What is the best definition for a sp6p xg2-t7bvxhvw-9bkrr)bfzu c( a5 ,ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,dyg98wxzl n2v0k s9-xeeh8 l :fh3u+c Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is to)cw):lp vb82 - ruajg7r54rvnnc1 r Factor 1 ;Factor 2;r7r2juval:wcr-c 8 npv1gtb) ) 4no5r Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po 2cuqlmpv1b 2(pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a5( a7gxw2wq gv Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe aj 5vt10(yrf4 si xt0ky/,xvqwnd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years o5 xi,y0/ 4x1y k(r0qwsvftvjt ld, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the/; r5pqlx 1dy9ih1bb8 sjht m7 groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nort; (cfje h1e6pzh America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected ijhf(1c zp 6e;en some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects thef86tmg *uknx5y8w l0wqfy (,e growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains x/x1tq ai:co 4of dead plants and animax xt:/i4qc ao1ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c0m7 5m(+ k h5qsjgabpchains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andu)prq7ed p j nr jl oa93vp.a0:z1y1r; other organisms live and interact with o pe)pa0;9 .rv jp1 3d:7r 1jnaqurlzyeach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is los+b/:p 4qb :d;zymfls bt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high z eb 1xuoe10gc6.: aotbc) )qwproductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of man1zxgt wc b1)e0u6qb e.ao:)coy interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descripti+s 2keb-ekvvt9n,i 2 gci ul17on of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestiv ;d 4y7bn k8uvt b-pih.vpk.9he enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying lepbd8k bh 4-79. pv ik.tuv;hnyaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rou1c9w vh15u0);aqv0mz wt7 rfphan5+ghuk*ice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidc q6zx2 7tqenmz7crv8;yci90s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wpb73s ve.it:81fp s2tzej+ bw; ht3ephat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa3fpbe:t j.zi8 ephb7s t+ vtsw12p;e 3ctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rtr.m;:e fzp:k.gq r q)ate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy/5blammk; qxdi w*0 r9stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that re0ssx om0sn/a6 semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on0ss0/amx so6 n the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow3lkk/o:sfnf5nc57 c b bfg-o7 in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w8i bx,mapc-f-eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals fl6x hd8u )t 7cfa57uareed on the carbon compounds prou ha6t5r8 cu7lxafd)7duced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following m8ck* ; jy msmqjx489gchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagra/k bc+o b0 wrfbc:rc1* q)eum1m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthx 5eg avpie-w hy/1m +zci at01e-,-whworms that ingest pi5e1-g1 z+/ a cx0et,eiwyma hhw-v-and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of 9 cl9;nbep *swbi *o/xnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its+a73)e fw ndyfww+nv/c-r+y m prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichq*;pkhtxsqt ,2* s sf 7z8y0nnloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usiu)d: bh*)jcad7 z4fhs /g) yknng a commercially available seawater-filled glass or/:hsd*jab7 kf )hdc4) yugz)nb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfhj,e+,s vem yy7fc) s (dm/1g(tgcbm *ormation.

  Figure: A natural ene i hc)6f)a, , p-lks5ikcob3dxrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in63jlvw .;j9cw-tq 6cgenrx 0ra oe)*r food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whz+7iouhttx35qq 2ex0 f:iy5 nen discussing a pyramid of bi q5u:02 xhe3 y5+otzxi 7niqftomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e y)fv jeisc/2-nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in anw/pxm b8eiq (w1:(wjf ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar nb*nj,yt (q4jdmf4rujv8ith.:cj 7 /ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soxy/;p. 96jq .svkxtuv;av6w r il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately deglr5l7a ;wm/bmsb p5hj7v g,5 scribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid**dtn tr hmg7)2ck4lv of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a co4cvkdg*lht mnt7 r2*) nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the o+n* b07p mapycptions below.What is Photosynthesis and Re+ 7m pcy0pb*anspiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticid-rkkto zz4753 /yzfvme.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enuibmjp 6 a:+q;,yzxr/ ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon 0cqzfba;5 ezj 28-)bdvmehs, dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.csf)8 2vaeq hejmbz0,-d5;bz

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from th/3f58zgu:u:me k syc se atmosphere to other carbon sinks. : css:/8kuefzyg um35
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the nbaiszrbh/y*95 ss f- t5 )ts+carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pela4;jg8,har (1djjtm 77 lzp mr area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that (q- j3xp jx4jfare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculate6ef- fqivar*kzq kwktm/0(a (8n;6krd.

  Figure: A simplified dil c j0ykb4y17gf1umu ux+unz1 )u x.7tagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon ( wfpad1i0z7c) 2yzewcycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemovm7 ylh:yqd.x;h/2jg y m(m5qm hh:2


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a z+:q(1je3 gs(,*ak *namq5 izjw px ypterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.vd 7sn)jd1 6fei :7totsk6(hy

  Identify which of the followt,p7j p; )szb9+ncboping is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle 7+t,cpo)snbpj ;z p9b.

  Figure: Average per capitaqu5d ep+(ya7 q(v.ypqi 4xvu3 $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary gyz li1y660(cw r8b.idi v+josuccession progresses from a prv6c8w.z(jy6 g +ldibyi0o 1iioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followino;nqr x+x :jn6soi; m0g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita;zimn4yi ) 1rt $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wkrzk3fp l;mpm,4 ,4a with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles4fz ,m,kp;pr4mlw ak3.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuaaotoa+3cynv)pc z + 81l flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 9 zqe7ks8sn;0z b;n ey1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fjj:l - wja)e6for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapqz)p9 mj pflw8epr(*cp 0t1, vh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by 6,gn,pgi:a)j 6wn ef mchoosing one or more statements from the follow6,:gnw,neg jafim )p 6ing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patter. ;7lkb68eu yhyo l)rqe8t.wma6 js 9rns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomlqsar8.ym;lw) 76u yj erto.hb9e k 68es.

  State which is not a descripto/- r50cc0qt5xu ef0d*bbw5 ujik2xjion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to divel;):2uurey( /r 1ei ssn 1ic+hf 1mxeirsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph,a,p 8-)cmrgfaj t)hz of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prod a *up-czveo*2uctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomeea vpco*u-2 z*s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarbmri+c*i ,kr9 9e :gpu*dr 7sqy succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climmseik* g bu9c7r:pi +qr,9 *drax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing t c*j /hwc n*.)uh(bwckhe changes in productivity durinhk bc*c*c)/ ( wjhn.wug primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measu kpo0w7qsbdm12m , a4)ajjjp+ red using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate tpt+ 4gyeao i36he effect of temperature on the rate of photosynty tap6+e3og 4ihesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f/xdfw66 hva 8exyv 3+bield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trap,ez )gj6,4;5 l gvjlil:3vsu2r wzyacs to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 3, lcsjz6azl;j5 r v4uwlgv:i2 )gye,324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mrqzi 7q pript4n,n 51q /z/7uoultiple readings of the sa4ip qq uzo/5/t npinz7 7,qrr1me factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological yn*thxt rjq092iayu864 fyk ( sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow) w;0n. .e.nktsajiicw 3,jok Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for0.+ iw .( q) hd/deq5uhyxfljj species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is no ud9dedlq;6- wt effective for sampling motile-du wqe ld;96d (moving) specimens.