What is the best definition for a spks vbj us8(h*o, j;rh5*ri1vjecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital0 mp2o9rk(bz zy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto0fudju:3b (cquxz r)7zd9a)*ln/ ee pr 1 ;Factor 2zb (ucfuqdze d: na/lx3r 0)up 7*ej9);Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiozw 1lxx0z7f (pn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc wba2yg (jlnnx zh8v4c wacf,1xapk- j ,b5(36histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has b 6.t g94yxe)f7ixpt isjejwv :0 s)m5stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they 7w j6if pxje0timb4ytx) s):5 vse9g.can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a2.zsau)6mj i, khdr,igmcy0 , population.

  Fact file on the grey wolg0:y+ n o3 gxezoj;;rmf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature femalxo r:y3e +gojn0g;mz;e wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects db4ihv kw,5:/ln)(sdde h d /hthe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remai ,g,l dxrd(n(rns of dead plants and animaln,r,d r( (xglds.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to;-1lr-7 3v ee6q efifdwi:pqyxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whaz, nm/vazi2t u:l7yn8 le, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the ,zmt: aln zi2vn7 y8u/cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoxj6wi nm9pcn8 4kz3/xsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees an g;- h7kmagq7xe;r7dbd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presegbdr;g-qa7m h77 kxe ;nce of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thzn.4wcn; wlj -vlr)1rf h4t6cat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into trk -.h2u lw.ze(dd/7whfbun 1 heir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decay2e7.d.n wdrzl1f b( w/uk-h uhing leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemmj 7oz qj:ct7 rd+5 lye(,*ufr


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedlrbz;z8bd7 mt2zh9z + for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Faco0qt:5p8gvu3w rn +z wtor 2 0v zow53r8tuwgn+ pq: and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures j t1,nhs2n;izq9hjjmw4qi6 ,

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratedpyqz17ysdx ;- rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gir-dz2dx o5fb d0affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s d0xd-b f5 d2ozmilk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description ofloskl )c4)xg3 i+ d(ri energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webc. - uqwfr6dz4



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralyj *ce.vli)+9 mgy a+bg*5: mgehvw) is feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthj mg9 yg+:+amwc5i .g*yi e*)lvve) bhellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionmns r+07ymd9bhp i2 ;j:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of ca9 g ;3av (lwzvdg6p;0ciek8gzrbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best d9dy0(b( .h7lm0vvtmwvt bg/ cescribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialbt/m7vw y9m(t c0v(g.0lvbdhs.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of0s4:f5 ktnf0 s)v8ikft de.si numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a p.:dwrc4u oe cq5v1n) fredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichloroofwqfq 9oro m*c .pto)0m7+pyn7 (wz6diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a com. oj+whz.mi0tmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windo i0hot zj.mw.+w to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatkbih21ed xr28 ion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system suyydf:*h+5-9 bydcy


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inim bj6h5 jvr-lnm q60 f./ei(l5j6z*c ktvor; food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the.qe+x-lsn0v d following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio s.+nlqvd-x0emass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy lm;pe6)trs r0 te 11cn


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units ,i,+xm jg.6ica;77 rru vrrw wfor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food weu/adusth 5h7axpe2 g;my(q(; d(khm:( cs(m ab


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web inuf p h a m5d5v,jwy,lrh8u q;:.gcx2+r a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tha 46mj+h( r( -p1bm,s(eb *mcfgzoprmz t does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exis0a ,n j1q wbnw+gwna4k+1xn0ot in a savannah system with parasites on a consumenn,0aw w1qa+ j1bog+w0kxn4 nr like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthes;i mmz7f- vh7 rulr0x(is and respiration correctly from the options below.What is 7l h(mx;v rrm0zi -uf7 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectic *oo;ng yb8-utide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lw*u /d*dz,iunt66i xuost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon d 1iknp 4x1pa/zioxide in the air to carbohydrxp411 pziank/ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinkwzmgcmjtf,lr;xts ); l3v)4. s..t ;wm,mz)r t3sg )cfxv4;jll
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes bcgeosx wqc6 /9e: /(xin the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ebuuxxm)5( i x.cosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thxjw **e9uo:tjh7vyozv9 )q8a at are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP.: qyhw4g o,pnw(w (fa) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle k*69uf*nf iv5 lv o6bi



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon th*kr,68) b+ dkv mzn9sq woe*cbrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow i8phbwqahx5 xt e3t9)1 n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial 8zq*ly 1j;7p9arknyd x qq;u6ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of de9u4 wcmc433 )blpr r5n ifxch;f.*h penitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indu3 v 1wcijd *m(szd0c2wced effect on the nitrogen cyclemw3(c*0j zc d wvd21is.

  Figure: Average per capita qovt,tpi0ztyk3( 1jbh -;fb- $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a96jg3l f(xnti s primary succession progresses from xt 6lig39fn(ja pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tradz,-)a2wvpw7n /4ay 5jbn hrunsformation.

  Figure: Average per capita *bfszg ke) b,8$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waten xl45ku g rcf/(rb7/vr. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at tx 4 cgrvr/lu5fnkb7/(he beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anni /am:n 23fg 2jwh1rlor b*qp7ual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region2 c07 uovhsv:r l-2rvd 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dataim;cs tj :-o8 4p)qod5zpnns - for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital 9vv sz4uuk5r( c 4tz/4mcux+,0wiu foy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chup ik +3/jk( c/)+gd3vgkorjg1bku;s oosing one or more statements from the following. jk3g+ ikc kj(g+) rd vosb ;pu/3/gu1k
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cli/ rt8q py9l:samatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteriz /8 s:9rtylqpae the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome.k6veao +a r8*tl/6 iim

  Identify the correct statement reltfx,qn,s8., w z*,7c uvrccjrated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Icv)th/ k o35iotaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffena1xj h0u0.x crent biomhx1ux0 n0c.ja es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses/cs(c/awk/l kf (+ qbs from a pioneer community to a climax com b//ks((+w scfqkla/c munity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notb4y)cb,ga30t.c.x r hpksa 1u correct in describing the changes in productivity during p c,u.. k0gy3 1a)rtbsahpcxb4rimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bewalm ppl5a: cxcc8 jf*( 4k.h: measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tlp dfk /h7x.4demperature on the rate of photosynthel fk/.dp4xh 7dsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel1z rkz75;wg.i.thmmajn -, ud 5uwv* bd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture ivlak6qle9/( my tx (0specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were x m9( le/0 ti(kalq6yvmarked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiplevan )6h6j1 rlbi/q3am readings of the same fahi)a q 6brv1ajn/6lm3ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecn: 89il;ib znrological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two smi3 64nw cf6g bvx5-ehamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spetmcx/job mhx5ug 98 :m jo2g)6cies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingiuun l(0h04/bs c2vkz techniques is not effective for sampling motivubul0/i(znc 4 skh 02le (moving) specimens.