What is the best defing,y 8rj- z+o7yhad0 goition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyjm+p1e6 8b 2w mncw 0oo1kpoy:


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whaen5* 5p(lt dobl,o q6 b1j.khct is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3dcol.5ht* np(j qel6b,kbo51?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pol ylvo 2jjida)w7 +zrcc,+)+d pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto 7( (s+ fnqe)hbisswds)n eq57soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-si,e;e * q5)j zc-13ayzt ezlyefzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk c ,5e et; lfj1eqy* zay-zze3)for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms62-bikqq z 8eo is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur na 3p1jhop4 sxi(turally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries ixp j1 i4ph3(osn the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects tfaf wwk7f 4qax(kfp*0: n4lk( he growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants anm-f4) rn-i 2dqtp /q16 zk+cbr jjjt-jd animalsn j c1q2m 4b tjt -qjifr/rkz+pj-)-6d.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fozl)0rva2bjrh1ri;ti a tw/ -*od chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, po27-w rgnsqaj/ lar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the s qgn rw-7ja/2cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.u1/rcv zd; qz9

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bioma4d2k 9h le5rz5bds3s :cddn/ pss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many il zn ekr/s4:d5c 2s 3dbdh59pdnterdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of aqm y,0xm-1y m .ghh5qb *ka ,jsi/n(jq food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thgw,uqej;,g.)( riped eir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leave,,i(d;.q ewjg)u gpers, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice2yly08j( ,jdnqpa 5sg cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pydkyo)6erv xdpupxq6 .;; e8h 7ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fac)z.lx, zo hlxh:yz )6.viac s,tor i.yzxlx )6,h:h,ocl.)szvaz2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photoj et3j/ hd6egc)1cen,synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult7 zek5c(t rt*,mrm.a kivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sma0*6:y3w d/lwlpjl ggmll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whichd 6w3gw* l /mplgly0j: continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desom mzyr25xp7 eo uv901cription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we) zprdf :je:yiz98hb( b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livev24mfza 0t.r/ afi6fv inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide rtf/f0aamviv 2 f.z64, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react+ut t.h -xoqr*ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t tzx 3q2aq13bbhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best dc2gbanhoz,3nq 53 (bxz0s 6s pescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialn3(bp,o z563gc0s2zxqsn abh s.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of vi:sj4bf w)a:0v5bc hnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesl eqt5;:yt:,7 lu wc 7x/ljw.x9xajhn of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorod cupfj i8 jba0);wb(+7u. rkcriphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosuvb:p c.:m:vir9tif 2 m using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide ctrmub:i:vi9fp.2 :va light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an eo1r4/hfag v c lcfexk; k6e324xample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversit qk,+ov0-jjf on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tlbm(h94x shnoy q +.4toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followi5ty:il-zt2jo ng statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomz:o- 2tly ji5tass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene*fhh*r.2 xxqj jyq 9k4xlit.c+v /n)jrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity -okz ri9fr4pkba1/- qin an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web0m)zo;o tzw,, m:e69eu(s i arud.con


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soipmmv6k 3zhc)3t mr+6z:7 p5pnpj k rs95pq-inl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does notdj6;hw r acc(7 accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbazo5 bur maq0,nl76 .cers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer uzabc7lq .6oa,nr5 0m like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration coz)4 ndtn(j o fj9w/b53k yc5;apxkjb1rrectly from the options below.What is Phk5jcy/9b w p ;jjo5b k1nx4f3(d zan)totosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o-ba:hy gwk 0o8f DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ7d xur6qlq;v 1 ta5jk-y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conv.athe)ya bl; ,x5t ut)erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat,x u))hlt yta.;ae5 tbes.

  There is continuous cycling ofux3e 1(f3bmv m 9ib- hy)cd;lf carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ym;3hu- 1b f id( 9mxfcvleb3)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the process vym(( -ulgkg6vyx,+tes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyc.;s 7bs6v0zivcl l )ptlv wm3t80bf+ stem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.qwhjt)9 l *nvkn55k cf /e:j1q
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be c*g n:0t5x(6b yluoch a4 je8z2(il 7iiqn;k ssalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagr b4oh9ovg9o ) 1 rkeuhks-.w(xam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon th.et98qcucad j /0x0bnrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an man;5lmcik r 5sx- )og02msu,ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysr t20ivsa 1q 4 s438/xzntsgoztem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingx3 y x*jrf-ap6k1t e0(cy*pmz+bim (p bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nigu/m+ g2p6 d6m3pcxg gtrogen cycux+g3gp26d gcmp6mg /le.

  Figure: Average per c y/uke17m7 mwhl +v6iqapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession p.xl io3uwcd55-5;jmswg4) nj l -.q.e ov xvsmrogresses from a pioneer 5 qsxig.x5ewm lo.jvdncu4.w;5-) js v mlo3-community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exb 3 3)gh4kuvreample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ck8 m lv7ie;zqw7rw i-,gtn6m2apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plan, p3wsffzw z-;t in water. One was kept in light and the oths,fpz3fz;-w wer in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in (sp:oczl6se: 9e 3suzGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisher 7n4(afb-et eties by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio:x* ar-g abazlvwx-0 4itdl52me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itb/y-n1q+q f llaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zon49fqk7 75,ydropik-dn 8rmx ,1fz p aiation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fdrz xn qo9,5f8k p,1 d 4iak77mriypf-ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizeds *yi2(tesjf7,1 ypj s by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ttjs (p2s,iy *ey f7j1serrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforestwr 9nm:v 3d(vb biome.

  Identify the correct cqday nt*(f2r( urh(ffhgo.+p(9)xw statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphe6gp1mta4 wx n - a-. h:8bumq(aq(sij of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity 3m )+qq;ck z avflpodt);+q a9qhci7/ and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes f+mv+ iq)oq)acaz;k 9t;dclqh3p q7/


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successio 6e:bf.667*svs xnahegg zl)un progresses from a piofb6se.xa7vz: n *s)uge 6h6gl neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing theh5;:gp1 ;kksxl qqw- c*a fipmgd0*b+ changes in productiv* :i+pk g-s;0 15*dq h wfqp;ckgamxlbity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can vi/w,o v :/xo6w ny8zdbe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperatua ( og5z hbq-qb8a d6kh3hks0 r0i8v-rre on the rate of photosynth3zb8bhgikrh da6sr-0q5qho (0v8-ka esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field rcfvtjo :p0-su m/v) u*8x .ra



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beez3v 5 3j n k2ymk:nf3;ampffo:tle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of w3mfja; f 2 mpz:5ky3kvo n3f:nhich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important t d5h- xeu 6gpfnkp:j+qv7r 96fo take multiple readings of the same xdu9h6 fkp-j qrg7f5 :env6p +factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling ufon32,rhdw dp8; lq0)e bbo3


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for taxw)kfz ./,tgj 1 c+6eke(nokwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two p fa)e53h;u;o px1auh jarts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo h moq+jd3wkgx6a y5rbln)ii74hb 32 3r sampling m hi)gxnl4 wh3k3a2j+7brdm y b5 qo63iotile (moving) specimens.