What is the best definition ze8ro6 7+ki (r* zojenx)cx z3for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of ub/i6id(h:hj Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wh6a) xw u8ecj8aat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa8)wa8x6a cujector 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po;gegzjh) - :aypulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch;lsr1u n0pwx-n0 +wxxistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t (qyb5zqo7c ;hf9wbo24 ne/ldhat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milkz7hwb/bq2q ed y5 4fnoo9l (c; for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups *8a*hw* ocblcx+yow8,v d.oba*g/fmof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerihhv;*0e fumljf w./ v+ca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now pf+ ;hv jw*v/ml u.feh0rotect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatsbcfg m y93mf x8/.ls*ion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snaaqh,wlx., +qh y)(fmic3 0 txmils feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. .+cq amh htm ()xwy3,xliq, f0
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai85gh(ml0ljdv ov* - 2ofat7zans


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedv1)zx3xf sh 5x seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with easxf )5hx3vz1xch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frrrh)xc:r w*kjv kiyf392+9 itom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees ao8*c cux-pk8l nd a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conxcl8u -p*oc8 kditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct 2c00 :f x bd9hi 3jwtvuwmtgx-c1j(2v description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thei;wfwh3y q-au*y0k zc7dvz3 (ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying lu*vh q i(yw7z30yacz-3dkfw ; eaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated*,xqi/akjn61g3ul vx rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids5 6qk;yp1q5hnmd puq5 of energy.

  List three factors that co3clqs 3o*e 1*wr0z f1ul5iq vpuld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 30lz *e p1f3cq1o* svq5u rwli2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffel2jlggg; /2u pjjnh ewi10kf,h +.1st rent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuzm0amkkj::d,+ek+(qk ro u w0ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that+b/ mc135fb2ikr hz;b0r k6ubz8jrhl resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When tkub ;k /hljf2mzrr8zhbi0c b5 + 31b6rhey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrectt7va2,nr fg2fe)+7 bjgn3y k i description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w q;lpydxrc91x+ 8gs0,bwrf o, eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae th) zcs1c ci.mn0s h7pb68f(2: yvdovxzat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae frompfyhmcncx:v8cis2b vz.so6 ()zd 10 7 carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following che9j:4ngb2,(7xzby5o bxiiu bkmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocei47kp* fg8 anl04efvsan


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes//5.(h s pk,f4t4svtd 9r vu1dpnjevc organisms like earthworms that ingk(rpju/pv 1 t9 /s4v.tv h4,df5csdne est and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbei r8v+z egn0sq0jx3w6rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pr( nyjl54gxk57/gal; u m;crip; 7erugey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arp ih yrw18d7 eonnl:7*e true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available/3xng8n cfit* seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gr n8c3x ftngi*/avel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example9v,.ij9g ga+5ufu kmc -bm2z m of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sy(q(rqi te 3gbp-s:pu) stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ina0sk4sr9 hbs 2x w*/eo food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follzvr gz0-2/v41wrrp8n1x a avkowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of ga01r1n4wv/kvr8 z avz2p xr-biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerck: sgc08cp22mdvc8r gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in a:h9dh8ekmqsl wh:3o c.-.nfn n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinubhh,5w tsuuge0fa5/9 v 5j w8e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 2dw tl+ay8k; zfl.5z osoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f;x rr2 4nbtg+jood web.

  Identify the pyramid of num0;ygg3x v6xoi bers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lioyiv 6;3x xg0gons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respx a1v+dhn/x- piration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Res a-p1xxv+d /hnpiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use o1o-.qe* czutbf DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco v9 2z0.tefrb +.tdqe5 ltm 2wcvc:yzih8u1(zsystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in thmf /0s6fugmj4e air to carbohydrat46f0u ms/j gfmes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon dynd7li) ab7.vvf t4 9sinks.f7d)va d l97tny4v.bi
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tfwm* fr-l tpuc2;*7sdhat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys g b6 ok:5,(od sg -lm7bhk8+phhqnu8jtem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a 8rhqd l) -o;cfm8lnl;re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be caze3) t smkcte,o:* a-ulculated.

  Figure: A simplified d/tzbm-7x7g)i kfyqp figg1,z2l3 a76zm6h criagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of c-sj8nw4lysq 5arbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an13wm hv7a ol,:acvh3 cl6p0fq ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriaxshm-/iuyq 8k l 4hp,9l ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not ds;/i ql1gxp3y b 05r8zl 7oiltrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nit24h s*kndg lg;rogen cycln2h g*;sd gkl4e.

  Figure: Average per ca8h4 rs9 1 w jvyukq0 i+m:sv.oofi:5kvpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as preglo(jo( 1qj 5imary succession progresses from a pioneer coe(j(q gjl5o 1ommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of jcmq: a6hh,umujod(:x.op/du93pe 6 , z / cirtransformation.

  Figure: Average per capita j+gk ((*m8ek)bqg/i mct;g6z y pniy 2$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried 5l:tszi)5 vpvga )b 6wgp8xg:out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolvedv:a )tvlxs wbz5pigg:65)g8 p oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora :seot gt06awvk61o ;eges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-29vw ol(.f5c 9i5ndkm c020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data ras3/spdj 7 9)sj8ig2xd 8sejfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romet(c;e wvj1w9i 3lx )yi s7a3kx, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept oowl/dl/nl 5li8oyh6, f "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.llyi,5 h8 /on 6dw/lol
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical *(dbee7deo6mzpk)oc.4 2bh*ad 0 jgj variables. List the main factors that characterize o7 m( apoje)h*dzc4b ed0gbke*2.d6jthe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ral*yy padax b0o-w20*q x; /aipinforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related toe0b:me//a. xh54k6s z;fuyxonj yel- diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphb 7yhn4o*)pqb of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores yp+k9v7e5 y a5othvk5in different biomes +v ha5k59o5t7yv e kyp


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP ,h+uk,.8vev z 7ye yn1bbqve(g n7+rias primary succession progresses from a pioneer commun,y,(yv 7gei. qnh8n+zu7+ rbee 1v bvkity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha i*5lt;gq0qf, )uuzn dnges in productivity during primaryqin,t)0 fdu; 5uqlz*g succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be.kx zulrx6 qlm,0q+ w1 measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inves9hm/-zs9l5dcol 7 e ymtigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthsclh5- l mo d9m79zye/esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi.9hv,g 2+nn ,yeob asoeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect t(ig lvwls+sg m0wn7 rf/(p6p* raps to capture specimens of beetle A. O gmwsgvn*/lw7(0spr f +lp(i6n the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabil g4lbhdvq;kz88de 41b ity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings ofe;84 1hqvz8db 4bg ldk the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologx0 vyp,jl 8+pqd1t,(rkff 7bzical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow* io-4sl qzc k-)phus: Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample,exmy-kp3) t pd in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl*ha i tp,x/qa;ing motile (moving) specim/,;aa x i*qphtens.