What is the best definitia-mpln2v4a1s1 b 6l2q,kcju-tfe ua zhgu/0 ;on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital/gt0aze 2 re84tfpj g7y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could desim5r gkn7 ,(zscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact ,zm g(r5nk7sior 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatigcjv/nsn+j/ 95aak8fy t*jxt/o: : f cr g0q2ton


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe pfd;+v72r qq,rpeyu3cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and exm-oj-l:ez 9t(jy e-has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are maezt9o -m: jexly--e(jture and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organis ti zrp6-;f)q:zn cny2ms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North:p5m xn0yh8x. g km;*5nwavsdx + c8ys America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or anothex.5vang+ 8wdmp 5hms8;xxyks*cn0y : r.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refl+d)c .hw1 0h /mvz d08bgd7j3zifwswqects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of d5-x9 jqj1gt8 syzn( bnead plants and animag -q 15jnsxyj(z98t bnls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains21raj dz,g)x n


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kih+ *8xzzghd0unr -aud,2vaw0 ller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters v82aznh ,dzuua*- 0wh+0gxrd of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost wpxyr (/ ulk z4.;suwn7:e(py from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wir0) w89 ayqz5u o ,1i64wd v*jfhhel-q(waxuith high productivity, despite infer)ad8w zu 6uwo*r0l9q4 e1x- yhivi (whf5qaj ,tile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food r-;4jfzqw yemkbg; j+/u(ee5 chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releatoc /lub*2w 4np7dbe: n27 vsrsing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fcb *2wn4vun:b p2t7 olrds7e/ungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation skfl:0hm 8ww7elo( nf0; nce0vystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used 4*w6iwpcks5gz(kv4 zfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesga-uf(hmo :w+b 6akz; ' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?m wubak;6( f:h-+ogz a

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at difftkj6g-2n)pqb0j cioul +( xuk/rfp8 jc 9)i6cerent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemgxx w jtjc.f2z1e ey/p9kf,o 5c+2+q.dyo *qx


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has wl 18/ f2s:ej zl99r fllb9oh 3h)smqustripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which cj/1ol su9f 9hel9w:l)bzs8mq hl23r f ontinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy fl ollb s:idek6yad )5jf;f6*(low in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo3/+ iguv4yvrzc af*y( d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on0xa.tlc; n1fl8e 7s ljp.q4 hk the carbon compounds produced b qtk0f;4l sp7x.e 8a.n1lch jly zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical renyq9k2vkvn y 4.l-p5 oaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbc veay - sb:u;u ra ou6/7jz+o7kt85voon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best df r,21:i f/nta1uh a nimk)jyw2 2li0xescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break i)k:2jx f yliuafnw/0 ia12 h,nt12rmdown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbes874ddcbef .d 4y -uzcrs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitie( (48 brqeq;3sco+dn r49vdyqshz4as s of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Di1z 6nmo m9nym.*4tjtv0 ,zac uchlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an amjm.:8f- 3q+3engc sr s9 hbo;.hhrfcpahv) 8quatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements arh -e rh+ 3fs).8phafoscnjc9m8m r;.3:ghqb v e true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an eyv ab :, /k.ogn*fie0fxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy zwegg:dk 9tolm+bx6v wh ;*a8u10 qad+bqg:6 conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox htzo(5(z 6y(ba g+fdio)a fk6ins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whd-i:.km cpm1 ven discussing a pyramid of :vm1mik.cpd - biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enezul.cv b84zowl155 q8 6u ucaergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity ya +969kgtdguv8 9jty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marknnlrbs 7j6 45ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soqrq3; eowf 8 :fj9lvzx hx4b29il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement 8exg4jv13 hqy-l:nq wthat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers th k-w +a(t(pry2 c7zjmhat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumert z-h27 (wcm yk(+pajr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optiomp/m kc; ,4wupns below.What is Phot;pu/wmc pm 4k,osynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that dece -h63q)tmzd scribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysi 8v lwbv+w;7ztems.

  State the name of the process thathu8wkaj( m wt w3 xas4n)08ex+ converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates0a ah3xm4 tx+wejk)8nwws (8u.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon stvt7).zu o n(oinks. vonou(z.7)tt
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thendhy dq2k:q;/b+l w 0d longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecos;v)wd)yuhuvzc wf a wp3.;3*m 7cfe,nystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ak;h . ycw9bage.vmp)ef oifn4044r1 jre true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivi: bkl2dfv.5(v7qv l qaty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diaoq)zs:mg /dhu ;/cx*zgram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the x*8i,3b sm,gvc vfrj:carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an erinvwgt 31yb(v7 p5 gb +0qo5ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in itx 9 1i)wa5h:a(cyyba terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that ijfz:7 fi(pij,s not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-xrm:8 vyn/y mj(mwt7; induced effect on the nitrogen cycl8y wm7yx/(m jrvtn;m: e.

  Figure: Average per ;gj3j ft ks80hcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successylsu2t w yi6+)ion progresses from a pioneer communit+ t2 )wslyy6uiy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo: iadqgg3vp14cs, p u.rmation.

  Figure: Average per capit;f *zha-jc7py f::7:qxyr zyt a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elngjqk68cy9 n i:u (/cthq6a5jodea plant in water. One wantq8 596ha:unkicgc 6/jjyq (s kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in q9kr0ik/,+ih) gz ddrGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-ih(o :f40h2oh iqgh z42020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fo4ebm;d 7im6lka7 9vopsd13 qrr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap l3 nc zso-l.tab 2bg+6nxra+2h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of/bkv)u-w 2 qgd "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followinv)guwk q 2-db/g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patternshozl(lqr (ih73 x;ya. nb j0 2ib;d)s:ws/bbm and other physical variables. List the 7 2.yrd:b( bhsz(ib/l hblsaix;mq jo0n)w ;3 main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainf ni*rd4yt r7y-orest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversa7doq.24n *a 0egnczj ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom4zkbw ek*/*a pre 7t:ne, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass 1xmyn3y(qz v+sx ;n+z of two herbivores in different biomes ;1 y3+vn zsy(xqmzn+ x


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progx-xvai6dp9 3n:vsxlda5* (ct resses from a pioneer community to a9n-axdax6v ldvs * 5 :3citpx( climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemi+rahh0 .eyt m6v/y .tents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during pta/yrt.0hhv.im6e +y rimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measur 6m0w/w7qj4e nkq0evb, ;xsibed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of li mhv;. ,rxs)kbvur00,; wry temperature on the rate of photosynthesilx;wk)rvmy, birs; .,0hvr u 0s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ,z0pjaf*e5i/kh p v qe *wg89ka field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to -eleqte-p4n k7ker6 : capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insekn te r7q-eeep46 -lk:cts were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tollu 8xnt-0ac; take multiple readings of n-lc l0ut;xa8the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp07 ri//wmfhpsling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sbez aa5n:s9w 2kayi( *amples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partserae/ ba;kx2) of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiv+ us+epi2xtk 0e for sampling motile (moving) specime0p +s2u kt+ixens.