What is the best definition for a species909w5l ombp)l du li.j?

  igure: Climate graph of ;yvu(fl80bm ;bj ;5qtvcrxn, alrps5qv..q ; Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor4cnas6t.frc ) yb fh59 1 ;Factor 2;fyh s fc)a49.c 6tbn5rFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve yz*v,d3 u4ym l onh-bnj10 8,g5ykozhof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistp0p2 dakn27azsur a,gr;q- e 8osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble then 80ya(wo5pmxxn06an nnpr0 u/2b3eg zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tene0npmn0 r86( /yan o5np2g0uabxx w3 nd to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgze 5;u:mb2y16muw ish anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Caw2 zuxhv,y b:)blz) u4nis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land al yb2wuuvzz: hb)x, 4)rea in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects w mwz)i*)mn.;a6si zethe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thequwboe7 emsw-vz:vp: ;). ; dv remains of dead plants and animals.v.7:wsw pq vv;:eud)ez;b -om
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinss4t7 -gp1vov c in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bea 4v qf*k dyrxauz73,m)r and other organisms live and interact with each other in the d4 zayr,vk)u*7 mf 3qxcold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enez1/o qptfwlh0 c9f)vt+p -v ;zc5he s+rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pbvi6z /hun: dxs*eho 05xgc7 1roductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions hae5:vgud0 soxxicb17* hhz n6/ve been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cg +z1qgj i0h5dhgv -ye 3o)s+gorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surr5oyg(:h f+dyq1w r sj:b*)vqkoundings. The enzymes brea)*1d y:k5rq :h+( sw vbogqfyjk down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu r:u1l, mtqru0u +bl-d; +-o,glkxm bvltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids aff* -6wt2i yfof energy.

  List three factors that could describev b: eqa1 p;pu607p wobfoc:3f a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and ; wp:offq07p:cuba631pe bo vFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at g5n*l2 eu5g gfdifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul1gr:dc ;;iio yw4p a1ftivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th wzk6 ga9(d.lpat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives .k zgdlp6(9 awbirth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enej w)w0+fs. gisrgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooz l;58f**i5o 8ryabziaaq r4od web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alga efmds5 8x9eh-tt3 -ya;j:efye that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanth3; j- ey5fet-m9:hseyxfta8dellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical v ao:;yht5gq;reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of c pjsmmhkr/-gq r(ji:z:6pf 6 4arbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lis ,:v;62)k3b/pcg:yy qh3h j zimzagy ke earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ma6 ma2: :zgc3yks/ )b3qj,pghyh; zyv iterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of ,kh- /m knad-c:qz:2ujn a(nvnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey v06v 7.9kqxg .rb dhmcq uwz2a( mz:1j


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor;i4lsh (/ )gffuxgm8yoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercits8 y5d3wzsg ouw4 n6:z* hhq+ally available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. 3z6w8oqhs*h ds5 wy4ug:+n t zWhich of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform8eszhykvi - .7lns,x,ation.

  Figure: A natural energy co+,i.iyrrt 5 tmnversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ,blmfy e wd6 w(ta fh:z0b//.cfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p4l0p2cad, i.sb b5dlbyramid of b.bsi bp5 d,lbl 2dac40iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy +taa9( :pv5h pywv e3i


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemiz,ozz t :1o4e.

  Figure: an Arctic marinevq zg;z 3br-26gi g*va food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysp-mut 6my2iw .tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that domxr l2xt(9e :e4/blzn tx0hgnj;i/l3 es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras y4nn5+a8e8 bn5czalciynac+8n eazc5 bl4n58 tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the option+ ghzlqhn8f.3nxzk)v7e+fi- s below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiragz.vziffeq- x)l n37n 8+k h+htion?

  Identify the statements that describe t0p0i/gb vzgv 19/uoi bhe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecg6edv1 p,5 mik+*ehprk.kl j6osystems.

  State the name of the process that converts cawooumx72 -q 4q5ocdmqm +;u+-, p 8v0s kpcsrjrbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr,8p-odmsup vq qcr j-k7+5 2x+oumwc0qos4m;ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbo0 (y nb.5ejyy drmxm- f(rw)texr f0y*2) of)jn from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ym )jrm)0 2yon t0x5ex- (.ef*ryfjfdywb(r)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that r* h,dumi;nf94 uyc6f cequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year wuuf bve-;0o3


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that / b7pnuw an2e(6dd.0zlfm0suare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcula; egw4gk.xjqt4ghtcn6 g7uda d(w+-qq 3 -sj *ted.

  Figure: A simplified dirj 6zo2qew l5/agram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycl9 5)f f hn3ewafuhg8ws:c q5k)e


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem9 hpa ii l9spvd*ma-,b0-4gabj/ik8o


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter al5e4 i97 7cie)cppbg9z): uyawrhy)restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyi+l,x rn)ld 0* a5vdkhrwco9 ,hng bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nh)4jbxw dfl:wa09 )qicrdcwg --j: m.itrogen cycle0 jfwc:ibr )jca4m:d lxgw.hq9d w- -).

  Figure: Average per cao:kdfzeie+es3,9 ,a o4s/n qwpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bgmod5kp7bq +7iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax cokbp77+dgq 5mommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiokep.0g ic dx*az,z 3w6n.

  Figure: Average per capigc) *dkd-fc21depz5 +iq w-k tta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water0os2n tfc3 d*gh6wa g:. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained6ogh0n: cgw2* 3s fatd at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora+gp) p-yvu 4*p2trzwtges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region :equ(p9 w p;hg-6xkmg sd .o:w1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datadc ut7i72zcgqg--r z: for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, p(mspie7 qyi*7- o2j8xrdpd2ppv )z, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choo5,obqdu; -7 s xww5ytmsing one or more statements from the follo,- t7o wwbd5;qus5xmywing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot dxnjo6+7 1uxfj9 yl/ez29hh rher physical variables. List the main factors that nedxh2 /uh7f r+zyjx6o91j9l characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfor )l/iwi;c(h7ghb mru7m*j3siest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related topnt:9 oo ():5rg kqqueg,,ex u diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itk 82yfx, d7rvlaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and (n:nwj 4p a a-g.j;whybiomass of two herbivores in different biomes :ng-awjaj.n; w y( h4p


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe n9k: g;f y(8cvgs3uxtyf-,ob ssion progresses from a pioneer coyng( vgfc,39k by x-8suf t:o;mmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in 1*e pj9 s26kgjya qao)describing the changes in productivity during primary success jy6a1og9eaj s *p2kq)ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured3zfsfhf5gc*(ui7 lodyzih 5:69 4mn i using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effectl62hwg gce q,6mpt.w- of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ewtg6 g.2h-plmq c6w,



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field l uq*ga)w ioiq3g gq4+ p1q6x9



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spewf y5h.x,1gwwl)6 wzscimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this speciew ,wsg56 lh)xfzy1.wws.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilityu q/wka26fz .c of the data, it is important to take multiple readingsqwua zc2f/k 6. of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolnc gp .8ubb*h3ogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datao. kr/*ew/d8/m lnxkh for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cx s oi (q 3gbq8,f(/.cx*ac6ur1ikjqrreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplinksm genln nc(79s:1s *g techniques is not effective for sampling motilenns lkc9 m:s*g7esn(1 (moving) specimens.