvsjubmke fti)(73jith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdi9g3(te4j)i(xg esumf72 kjlsj2v b6 ependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thjc2d-rs x- a,gat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientsyep 40l,jljd86 yuc-j by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayin4yejlj0p8u ,d jc6y- lg leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culth*6 (xc-.(qdp1uil /sb 5bbuw smpna8ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en h-ya (/v u48lf,+iikiy (luprergy.

  List three factors thaiom bm0x--r cr4dy)c;t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 4 bry0id )c-o;rxm-cmand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the 7;unl6key wzc*m 8ni 4rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva2ol*z jc-2 iil.nddb5tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebk90y 5garsalnd,6h n)ra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years orh 9 5k,)0dnlsgyan6ald, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ener.6 9khir+sfqrggi74 o,:uf jogy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodd jnay 3nrw.y7;rk(8g qwo;,lkkn/5j web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the0 as.rc .nys :urf6 il)xt4v+g carbon compounds produced by av fc tsrx).i :0gy4.us+6rnl zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio: j imp qr(3,rzo(cgy:n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram)is9otk(1dvrqce2gl.r q 2;u of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thaj:+fnt, xnz ,dt ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic maz xtjd:, n,+nfterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of v6 9kkig ikod0(-d-ernumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its oj +e x1f04psolmz 0b7o:t3pmprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethtm6uv + h *ss7d7ch-foane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawaterme 0 v 9+mgynqy7c()a8ywn;1mwxe4 zxq d)ei8-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it nearxz) xvgw em8901e 4yy(a8eynqm;) nc dq+im7w a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplf q0cl (i2ekwv mis.)az9r-d;wo5uu7 e of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con5r r;e xuo4u;ut /d2m(wr xe2zversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toegbn7a :t;k/n l 2e/u*gyz mu4xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stat+-jy6o e :ozmhements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomj-ey6:o zmh o+ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerzbq/.lph b wy12ix fz2,*(qo ngy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repr3e9wv98 tcdx2 mks ey;esenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic ma s6fy6 vhqhrcj5 );kh5rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in aa 9e4+6sl*5vaotvp zb soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does no 5v*u-gl y2g)izeknp4t accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wii5 uet9/kn b7fth parasitketf 9b7/5u nies on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.8j5 3h ri vut3/wim b)1tcl7kwWhat is Photosynthes/r1m75tw8uli bjih tk)v c3w 3is and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.x/1*u n abmpnqtc .l *hk:y8(h
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enerotw f9)khv5hz x+cf5+s8y 8gigy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the awam9 ryf*0b9ko q7n1vir to carbohydrateo0 rbmq99*f7na y1kwv s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the zpy5/dm ) m20lih.uag u4r3gfatmosphere to other carbon sinks. p/zud543 l r)gh.yfmma0uig2
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cmcxy )r*rkv* x-5ols : ;w3bidycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per p ;mqd tunc7c)7:zcn *year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are w*uly6qcn wrz 9 )ko+na- 1my0true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarq+6re(vqt3 xcy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram1r glg y(f9pyk;x0km* of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of 2 bnoq1g9,vu8odb ycn/jfwv;i 32z 1xcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos (b0v ho(wlol56nx -nqystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosywk;k*gzvm/(t5. sfp bstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of deni u4 l(z1hj7gwitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inly,sn*1 : i4tnaqa+s;mx: pqyduced effect on the nitrogen cyclsamityls: 1,4aqqp x+ :ny;n*e.

  Figure: Average per snk,w e9) h y-o;euane q6tae.0:vp;ocapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP2 aa 7b.xysl zpv1. inzeyz5x2j,n9)k and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pione) zbe.ax x2lk1 a9jnzy,isz7v5n2 .yper community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examq ,8ct14ohavm5nt/*km n( jobple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capmtf8l+1ypm6 2 r 0l4aiirm1ahita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One k6exx 8x o(u3wk;9wlpwas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in 3 kow u6klw(x8e9;pxxboth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagefr,vtwlkt5 f n* /+y),w6e iovs & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re dn2f35qvv yf2gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for acxu sl2;yb)u6 biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaqf87(d zql0mm q 5wbq:y.qxn(ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zo,bkh 2/(o(tq emav7zgn6 )pko nation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.mz6qeb(v, htgon(a)k / ko2p7
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablesg fs /6i (nicin-cu(.:r6zbl,xw aow2. List w-ifzi6 :(,( rnlc uiwx /co gnba26s.the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptir)kye , ;/f+lfy-ok2)caruppon of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversityg;4jjr5rkle ax-- h0 w in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome -m w;zg/bznd)o6h)9hk g yg jk,0e2ce, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity r0le2ebr l( g; +cg:lrand biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 2(rle;gelr bcr l+0:g


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarlp1bwu+ 3o1 ba yli7o//evf n)y succession progresses from a o/7beuv 1f3l yo ai+/wbl)np1pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fons:wo 2:hz/ svwg9 w .r75gm(x hrzj4qllowing statements is not correct in describing the chan 4hgz shq 7w:xvr5m wr./2o(zwgn:9 jsges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diqt 2q-l 4b5apwsk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate ./cf r5k ayvb3d4 ykw+o ;:)qmzg hd;nthe effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntkb; h.:w yg/c3rdd5ok+; qmv)n fz4ayhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie,qj:q e p/ ;i15opmethld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps tjgoc8f:5pzn96..ruz. be s du o capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 in nf p .ugeu5jd8br9zz6.o .cs:sects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readiou -*cjv*s)imif4 p6 ynmp u-)fvo* c ys*46iijgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologica9;l qmef8g 3./ 3bdhix5zjgzbl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data lx9i- .rbivj u*fk 7-*vlnwr, for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowk av09aro31a ac-t1u7cl6k gw Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followinm r j8df.q,lzz4k.whe7ojyi,6 4e7 s bg sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movs hyoe8 7bz7ri ,z4d..j kl4w6jmq e,fing) specimens.