What is the best defin0axd 6y 491aoss8 ltixition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, me(yp5* lw yd,0c 1i ipm9fxo5Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciqrg ,xmgm/-tc 9 pmy57es' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facg9m mxgpmq5y t7/ ,cr-tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population r)v+ym/ 1 jseqwq 3:ej


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specieve/xa9se6zm06dasv- elc6 9m s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble 4w/y.q . mo,rv)bm6 yfnaapm9 dkcw30the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis. 6)w9/ cy aovawfm4. kq0ym3b.dnp m, r
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populahqzl .5pqo6w8ow( nj;xw l 8/xtion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occurtgax/:g;u1.j yg eue1 naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherland g1xugeu;ag1/ .:y jtes is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth ofj r2gd*qt68jwt5vu: b a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead nv,)v6f8t0u2u9tk kn r;cpn jplants and animat08,kkn vjn9t6 u vc2);fn purls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins 8jz9vthk1/cg)nz i1u65 agp v8x,jffin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whnthv5c / u/n 15g/ggnci7wc ,pale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.cn1 p/ ,5htnu 5cgcn/ gv/ig7w
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyip2u 382a twhf ihd57 7hz7cobstems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hc0fwlq;7 5 agujipz ix/2.g .v98 zzcqigh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture thiccaq i/zz2z p09vwl5xq j; fug7g.8 .e presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemex ;l dxd;87dtrnt that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive en k2 jfyvvkzn44z r/97x5tple+zymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thev7 5zftkj/ 4rlnk9eypzv24+x n absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ric on:p5 0by+lj(y -eatze cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedb,n9r dw ohotvg377 d* for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors thatsw;mi a5q:9hwu-kf +wi 0au9 v could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa i09k aws5 -+w;muui:h wvf9qactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diff*-asg ja () mwf:bzd8 ts.qrn5erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemh2n/o d/ y,trj


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small z 3h-lhl5g7l9)whevi-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are g9zv hhllwe5)l- 7h 3imature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enkbqx e)pa rumw z/b/dvv1z+ x19864fw ergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wevl: gvyqj8+vv 4hz(j+b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that dhij-fl*x3(1aw4 za flive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producea lwd jf(izh-a*x3f 41d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followib 7lmm gj.obqw+5h+ v1ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemn.hc;i,yhps;) ,nf y bs diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwo524qsv jzbf)+ scr*g frms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m zf+c 2fb4 rq5s)v*gsjaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numf:ygw/oeikv e )b:97 pbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prei3lsa.dvwa 4jjd)p v-ldn; 8z,*1owi y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlopg.wft / 0hz-oroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availab6:s -2be w-ahpjem3 1kewca 6ple seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statementejcbs wppw2kama e 6-: 3-61ehs are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examj:de.x( uw/5hyz znl :b0ie :nb,mdx -slu/+iple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy *o1u tja./ttkjd ,qc8 conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain r*p2rs jg2,grs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fo*ro*r w wjv3l 5*8lbv )onbu;ollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.)uro* lnr3olj*o *w8v w5bb ;v

  Figure: A pyramid of energyi b1g yx/z//sq


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity inn s/e c/,k-9x vh7tgsw an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari,(jdo zf6 eu(ene food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyjjt9tm 377ihlwp(6r lstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a fo,.1m25kdb 5kwwd xov:gz qt 4ood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that lc s22/i8-ivf k.rrkr t*5wkhcould exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer li. 5rr*shkc-v8 ktlfw i2 2/rikke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr18mhuh 8*z7pd;* wdco ;jb nehf8bk;eom the options below.What is P8 o nd;e8*;;z1mh jhduwh8ekfbc7bp* hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidp8-o01 ., nwzd kog8k xs0ohyue.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoh*,+lhd*loqd; zm ) j;rx.xcl systems.

  State the name of the process tfffjdy :/pyp5)u48 hchat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.dff4c5jyu8p: )pfy /h

  There is continuous cycling of carbocuw7aw.so/x y z6 6aghz7px82 n from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.az / a6wy62o7x g7wu8.zshcpx
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires virf7n s3 t4sp .u+,ezthe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of enert:p +ke w8hau:hps53 bgy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementk4ukmu(* tgr q:s,t s2s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiviyu+07hg a*84 uofs3 lj fzjtll. 5ug(rty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th zc:dpe z m17v,xyoi)cl51 ve:e marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon t /*xmf1 1llnbuhrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst ba+)2rx/v mjd,rme4fem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in + a yv;toq)9,n qnk+ue-h)fwga terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitr* x -roh ysxpu7,,fzq6ifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on t(ba/a9ju1jw jhe nitrogen cyclj/w b1uj 9a(aje.

  Figure: Average per capih/t vb4b9;;c v 6panrgta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiver g5gom:v)z2 s9 ldjyy8sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fr 2zdg8g5:9vy l mjy)soom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the 34rkmh dk :+fefollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca t0+h7 xh .gvoir+9govpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.mve xf ,3we*3s One was kept in lige 3 *sfvx,mwe3ht and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Geoke*+ac*)mx .tqs :nT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region:g e9mdjerq,4lh m6o, 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for aowf)- vax;oaw j7 n::x biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapaiyf83: b 07s(fgafdih of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of agx)9jr,ev-jpf-d k7(m2 vm:k ukxg8"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followi agkg28pj9vvkmjr)u m7d ekf-x(:- ,xng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other pd+;: d9nr vbtxhysical variables. List the main factors that chara+:tb9;rx nvddcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip5 k8. n0crzd 0dnqq25/* hqfd 3voraoation of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity i6bhvj+d 1c gxd51zdrza0 +n,j n an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapz1xl;-br w4ru h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores8/rzo v/8v qfp:6fmbv in different biomes 6mpv/: 8vfqzfb r 8vo/


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bid-vf f:vk i s(z:m1,dgodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clima :(v:f ,dmvdz-s g1ikfx community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the i-vn1.u xvs.a q(ssgpb6jwj -04pdg4 changes in productivity duringws n sa p0u d.qbg-jvvj.1p4x4s i-g(6 primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that,oktan;3 j vmma)c)v . can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photodth9 mn.g+ (bqsynthetqdm(bg. +9 nhsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat infyhw4n s( *rp;v hb.x5 a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seriebive t2fys .os,s07n*s of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals oo20* tes7 fsbi nyvs.,ut of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rejid*t.v6o (wa adings o*ai tj.vwd6( of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi)j5(q tddyr,ma p2t1 gcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twoi i b/;v zbk5/qr3vg/s samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciesrk;pgn- + wupfu7 6u3q sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplinywupj8o7uv63 /jh:z f g motile (moving) spy whpu/6 3z:fuoj87jv ecimens.