What is the best defini:7g39hahd, 0mbqdg uhtion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of jhkb xzmi. m/ a5mte-.i(:8 lwlhr4q6Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niu 9;k9gr57 reveu n(.rygb gx1g s7ac,3 kv6hpche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor ;7 bu, p3gras6y cge (rg1gv7995kkuxen.hv r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of4h3zr/zm obrc5ln 5) r a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisw gca.9d65g tstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesr) -mha2z9ez .k f2mbl that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and th2- )zrf2b 9kamezh .mle mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pt wuovs-u0;+tm*n+) qq;nd9 xa *zba population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally rhm.4d7)ktc,*jmf nt i kj/n4in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hardck .tjn i 7m4/rft)4*jh n,kmes, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth jhc)aih./93v2 8ss y0hlyrzp of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pl78yc/;ixbc vjhepz 91;ix 3zpants and animal7py ec jcbz3 ix;ipv/h; 1z8x9s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo;ucl.zncm. r; k) tr3jod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w6e8j8 oxkcv, lhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Ajok e,v68 xc8lrctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec))sb4 /jedi ssosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high product/k h)s q k4uh ltoolsi79iu11;ivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inh4s ou l 9;/ikohlt71s1)iuhkq abit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description o2it 5+5lrebnq bahwvx5 j0rv0w (b41l f a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inu.6p7in6 dcr5ki en7sto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the f.66cein uds5ki p n77rungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rjyz)o, :mq it+ j+8oq9es+p wtice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enep 7plig ki.5h8rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 4e+ gmzht .6j/mte3b:9cfhzj2i1d e e; Factor 2tj1e+zb:/mcge3 ti6e zf9e. 4dhmj2h and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem+v n3c5 0hvrt2o3 jowgperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste,zxh,6ot sd5 :aph3kir/ alo6 m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe an z,wb,h3lv+t kd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They allbh w+ztk3 v,,so graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow i1qrd8wweq5e g:ybs 0 (n a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooddbcoqnde, jf*+s3z ,3 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live tmozn3fc ml6x-h2 z1- inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbonmf2zcl6 o-3z x m1t-hn dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem;w eu -jaxrh-6ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbo .9z(y;// rtszvnmpi nn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bestey6:kawf et)3uri pbw. br.-) describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-y.:puik)r3e b.-6 arfbet)w wliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nu)zn)ajcbb. t+,l.dc nmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population den o vhck1 )5+xnm48piaksities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanehcr6:f*qs m .nz8ar(i (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mes*y yfg ny efhvu+o)4,9ocosm using a commercially available seawater-fil,fyfygvy94e)uo*n h+led glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran kod0hx.qme,8f15f x1 bf/o zlnmt c.9sformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi6 c*ufdj( wcic+gkip 8)bi 1t3on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o3z2 hu ;y cr/29:yu9 b9gvz hhblqj(uuf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is b7/ur4b3rqj8p kbhb kk,ou22false when discussing a pyramid of bib3buojkh42 k ru/8,b7bp2qrk omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of /9af. o gfy6arenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produyjom,kig ai92q,;5 bt ctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mariurftalg(vw k4:2 s ylt+f(xs;*a (; wone food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sol. uds (t,5xer;,hmmc il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement t4l nrrzdbri75zmf 7d/98. b nghat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sava iof h lae-:cfn l3eqo 7+t3u781z:hjh(brab 7nnah system with parasites on a consumer like thoc (f uh8i ft7 la3ehlqrabb 371ojze:+:hn-7e lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirat6 v*sln 4h uqzyp.7,gpion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesin*.lhqs7p4 v6 ygpz,us and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descrmmm, vzem3g n6:o*-vribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco vrluf0c - w1bz2g3w7fsystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the a1- ji2w pv-u:ezd /teair to carbohydrewz 2et-du p-i:a1 /jvates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to op:lgitxm eqpyr: (58/ ther carbon sinks.qrtix:( lm5g8:e yp/p
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires teozz 21g)oqk.)8 7arpu :y 3dgi(mhbwhe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perltd b 1/3vvuw4 year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trrf(1ge jk/:yyz m* wx:ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) z*ox*jp.:omj, e s4p1j gbn6 wcan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclel(xm/j ibqpab8d7g hm e0*/a-



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cy )j*ew:k9v(devwilaw, , a s+ucle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow i .li(d :vkhj: z hotuaa2.m7a8n an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terz0by2ttq*) v p2vl.wbrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactln yqergwb u,68in01(eria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indu9 m(gc )aqoz )n*heua8ced effect on the nitrogen cycle*nghaoe 9(m8aquz)c ).

  Figure: Average per capita7e;8rz/ gg: kof uqse+dp5: og $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NP(nj ff;/jxir t7 3w1(uexd 8zkP as primary succession progresses fr3;r(fkdxfj1z 7 (8w xjneu /itom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example,w ms dn)g*vj/a9ak -e of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitf w 1izp(hl7d.mv:qx8a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out uss8-pjt8fy e ,qing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. T yfj,8 s-8epqthe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon edchvlzpe8g/ w8)-ut2q 9v7 e storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2cds9 h-zq/ wekw146xg020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bet:4m 4vomqx1.d q;qp iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,k4ev e- g61sll Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements froml:te)8/ li cqx the f q)/e ll8t:cixollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and otzvrmr30vp9x,o1.(iw8 8 mnsd4ak oewher physical variables. List the main factors that characteriz(rw0m om48vdz.ra es1n3i 8 p9, xkwove the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descj: u -6lb6fzr zzsj/s kr*l.g3*v1iruription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diez6st3 4zqnbc; 4thp+versity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofgz oiegdn) 0ga70s34i Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivitypjjc4:3 9w /t(u3x 0pzoncty pals(o9 and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ap(yw c t/9x0slp9jotocj(3p: 4 z3nu


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary gnlc5hw *v e30succession progresses from a pioneerh3vlce5gn0 *w community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing i7w9wue.+ko w0sxm, sthe changes in productivity+ iuw9,7wsoes x0.wmk during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can y9:i(o fyr+bibe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of f (4qe2h0:dhl gbp ta:photosynthes4lfhgtpq(:hd 0 be2 :ais



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ;59-)g20ljckutoo*(z ph9ks y finou field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture xt4t;by6ktl5 c kkeiy2slyu,25b .t 8 specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were ca 5;524l8 lietbcus 2k.yyt6xktk ,ytbught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilitrf:xcm2 : icv xc0)x m3)6vrzb roc5u3y of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the samei)cxrvrz0 mcc5u :vxxcf2 )6 mo3rb3: factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingy.xcpei+0hdzp 6 j *h48sr7 be


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Will/0e z-uxwxo9oow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spev6/.70umbvhi c )wvi .:md 5as1hl fthcies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effect3n1 :li yl,9 gfyb92t7ckfoinive for sampling motile (movin9 kflt bno,c y79gf2y1nlii3:g) specimens.