What is the best definition for a s.2jqesstx 40-:43dx nzftp2 0:undqsm b arg,pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Reu 0cjig0 :.cegn.s4qome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is nf/+5tsypr+,(m kur eFactor 1 ;Factor 2; /t(+mkns+yur f,rep 5Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatione waq6o.+j:rp


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma (9 6ueee*hsupooy(q : species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks likeo .p0fjqo5t10 v5u vab a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They alsot 15qa5.b0 fuv0j oopv graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populam 7-zy8:lrae ction.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nyzqo(iy f 5*j3orth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolveqyyzo fi53* (js may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects t phlbcy7m0x .g te*32ahe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites andnw3 fazzdgv:pn 6z6(h4 8 hm*o snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. p4anvf366d*zmhw n:(h o8 gzz
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chr1iuinp/jhbn46zh( 95uu. z yains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sv:5 l naybc7 fbmc78f9:who n4eal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact witflba 79cbnc4w7vn8 om f:5 hy:h each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form elkn9) zd/s2hd.d5 ;ffmgdh3vnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a liy 88 kfek*h+farge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact witkhefiy *f88+ kh the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiu/pp cxc pz52)r7f3rv on of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nuu9o(y peo3+o ;birk* strients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb ti;y3+espro( o k*oub 9he products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated r2rgsmr xh t/ot87l.mt 4o8jb-7tk5 hfice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidaxg+6v, iprl 5s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic u yzr.(lhl k(bp(g0h8he.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3 yrkhl(0uzg (.h (plb8?

  Figure: Graph of the rat7f/ mywe-rplk1 u: w:ae of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati iedb038) i5srcluy e;iz+x8lon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe an 6np3vdr0y u ;fjixc:g6h8s2 ygp/8sbd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the D2d;ihsy:36n8y8 g/pgxrjbupfs 60 cvemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect di3p ;1h m zbes5pqwx95e 0pe9nescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we+ nu )a0 doxarp/0+6nhxzd.w5g o +sbkb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralsw07i/kn dphr:ui 76li feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunli0l7i i7wuk6hprd:ni/ ght.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi8yj zm,dh7hm nb*y0-dng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ke)xxr: 8x;yw of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thatagl1 8beuai19u96vd q(nr vc4 ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgau1ai1u( v98r64nbe a9dvg clqnic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers:l-1 jcn9(n fnc+fzt qrr)g;nx6+ zb3,zmyrr


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d yk 2reg5+,lk nrfpv3a 1v 7uyt*yfc,7ensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DD xdgf;9 9kiz3sT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commer)s ;igcqz.x pv ;*1)*tvzzvxecially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, s;). ;*gxvt *1s)zx vzcevzqpihrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of )g0uj e)lp) q4ry j)bbz5.ws btransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemqe9e: kiw2d6 f(f )onw


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tojdr,kyt9 nhi(wpz2+d2 6 f-u zxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss:b0c p r83wyfcw.u1x jing a pyramid of bucy rc18b3j wxw:f0. piomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of pwmp ://ihf59gt wx*x ,.w+etof+xoo energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in-6 ;s(r dfytwu5so0f 3m+zy uv an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fottp*. evzup302w /sv wod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a s5o0nb/2: ece2pw uqoioil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accu jx97 *w4 c)efypicy0drately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbe r+cipuca)7i4rs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consuii)c c ar7+4pumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthm(/ .uuco8vrm yk*;tzesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is P(.uyc tr ov*;mm/k 8uzhotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the us j45y3(ignc/2r u gqlye of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost froxj6znf( jiolbj x4*p ;w* .dl0k3;hi lm ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbtu)* oe6c pg8uohyduupo)c*et6 8g rates.

  There is continuous cycling of-leist6r5ah1 b 1it8q kdz9kyyj,4- e carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.9zy e1, ky46-l-dhqbs i51 eair tk8jt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle i8/ve7n;tdi fpd9 j/f that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / peri*(s mtba ec60i-,w2 drwhy j0 area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme7u5ve7ml;/i3(wk xh j g ig2jints that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiv+n9 l7l z6kxlmlxc(9xity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th+u; bp7ox 1vlne marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the calf.nvn2e8zhx;u bip g4 :ku6-rbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem cec8 n ve-0 *gq+r2jor


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial z4h e zjxx)ol3n5c(s tg:h:6eecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denzhy+*tia 8cfe 6w+6,uwb emg+itrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human.:6sug uq 8nsm-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.s.:6un sm ugq8

  Figure: Average per capita7 -hlbrp2p 8 siz0abz*f* z,xr $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiv: stj/.eq 2kxvf.oz7 yersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comy/ tko2qjf.z exs:v. 7munity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranl(1p0 zp/xtebk9etsl4v7 a p7sformation.

  Figure: Average per cas*qk83qsc3;h.-prlu ; q brhtpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out us;rnfvnl6/ 7ac-x 3e)ytbb lk6ing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in br n;)6t3el7 ly6-ba bkfxn/cvoth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows 47tp(8gsk+ ksm tj/hhin GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bymmy2ku5 /5 din region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio*tt, * afx*qs p3:gzjtme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy1gg-ze62p rk d



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from thgnpw * gyuqg-)dyxy) u7ty5p7,u w)g4e foll ug*4gyq)wp,d))u 7wy y5nxpy-gg u7 towing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablgou11 t14ff zses. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrialztf 1 1su4o1gf biomes.

  State which is not a description of thsjs5oiu u(,d l 2f7g7fe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in a , cn2izar1c6 44ugumen ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 273jh bkd6otcItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores injbayp +c3n )n,f0 ki4id9.an g different biomes ,nn+a. g pdfay4bn k)9ji0 c3i


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodix l skymz3g8 -ie ga-a9/q;e8hversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer coa8/9ze ;-q gl3xy-hgis kmae8 mmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the 1/6cxusqf vm :changes in productxvc f sq:m/u16ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that canwt o3 .m9oi0re be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of l,g eq-3cm fc- hjd*7r3 fi4sutemperature on the rate of photosynthesis du,g3f-7s3rf-e q 4cj *hiclm



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 5y09os,f o6koc2.kinr; hqe )g * fjny



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of ug- yu/)ubz5w insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of/)wz gy-u5ubu this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliab 5gbf 6i(ohymp.c gm:0r a)a,iility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings i gmh,0i:cob mp6rg.a)ay5 f(of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec ptts:n s0v),lological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sample,.sl 8x1 dvwo(y 1nnl(j/ hfm1:aleu os of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek 4 )sphe)i9yjg1 zn lo0




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is n+dgi .c.dcit-,4atf6 *rcsi iot effective for sampling motir6 a4tisii,g -ctf *c dc.+.idle (moving) specimens.