What is the best definition fo -v:jjt1o0asl r a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Roataw 7- imbtop15 -2wjpy xi58me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that cou6finkv -pl,u,p /txbl 0 r9z5nld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2lplk9- 0v/rxbn u6t , z5,pnfi;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po( y,rh50hvue npulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec/ ikdnbft7r3/bq0 4y v/zn kg4ies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stri vxps:a9kt: mq-x7u2v pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they arexau k-v sq:2:v7pmt 9x mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pm-ptuz0vwx4y4)hki*um y 7 sv*w7- gjopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natura./dwur 45 l1ok pf1sjhlly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may pre4f u1hj5r1oskl p.w/dy on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects th jv8rz9ss39c ge growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead hf0od yhm:80lpf9 1 gb2rarv r 48oph4plants and animals.2 hf0b r0lag 8pof4:dhmpor1yhv4 8r9
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 5:,j 3qwobz tm


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, ;bk+8+ ar 32kkqkifi zpolar bear and other organisms live and inafk k ikr23++q i8z;bkteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy7tcbvm)yu p2m94p n 4 l3)o2xd)rvzcostems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treeso p.5/yornlr* and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical *o.ro pyln5/r environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correckawo f gf 8tidk0ql2i xz)f6::u )y;a+t description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thenvi3 ,ckr v)q)ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decay 3kni,vrcq )v)ing leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rikk r bgh0yte,;nv(;)xjdh/b*s 3;lcnce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f p9c1ocu.p2wvi(vbf1or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' u4phwi 6e xj5cm.6vq7 +/wx vx4v;odjniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 4p5v+i7/oe wwu6 xhj.4mc;qvx d v6xj2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differ6u/cy h q4zi3px2 -k hjb4m-ilent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivsovuvk- ,n 5 qo0hy4s.:c9 uoiation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zynj rox15fy4r7 r9o/ cebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the moty95cnfor r 14joyx/ r7her gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enerh. v*ht )(cxv(pwa py(gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 37 *i1zk7rn*zktbel w web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fama-b04q pct4/gkrscc2 4g0j26i lc2 cj /oedeed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from c4/t4cbs6g jrk22cgo -l40mj eq adc2pa 0/i ccarbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica4kypvpy t8f, n:)dbk4l reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in they vao:7e9l 4eo ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms b lyp(-.vcs nmxry4 .g-est describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down a. .vnl(rxsg4p c -ymy-nd digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbens4 j9ii*ya /jrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pcq x/3 rykj61urey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphe r:gwod; wyx98cr2c4 vnyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fi1; uexdb jabsxvf -1 3e+b2rjk6/zo5elled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source.1 a1f e-6kudb3 x+ozb evjs2rx/ ;bej5 Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following )- d e *)siijiqu:h9ttis an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syqha8k(q**gqrs iz(( i)j/fbw stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins 8c/t80n, hh rohhp lt+in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyram. h;ratn abrgy 91h2*6-yqzlnid of biomah.2nbytlhyn1q9 ;a- 6 z*ragrss.

  Figure: A pyramid ofe -lsao/*xi ,:r) -k pofklqx4 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing proq4 :chimz2e ovcz7j+k; w.t3mductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinrtby u7xf- +7re food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilc tt;mcke0s 9 mcg evgr.1-y38 ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe+ jezwe u.i8(m)sz6wgz ejp3 0 a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannaqmo) mkuk4.t 9h system with parasitemqkum o .k4)9ts on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thn1i .ibe ku;wo6**o xny yhb:;e options below.What is Photin e6;w bn i;oyxbuk1.o*yh* :osynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the usk-o/18ytu :j(zcs f qve of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy k1 ss2y;ig(:umf4flgmg8 2 fustems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to jg)f1d0tvcnvn7s m-yx3p y.8carbohydrates.vdv 8t-1fjcsg0. )m 3 7yxypnn

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospx uhhv(z8 qtg0r4o*c (here to other carbon sinks. xutvrc4 o*(q(h8 g0zh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in t((weyb-o +yc h uh4h5zhe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys).c0kp ts9 tlx 1qhnk1tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru+bk4pwqfh8. ze.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcue9c(h-fctfue*o.0uq4 ( ,z,q bcxh ra lated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine can8 g*oswe xw3uwiapz :h.9:r )rbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through j2yiy+lb 9kp tm361h( *i 5ke9mtswquthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anzha.8w-* c;y rq rn ;w7mmt6zh ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste7zaz .ky: a:zzm in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bact;pzd4h n+b0f zke6xg,eria.

  Identify which of the following is not am v/*hel vi,0i human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycleev /hi* 0,imlv.

  Figure: Average per ctcc5 3sx/ 1imuapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in wl.y kqdmd6pz, d9t,/biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climp9,/ld,6d .tm yk dwzqax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is andma yk/uyu,a(a*xqe m)0;0 mj example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capigifcajv sct 0m+( .*f2ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carv+d)md 6uj2qhv2y1 8 t c)ofthried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obt y ))f8qcvv621t jo +tmdhd2huained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon st +1lnhdd , czoflao)e(9*q l)sorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2 llhh4 m7kav39.t k uh3jfaz)1020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forwz ;ygs/yzn77 ixpff-6 u:2jg a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome)uftv r1hqhpgv+ t3/ ul1*c1f, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemef3+omq6o, j7j xp : wk+9m0)oppuco ments from the followinpfuow,m90mp km3 j+x qe7c:+o jo)po6g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climm+aa/6sku 0ftht 7x3k *e nko4atic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ter3s7x*/khkaema0outk6n t +4 frestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforesd*py6c ke/ta6t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related q grqmx09k-g( to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itali32jt he,3 yx(ht/)qnok*md oy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bio-hst c/7qq 16(zxau shmass of two herbivores in different biomes ( -/h 1xcqq6szsua7h t


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPn:x2 yx8 k6 s h+mr3n1ty (yjv/ohlu:y as primary succession progresses from nu+htr/mh6 vy( 1 xxjynyl: s3: y2k8oa pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin.-sc et zvrb3)u e+x;lg the changes in productivity during primary successi-lr).sbz+c vte eu3;xon.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dx q3( xv ,i,e-fvopxv2isk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate3oy- lc;1hgc0mtc) t */xkbtt the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynt c1mhct*kgb/ ttc;) ly3tx-0ohesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldgku3l lp kxd ah p;7:lkek657:



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimefp4 +dpxt9c(nns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were markedpp+c(df x 9t4n individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, ioh7 hqvv+ac,u( sd/ 5it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor,qs5v /idcuv ah7h+o(.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolov,3*hn()w g1l (hrc hydkhc9bn+ 8vjx gical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twna- 9gp, ork, 0rrod ws/zlq.l7f. l7so samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts tqa n6dybchp :8h2t(* of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effec5, n.vpbwhp5v tive for sampling motile (moving) n,h5p . vbvpw5specimens.