What is the best definition for a specie c5djttk8r1ley8v (;) 0hdpzbs?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital5oi06rdo8 uwl-x-nxw*t*m2x x , mnm ay


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that czjt o1 )u45 oaup6x8jzould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?1ojpz6aju)o8x u 4tz 5

  Figure: Growth curve of a popdu3 :po+jgm .,:qmnk/zt5jxdulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistolpf/mn2z8ek7zgewbt , *f(c/ soma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smal9kqhm n p+vir6.l7 h2ml-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six monh 2 m+kqmp vl97n6rih.ths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is afmwe bn(ox7-pnb-2 9v population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lu*f gdim-tt(l3pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that m-3t (iltgm *fday limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that m cnrru.h0t- rg4cy--( o7tm l 7klj0kbest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains (1r y*dtzpchf3whgd0 p- - lx8of dead plants and animaptx(hf z1d*0y8p-drc hglw3-ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f nbp/v5 lu0a;-ih ex(nood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other vzw9flju42 . horganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waj49lz vw.u2fh ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy z,8c uouq8gfw31z.s9e kfefh*)2s wbstems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees a4xz3:/ z5mnat6 tdfl wnd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These specin/f6alwm d: zx 35tzt4es also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct ncf6r w z)p61jdescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surround:py 5x9 hm/ xhoru0q cyo-3y:jings. The e x3/rqx y:cph y-uj5yomo0:9hnzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult lsgybdvk1db0o2 9:n :ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eneru psx2g n127-uwrn2cmgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is ,2:zexp dha1tar uv6+klp(v. ma::,lk nm8 qe Factor 1; Factor 2 and F1apre.mn6,vumk 8:: ( k z,:tlda pl2v+xahqeactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenta 15*a)hxu qi+ a7onyj temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti99z:w/iwo d rxs1g 2tavation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a x m)e:p.0nz cbsmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed,z.n pcxeb)0 m: but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptiz/)luq9r n,ju,og 7h m1-u fclon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web wonzbs)o-mrs+d : z12- 2un je



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t7o 3 73idkkbpkhe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, andp3k7b3do kk 7i sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem8cucxa9j z2 d6ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov+nar*oe/y,yy*w tx 1eement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follo5)f)hk klhyg4wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and tygkkh5)) hfl4hen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pdwa1 hf0+rqq 3yramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pdx6r09bh utp2(z y in.rey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): juxodh.j+bfn6ehp)9a ub-1:nyse+2
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqu v*b9:a4qk ewtatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the follw9e4qb:a kv*towing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfor4eh:dhph 4xi -5hc/ fpmation.

  Figure: A natural energy 3vvnj8/eusp/hpz (* +lp wsn ,no;v 2tconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to3cm*vyffy1)y 9i xk h8xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sth4 in3;/nwbp zatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaszi p/;bwn h4n3s.

  Figure: A pyramid of kz38io 1qm ml9energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosys7-e omg(thmlz 1m 4ry6tem.

  Figure: an Arctic maru 7bs.o*. bbmk *yt6yyine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecoswgsjb5 vr: q/730zej d(rveiu */d+mpystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe ;udo1e(xb, wz a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savann 3hts*rs q0f(-:cw6ixksu-hiah system with parasites on a consumer like the lio:w0 ii- 3 6fs(xshrh*ctuk-qs ns

  Distinguish photosynt7 be/+kkgx)v zhesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Resp +7)/kxgzb keviration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an *sn5i4 emdf-q insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from1vja02 t i(tzs ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to car2i esobr 5w 3)wl-cdf+rd4n1fbohydrate ld-sn r+wo4i)f3wcefb2d1r5s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon )b*j 3it,aacssinks. bji)t*3c a, as
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tims9fg v16 ch(swe.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / sv-g (lu9ryh(per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen 0 b x7h8)jgopaqm8pd2ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (cpd d,;gdaj.;r7jd f4m v .rx4NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cypsa7 *ececfq8h4k ,v( cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon 0 ud::/xfe 07* t ufu;yyrllncgmqo,0through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an 3vr rbood-shsx ajr 6rf6z1xl) ,baane5-5 :)ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyv n -jkq,zr;r j2.kj;fh9m d0rstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying jvniot/f tn.7lpsb)5q- ,,phu.;cb v bacteria.

  Identify which of the uqu lp(62h*7pn(.tiui7ngu h following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycunhn uphi 7q ul .76*t(uip(2gle.

  Figure: Average per capq.+1 x/ffoknl6xf aq 0ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as 0q5 x(:dekk9w fwprl; primary succession progresses from a pioneer communfkwr59eqkl;d ( 0px:wity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp x r7a xmvbjzdkj25,se4v80ky7 ;/upwle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cau7 piq/ 2fn,y 57f*g1yirxmjypita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was car xfsfs-*/dn 6* edm1varied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknessxdf *a en6vmsfd*1-/s. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storcsodp8o1jl ,,+an m sxf z71y+ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by reapzwc x;/bn/07uw vo(gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biobevz(+ /; rcmtmbg)c 9me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph v:iu- xzks,6sg3m e m:gz;y6bof Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fromilumva99ak;8n n(gn9 m 9vkw. the fonvw a9nikg 9 ank89 9v.m;(mulllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physs8cz1ep8 5 6bfrpn+gipa wm08 ical variables. List the ma bcwmp i0grsz 8+615fnpp8e 8ain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bitty-;)lz k5 2h)ls :u5u6z u6mrdf0-xy hs ympome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in ano azbyq7 5 3+zyvuj4ik1t7 u8i ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,i+ d8zdleun;. nh4gd- Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen hedetb94znzp e108,nx.p- iq pyp(;,s/ gw gmt biomes zpd-.q,08 gzx,9g1w pepi nm/e ehp;tynb s( 4


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in b+rbk;qhnhfyni 4gw01y c,; r9 iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. c1rn0y9ng; y,4qr;khfh b+iw
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements +s.;d bix gqguyi p4/4is not correct in describing the changes in productivity d+.4igud yq 4g ib;xp/suring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be met s;2tp fxjy24asured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photos6sb u;4qfh4gn9j * bk 2bgxv2aynthesis 4n6jusg* fbak qx 2;hb94vb2g



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field qt)lkp5 lj(yi7b3ufw(i p5i7



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spe2l 3b3cawy 5azcimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuacl353wayzb2a ls out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dayuf o2.0xh o/ja2sb wo1sw:n ;ta, it is important to take multiple readings of the sa1;nf0x j:y 2/ho wsb.oawou2s me factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in awmjc w5k0u-dz+(9mz7t4 iqx ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for ) x7wi8 /efupftwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pam,rqq1b ri g;3.rar y9f8 up5nrts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling w1 2bn*pnlle*/0bzdbgu ke/ - motile (moving) specimendg lze 2*upbbn10lwe- */bkn/s.