What is the best definition for a s6hy-mo 0x txw7jago 21pecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I u2jd(mud;(ndtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fafe4nghvk*s h(ni697o ctor 1 ;Factor 2 fgs6i n4o9h hv*kn(e7;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a:sff wp9ap*h+ population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciealyd8)s5- jo)y+ 0j j torj/u twu97ky 5*yuyms



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like aovee74:j (jv 11r/i jbk8sh;oi)ihg k small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature aiv1:/ho ;sike8 )e4kg jb r jh7oi1jv(nd can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organism2* ba,e 6by:ytuc+eu vs is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in t:fzpqe c)i7 *North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territoz: t)e pc*iq7frial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the puunuv:),+t nx;eb:b 3ad4ufkaf6 n 5growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantshdkz7 u(v thh ,st z.750ab6tl and animals. zlvt.6hk7t(5zd7b 0t hhu,sa
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of xhanc7j8b1i 3toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed syp;cp up1,dgqwh: /i-eal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waterp ;/,cpqh:wiug p1-yds of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecos2lpu76gq td)fystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produck2xrxwswnr;-f0 /s k9 tivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envir-k; /2nfxsx k 0wsr9rwonment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de7mzxp26+4zqa (;vofzx +0 oscunsxr6 scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theiu zxbx 0n+(2 pzw we4f/-w3xt p(srk.gr surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying lea(bz xk+( 4rwtx-gwn.fz p wu032sepx /ves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s3w)k/)j tfyl5 xgf iz7ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyon4efn*6ipo/t4qbx+ : zp /9t ufjbi0ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isqg6.ga98g*0 vd gc5 qpszwa0e Factor 1; Facto gc6d gpasg*q8z0q .50gwv9ae r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ol,,k sirj -4uv;yeb ,cf photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice 1zuhr89k; l thcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small /cc66ehv f0zc-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspr0ce6vc/c hz6 fing which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestra,vbfst pb tg cdf*b6(2m-kxz9d8:m)ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo5-4g,obdcv**u kl qi. qmu o(od web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carb dja 60 + e.ziaemag8fj;we)e l+2qxc p.3ms*pon compounds produced by zooxanthell.wzpq j8.* 3e0 gjf6s +ceaempaad2)x+l;mei ae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following bq03l3z4 c: aa).c y- r,/ndqlkfgebr chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceanr)1dztgd;t(tu .p e i6


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismuct xq-qv p((0ed9 rq*wlh :ijm)3.s xs like earthworms that ingest and then break down :qxdq*-uel(3vw(cqjih xmp9r )s. t0and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pb,:jgw o +qv2iyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prer+r i ;gh6hbx9dator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethag)d7 l ,az8f gy(xbxm9ne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabk/s1,b19)ob 7 iicsnmx* o)mdek:cv wle seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a win sm, )9bvos)xe*7kc:d / 1bkc iniowm1dow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformb)vd*ass 3pw1ation.

  Figure: A natural energyy5bj( 8q0 lo 7csvuco) conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i53: knznqm)dy dz5r (ln food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements igyiobrj;hi5 /hx.0: qs false when discussing a pyramid of b.hxg0q5o bijhi ;/yr :iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy xm+8:5yq* /bu qt5 nvbvi.bj - 3mrgnl


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing producti-o+3uauz0dllsg og8l ll * j: -nw/cwiy oy;(7vity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine v q,j2m. (xt6* zyp guhxu/i:gfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi 101tgtuvm, vx w6wr.fl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f rn1 6r8la1cfdood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers t -sforiep ,7 p/um rp+gf :i4ldu*ck)1hat could exist in a savannah system with parasit fur u:7rc+is1 i/p*p)g,klmp4o-fdees on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options p 1m)vmlt *(ctvogs*r;q3vy+below.What is Photosynthesi ;v vt 3rt (ymv+cmg1spql**o)s and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT 6-eukcx 7*f km+xvae 7-ksio :as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem,2 tn-9*vcjfn fah32tsiynl9s.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carw*jalvc)b:z6ns b kbv5 4j,v 6bohybvb5w javbskc*,lj 6) n:4v6zdrates.

  There is continuous cy9hsj8g( yl- .j:*vlnd *qbnrkcling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. rl.9hn-ng8j*dl yvbj( s:q *k
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lo mxghpbum9c4pikm:-pc, 8 / 7ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystjopneyi;u; 1n/xz j+0vtb zt+/ t7sy5em / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arx4o9sd+zsq 7z e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcul)af 6ikl*iqd3ated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marintq)zl76th:c 4:puraavo ;7co d6dz- y e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon .mavq52aodj70ve pr(cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ing (a )i0jb+a6ei4i yyw an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial c yzne87zs 5f+ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacterx /qia8)t idf cfq(4t8doinr -5ukm21 5 cn-myia.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thehoc+ 1nl3cql 4 )vs (f)het:zr nitrogen cycle)tr3cfl1 v (4sln:)ezqc+o hh.

  Figure: Average per capijv*g r8:pilb8)g-( l(qi l2 3cpxlb q uf78ahita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succeo2 bhu 5/ bah(.qby*pession progresses from a pioneer communit*u/2yo5bqh bb( .ea hpy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinkf, a+)pb n9zjmg/h1v5j j ky/g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitaq 8 xb,vz ts2b7eunb+6r1v 5ue $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out +i dj 9:+1eomrrhe.rb using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in lig:+ree1 hr 9bjdmri+ .oht and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storm r/upbz8t b5r/f3v ,gages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiok/4 hq4v85si qo aw0mkn 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 5 7z.1fiwmwe5gn+ihdfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph0bg4kro py5 3i of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or me.8 vcr-ih sg(ore statements from the followin g es8rh.cv-i(g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns andz o3nfb4 4b ;hln.k 9q jtaz;5+b*1n9pojwgsm other physical variables. List the main factors that cha s3f;54h*nb1jb9wm4. z a;qngo+n pkz blj9otracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rwj*at:z v 7o ev )**n.j(qczsfainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosy1xbqhsl7j/6 6 kh3mku 5vm3o ustem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy) kocg: cj*n 9t4msc;l


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoh: 4xp yr/j,n(q zedi5res in different biomes yip ,:( qrnx5/z jd4he


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and N2abxye sbu ier9ae2 t 55/d(h: a*8znoPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer con(t/z a:bsab*e5 2 d5u9e8xhery i2aommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the aox-wt + gzl1r+(x:xcfollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during prix :r+(ow1lcxtaz +- xgmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Seckja 3zpz57wfrbp g4c evc )tdi2+;a+ 7chi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photq)ca: vdlh,nxw ( z4:uosynthev4dlun:c za q(hwx),:sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field p; w(yfy kd8q// 7iwqi



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used an sjtcy:7mq07:anmk*-ih yk( series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were markednn: *mkh7s0yy qj- imt:7 kc(a. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importa/- xb/ref2icu nt to take multiple readings of thebi /cu/e2fx-r same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in lr079i6yo+if grigv 7 or),laecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two 6bts9 c .;lrnzsamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts uav k f8gn mbm:f,:(u2of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not cab1t e27)sp6zr2q bgeffective for sampling motile (moving) specimens)ebb 67gt1z2qasrp 2c.