What is the best definition for a species?y/s09vk gh p9k*6qlu 7okv3sx

  igure: Climate graph6p9w ai*qh3q/yp b1p k of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 2o 5fghuo/ 8sfFactor 1 ;Facto5f of8sug/h 2or 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o 97geku bc8u0h i)nu6cf a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle od,tks.+.a hzcf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has syo nrp 10d :;d-;ldehw6)l/pio0jb bvtripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be0blolyjddvne o6hi /:;b1;r)w0d- p p dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups jcv -/e5x1 ) shies ;+c0ojfcz)eji7vof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Ca .i:l uy5 m9 ulkx3pl w:rcmvz16+zl hv2s7aq6nis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolveayz m32v 7p5u6.9h m6 : l+kqlrxw1ucsll:ziv s are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population o7 dx)ta2ehtn ;ver time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima::mvufg1oul r+5mf 9ylsgv:yo9 +5u1rfm :umfl .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in k/o .7 7iu, zzaieuf,xfood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringunj 0) bw);7mqfpgc n:ed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the A j) u); gpwq0nnc7mb:frctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energyyi1ct)nlu yk2vog bfd/t9.r 4mx:, (p is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pr ty 7cdw z*)om726;0jw(rqy -vhcejchoductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependenv -( ;hy7w07tm*dywcec6 h2zjrjocq) t organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiobl:rna4dx0a, jj.-sie p j/ y2n of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their suu9 9kex fud31d3o io2yrroundings. The enzymes break down things s9y1d3 eof2udo9u3 i kxuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation srpop-+,,7eew4lw5k ec * s tgyystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energo(uj7 )1 yjh)4t dnajoy.

  List three factors that coui +rn2 jktnh ;(*+03zspwx io0ei/k zald describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Faci+ia 3(jntiwo 0r/;z h2knk+0xzps *e tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differel4yl;u8 vvsx0g. n)d.mv2 re vnt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivat t ;a 6h-icr+tzx:t4ws tho7 4j6q4npxion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has str5pvqv 3s 1cu pw2u e lnfw9)1,xwhfz+4ipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buluppwvxf13cf+h 51 qez ) nuws4w,v92ds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ene wzgjz-;;( l l9iqzt)f 6oabx .)xw,dargy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wxdag.p+ -nhzjb r/o, 1eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insip/zk 6*c vq.,vm (cggkde coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and su6gzkgm*kq/cvp (cv .,nlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical realaktf27e) qm 5ebw.()/u* vm gndsaj 8i+ed,f ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movk ir u40(hn. danjps-+ement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes tj6d)g-e5a k34 ga*khda0sk borganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dik hk-te0sk *43d6gagda)j a5bgest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu. lcmwm:n i7y lk+ +ywx, i2*m6zdxm5bz)o7zjmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predato9af v7h8sv0v ocx2y1ir and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ab q: yw,m:ss u:jsko.5hout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm/fhc+b er,2j b using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements ar,b2+jhc/e rfb e true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforo* :(5gfstagzmation.

  Figure: A natural energy convecy,5ogfme9 o6 rsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains g,) lw1ts tae+




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid odxja s5)v2xo7/cv j 0pf bioma ) 0o5xcpvadvs/jj27 xss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energlifhbp30 11v iy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represent 8r rpc/jb9s 765 vu/qe4ywrguing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webe v2 de-h(l.)pa3 zchmm)w; qk,dpq9u


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem(9vh )4.zax:3n5 xfyijr bame




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that+4* 4gexh gvgs does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannahkx0(n6( io uha system with parasites on a consuma(6ixhnk o0u( er like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration i xl 3.:iewn hmjn0z,3correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirx wm3ih ,jlinze0.3:nation?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as anp /)0gtrc5fwh++p ffp insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ-m g 9q45rf* bxqpby8iy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carboh,, pk3g . yg3qxkhor*cydrates.o.xk3*g yk3r ,c,hgpq

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbopef xq8 7t-1obn sinks.et7 1o fpxbq-8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lok80r1sl0asm4rpdb g7 ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in af2-xo1p qde6 kn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arexkis2bg 6do8bn) p**n true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated)gx)+a)ees m-d olc8t.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tg. iyvmkbc6e1 yn2e1 6he marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throd i r-hsv 6wkvp13kb/2ugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in *j(pq )jganvn+ v, 5seilgkt h/l4/s6an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terri7.h9 sctpjc-zfc l( gct*z*;estrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no hi(5a0 ax;g:c zbgxm9-i-yd gt true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the folk,krn o)4a 7yp; wked4l6rie2lowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl4 2)i7k6kead;4,wkrrnpyeo le.

  Figure: Average per cap,6oa ofzk-ftim4kc9o0pc1 -w* ex 1jpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP hjywip(4wmb; 0pnmw qv 2onjh3- .5d.P and NPP as primary succession progresses from40wvw3 my.n 2qph5dm;(nhi-.wj bojp a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatifuz;;swm ei p38l+u: aon.

  Figure: Average per whimh /kig(,5 q;4;wodh1izp5z zyt 9 capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea juz.m q.rxw7mfm (9v5 plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both br(j.fzvwm7xm 59 mu.qottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon st12tm xxae(w 4torages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by reg cnji:uu;00 kgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for agnn2e :op/+z 2z8tyta biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, p r ,yf4oe(ue3Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’b7 nl.78tyqys yf6ylq6y choosing one or more statements from the following 67l6l .yy8t7yyn sqqf.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticrns s,yvmaux+6-/* f4q 1nz ku patterns and other physical variables. List the mais, y+*a-umqx4nn6f1rus/z v k n factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t jloy;ei ucc yf+4btx(49y2w4he rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement r(3fc9me qfakxm7df/f l(aj:-elated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,nok 7k2p9qk kgz wg 7,*quf*5w Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two heri3v v6vl4ec :zqh(o 6zbivores in different biomeszqhve: ( c6vi3zo 6l4v


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary/a6 u+;*dx,ubz dnjys succession progresses from a piox+dj6 nd sbzuya u/*,;neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementtynq .-(c .c8hs0imdy s is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary su t.q idsync-(cmh 0y8.ccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fa b2j w,l8m(x6s)vnkvc6hjd x:ctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inv 7/nf ;ptss,dlestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthfsp/,n;d7l stesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi-m5 v9v gjeiyy-p1-aveld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of iw6f1c(34ikd yk 1lvtfxxkk ; 3nsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of whk4d1v1 x(kwkl;f 6f 3x yick3tich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability olt5e-s-p v 9zza xdwe+;w5s1r bp:nw3 f the data, it is important to take multiple readingnsa:; z9+ pez5p3xltw- 1bdewwv -5 srs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling8f dl ghr+nv41


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wi1zt5geb wkn ji42a8 9v zvxyt;t584zw llow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow )9 ,ydpie*jls)1ksag Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective 1f r6kese +pj.for sampling motile (mo6espf1 je.+rkving) specimens.