What is the best definition for a species?:. pfv4w a hti1n4b9if

  igure: Climate graph olhy.uad6;n +pzfrnc2 v e 8(u6f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isc6j9rjtb:. nx +,s kk77khtpp Factor 1 ;Factor 2; .prj 7psk97xcn jht+6 :tkb,kFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of6: 2 zxr ,awcw/gc0cqq a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie. 1.9,zudncq6sos gm as



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rehc g,;kptd.1 zxvb(3wsemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birthvd3zwh;gbct .,x(p k1 to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oh5jl4o9sbq2 p-6d )i xl,1ib6kium 0pm l 3pgaf organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ax;1j+gqta v3x0ymg,y ( m p-nmmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted woln+ 3q0(xgygmjv;y t-1mp,amx ves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ove cr:-al;*m:de g web+rr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantetbay8((p(7 fauh7g es and animalsa8e7 f(yptg u(ah7(e b.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins cltz dv,0lcu8godj28fpw2 5 6in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear l8tr+ jv y(c5a r5qop4and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of th jov+55ta(r8cy4lp qr e Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is los:o07dd.a pr k(wblpd:t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass k ob)nto.t:r5ms1d 6zfkmyg9e a 3+g8with high productivity, despite infertile soils. Tam9 zndt8k +t.5oeo)gys bk1g:r3m6fhe growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain. lpj r6,igu,6rpr ;8ltfa/ww2

  Some fungi obtain nutrients 2 kiahkr)s)3:glsl0q 4nt e;pby releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorbg :pt eahk2)3sq)0i kn4 ;lrsl the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva5sc bae12 .veztion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids oowi6eiti+ .ad g0x93kf energy.

  List three factors tha,3j irxof(r9;sqc d1b t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factorrof,19ir js3dbxq (;c 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures wa99w/3xdz qe

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated6tfimsesx1j/ bvef t v948li wh-6z h;tn8)s9 rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smlyhm v2e5o98lall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animalsh5l o m9le28vy and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desr,xo/k brf7 6klzij/;j*t(u dhh0 s7 ccription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food l wu*(jsc.k /f+td d+h i6hp-eweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral/qo;c/4 qsvhj. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, sqho/vc 4;j q/and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem0jvh98qh35p 7 qzwdjy ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of)k jux9u n*oqejfm.km 5,* q+d carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organin,.b ji y*.uvbsms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic matu*bynvjb ,i ..erials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrarj,atqh +6c,fw n6t) f;o+mps yo 8i.qmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey84 u67t4(h7y +d bdflq4*yxgn.q pcgvsj3h aq


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane n7 qvqsljy)c .pej-:; 2+ctfp(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available-y xp,q;lseg ))o 3dpa seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corxpg)q-,)pe3 o lysd ;aals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati.d6r4k07lwag ;my ydz on.

  Figure: A natural enww 7f):l +y(yi0 se+snup w+xgergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsk-k(a0 l6kzw t in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of ther(1vi+ag rl-nrd ; vg( wqar18 following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioag+1ra lqi( vn w8v;r-g(1 rrdmass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofeer5sx3nz* ;;qfp+ggcgzk6 ab * h*b) energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produ vw am6udm81a)ctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodud+j: a -nnx4n web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ewkt3 a+mpx0 yadw6t.0 cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately de dt(0vuw,v8 vmscribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tbafdiw59j 5,that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lj,t5 a9 iwb5fdike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options br 68vqk1cg rx/elow.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationqr8c x1r6vgk /?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insnl ,dknw yq0n9 ea(f6hvs71 f6ecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost z7b. tzzn+rp -2dj- 5p0 fyev5;3r liif8p pzkfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ag-g; s.r zs4ovo0mwg k4 6ogq4ir to carbohydgkmg4 oq g 0oz4 6osr4.g-;vwsrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other c qzbo* jc ,d1n2vard*ie, k :6:ks2ggdarbon sinks.ds ncg,6jd1:*zdr a kq*v 2gkb,i2 :eo
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tho2go tp(bua83 e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /,omct eps img +k*1gox.64 2qr per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar d0+ wjjjfbf,1m r7b2fe true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodhgb9kkqw(1 j1uctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycs8ae m w,5osj3ct ;a6kle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through i y2yv*4ai0j wthe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosya(lbj swha/3 *k* 8ett jiu.:bstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosynt emhyf7e1*) stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrin(k93 rnyzxy3 k4l6uofying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followd5bumkyl.m j,u d6;t g69si,u-afw;zing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclet 6 uwg,a k9 db;mzj6i;ld us5uf.my,-.

  Figure: Average per capita c)yvl k xxm-w1hb/-q.$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitpr x2. g g s6/-txvh;h7nycqs*y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a*xy sghx. c2-t 6; 7rp/gsqvnh pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofm1,964bsyk3 ay;uyc aiyt89- j sknum transformation.

  Figure: Average per capito 97p*u kus 2/p;hqmuda $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plan- whiatp4,mkyc* -1zzt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dist wzm*1,chkp z4--i yasolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual c1m1tq lru m*9flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries 5i8mjw jdkq-i.bete5 v ,7i1sby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datatckdu q iiv.r f3x+/.+ for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,7/ mz3rtksqf.ys. l l8 Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by ch3 df)jdm lwsyc2kz6 /q521kxj9ms jj/oosing one or more statements from the f wj dql)djsy9m5 21ckj2j/x fzmks/63 ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are charactert/zyv*g+nky :la g5 /v9ihd 9gized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrigh9dav+l g9v /nkgz:/ yy *5tial biomes.

  State which is not a desas/drbln/pgq+:n 6 , dcription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecofo,i) vd/mt c3system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rk2.m/hqq0hh fome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioa vlxn+uqn h*c66jr 1,mass of two herbivores in different biomen cq,*jvh l1u+6 ranx6s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in xa0q i4 k;yff-biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneerik f4 ;-qfyax0 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct cbnt5tuv, c5 8u c*o 9enc/qv.in describing the changes in productivity durint vcu 58qc5o9ce* v/unc.t,bng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can)n mumdvji.)+ be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inves;yn) 4u czl2 0g 6vdru-tmda8dtigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis z6 ld-0ruvm nyad8;dgut c) 24



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a lev1 sq2zz*/gn4v1-mgw ih2t field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capt41py8l bmrfa4wyvztj() 36 jture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1)6matjjp( l3 z4f8wyytbvr41 185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thtl7 (ehlx2 3oae data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same f2l3 axl7theo (actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicalzy:(c m9yair - sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fo.e 2erj x;( gv499g0wiauf8j/ccfu hh r two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two oto:f1lg.2(cyrnz670 nnu fzparts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samp )ijn89)sd+jw:e tfq5+ dknnjling motden+fjidjnt8 ks:9qj n )w+)5ile (moving) specimens.