What is the best definition for a spes f nyt0z+*0ur5fj4b ccies?

  igure: Climate graph of 8(f ,vy7npl,rivp7g hRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whk w 58v1f-a yiun x4sbpm.f+ok8os *6aat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3na8*m4.5kuwo s-v b f 1ypxi8sk+oa6 f?

  Figure: Growth curve o xy/9 v8qciu5jli2nv7f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi(5l x0j*vp xz(b2kjip2vk 5rrstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that red( pk1ly:;xm7ip 7xm,: dl(r2mlk zaysemble the zebra. It lives in theaizr 12x(xy77mpy;::k(mlpdl,m ld k Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groue3s- o fn0ap0sps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Am5q.)5i2xbya k6e cwke erica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now kc qbiwyak2.x ee5)65 protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bes74 , tos)bf9ti xrcb5unpjnkj* 8* :jot reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails 9u8e+yk6 gypj feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. e+jy68gyu9p k
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fog bpscls/5,ethu 3;a141yvhiod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seaj(0if 5-6 t8 xken ggykx:(glsl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thee(xf nl kg06i8xk- sgjy(g5: t Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lo(b*7ntivc ,v79f8w2rnu hh ynst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large /cjukw 7ax7k; biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Thjk 7k7;xcwa/ uese species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.x*hsvu 2pkzdc;p+ ,,wv *qo3 t

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymexkka; 4pa* jfy 5p61(nww1p yqs into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such asfww ax1 pyk6nka(p 4*q;5jpy1 dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul x1.ybi )1n) iciay+y3v cdu1vh:zvy,tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of vww)q :z f6a4ienergy.

  List three factors that c s; l95dcj/uiqould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facuj q9dlc /i5s;tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosym+)k rleohza;b ,jw/u,b n(2anthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti3(rf lw7:0enpqc6s l4umtx9uvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized *3kw 5obti cq2giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to i*k 3t5wocq 2bone offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flo9 9 97t.5 8wbhcmwoe sdwqsg6cw in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food g: .wvcg:2ik 36ifcyn -5diolweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t/fj(bn .zrw; hws c3ayt:bz* 5he carbon compounds produced by zooxantzh/nf( 3 bbzw:* ; jc.5tywsrahellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiq nltnc g5,ow,2nz+ibk67x m/w cgv+1we5js ;on:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in thez u c5du2oj)c5ax *33xdgmot1 ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms t. sjw24 ryt/awhat ingest and then 42a jswry/t.wbreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu(8z h,s/q+ wg:tehl bvrkh2 n pk/e2l0mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pred:gow8ib s 93p eaxstm, (-jft4ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlxrf7bi6(0bst93 l reyorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatx/ 00gxbb * tj2nwiqu1ic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provw/ui jg0n1tb*xq02x bide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following cz b+mffl3ll 31,sx zo:-3ovt is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sk6h b(p1m/dwrystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ol mznqmn1: d*bdh:p8ypuhc6d* ,,6u rf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyracfw zi/rlk4 ;r7ta.i4 mid of bi./;a ri7tlr44kc fwziomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en:n9gvxb2u3vp ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fes vp3*w ey0;gzw3* tkor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinek s59p.8 tgadv food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec( ksia//)wogwu c3( wizoff3. osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ( v6/jczznc5 maccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wite;l-fu 0qti4kwfi y 5;h parasites on a consumer l;iqt0;f5 ewl fu-yik4ike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesi4,h1p9 bvjwdt g93ondg7h2 sls and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosyntos dgth12b wv,j43dh99n7lp g hesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. vqnb /gxc asn:- +iz29
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsr hx sh17./wj+2ubi ym9bn:hz.

  State the name of the process that conv s6jbp3 v8nft.bfmm;+erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat.m +vbntpj8fs3 6bfm;es.

  There is continuous cyc2x(pad9l .wyjling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 9l2 y.wjxdap(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c cvx(.n9ps jr0ycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy fkkg c :xd)ry*/u6 1 4dg(gvtdin an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are/d)(c j79rn, 0cveda zxm/ xzq true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) /kays b:xanql7s8.9 xcan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of:wg7jg7n .wig the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the hsa x sm-+wg 5;bwd42hcarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in el:a4 bd6trz2;p:k)tbq3iv pan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial m6j/gdxd.1uj7mk 5f -srwfy/ ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not t4f-uzo7ab08dx i n0 ctrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nxyi)ny,)o8l fc+b:tq ot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycytx)o:,) 8 fy b+nqlcile.

  Figure: Average per c8z mkzje:-v2bb+ m(j capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi2ode ou/ xm4n3ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from/2 n4od ux3oem a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following isx /sf9 embp7jhh5, 0jq an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitahr ,.w5gq2 q2,1 ztciewhgy+g ri4p.m $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wate:*4mrlfl ,e f9 , qrm bt5l4t1xzbaef8r. One was kept in light and the otherxbfe,atl1*mm45 lt8:fe9f4rlqr,zb in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual,y,ld-ub/g:r/g8e d:tskmm y flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regk/949xy /f exyhdspbwwq2k6w aq15*x ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome k/5 +ohotdz5ljsn 75b

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ke0(1ghk u2ji8jn+ eo of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosiz8rt6 s:a9n: b8ahhhw/bn a0dng one or more statements from the followtrnh9baw8hh 0 n8 d:az6/sb:aing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phytz , 4se( bfqk2 dktuq38qt/(xsical variables. List the main factors thdtqk8uf,3( qs(xzqt tb ek/2 4at characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest+i) /r,kwud 4,qce ir t(x;kgi biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ec:my8ei 6 ti*prosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapk owt. vtg 1o,hra6nmn2j3kfop4k 3) m-dl. d1h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of t/ + wl;zm;b rqzvf*ap7wo herbivores in different biomra vpm;zzqf+ 7*bw;l/ es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successipp8ph)y53. ,d yn pfq9l t:mf7ze )qebwf) v6bon progresses from a pioneerp8f7,6 lm)e) yndwbqpfyhb e).pztv3pq: 9f 5 community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in del67 --gv0tjft: k fq-.kwcasyscribing the changes in productivity during primary succesfjsk y0:7 twv-k.fl6c ta- gq-sion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can u1at4:m y8w1pr m,oembe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on 0emd-/ idd27o:kofuy likamm0 x 9p48the rate of photosynthesis dd okik8fe:u a4 py/-0 m79il20o mdxm



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieh;cwc2g68 uqz ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to i:li 8r wg.q1cc3u m(ecapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects we(cm i3iq ug.wc18r :lere caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multi:.:u ov x.y9g(jteudvn *lrc: ple readings u *.:g(tj d9cu :vvlny:.rex oof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologiw063wx sdd,/6yege2 tyqg ;pncal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cree1/1vqr;7thobf t0l v qk




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts vxr4j- q pa8(cof Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective foroyi7bh msf;;8 sampling moy;hbom7 8si f;tile (moving) specimens.