What is the best definition for a specih (ylqp5x n.rox0+:w ses?

  igure: Climate graph op6y/o *9d j*w d1wl76yq9ng y0 sqkdmzf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describ.h n/(gczc/ ope a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factcoh/g/.p nzc (or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a +cj,7q7 we9 qgqynmv*population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma 1;sahs -)xext+y wk7q*e4i dmspecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafudu5dqy fszk q(u) +/-fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. fuyq+u/zqk sd)(u5d- They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of tiymjs (fz+ p(a 05t1cfyd74pwhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally*nquq9io-ds :(n c(b m/ dqj1d in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populatedbqd /q-9juqn: d m(sdc(1noi* northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth-nxhivtsq )q 6(6mrj9 of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailk :p3hq9fcq p z e(zd1)hvd/2zs feed on the remains of dead plants and animazq)e9 fk: (zqcd31p 2vpdhzh/ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o .j 4h/qco0 mi(-snpdd81mkolf toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kills:m m 2g1z1gqber whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other ggm:z q2bm1s 1in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst*r bdz1,vvvxj.pg 81s ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ8 r90hvfh* lxcctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the0l9r *vcxf 8hh physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de,x1 o rklweq2*17/km h5i kayqdmj 0c7scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundi* qh3vrl z id(+ka58etngs. T hqlkat8iv 5d(z *e+3rhe enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricoj0v+ wol1d ,qe cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyq5; j4z kzyq,m97ijldramids of energy.

  List three factors that could descrpzkcl24wz .5 rds .u3gibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor grkwzc 4ls5.2z d 3.up3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempex3uq0voeh 0 mom -oobmw+41/0j ehg8cratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cf /5(ln8bmaugultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sm : ,;7 ipf73a(ngyhhjzx prr)dall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okidz)npy3(;h :rx hr,pgfaj 7 7apis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enertc9z9t m 2gy8qgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wm ;4*xai 0m57;gn4xhbrhr slbty/d /web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbo*w 7*o dtj::b6xem igl x;wrm-n compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wa o ;*7g*:ited6wl- w mbx:xmrjter, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:7 m0ikkg//hcx


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ofq 2qt32zuhln- carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followinzl*d xz ;9mwauo((z.*u :o3j5cs, f gfzxmc b-g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest n o clx.w*gmfmx3 ;szzbz5ca-:(dzfu,j* o (9uon-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid 5b,m x ij4a +)mahl,by*m cqp-of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densio d2k7srq,w ) 0f.4txu5;n n8uzdemyxties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trs,tys lo+ ;,b wp3p3woue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabl*cd0wo n hv)s; (iw(zre seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shriho) cdwv*in s((wrz 0;mp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of t5se skqz 16tb)ransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver: cn - wccgl+c /zfcs/b++,yhhsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup h zz *r54loeo5of toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramidm;z xjau6a (f2 of f6u(za ;jxm a2biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerxtmz7+ j8wg*c 0aan,kgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repr(ag.h+p 2 fbk jc6jv;aio-4hlesenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wekm5tqz8q4iu( b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem1wr/ rra3o5 bz




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe ai6a r7couvu)dgq2/q v8 ;moj/ food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a hy( o) dv .js+1i1thxdsavannah system with parasites on a consumer l x +dhtyi.(s1)vhj 1doike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthes3pch 67 cx iewr hzure+t*;e;:(wmcx6is and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Phothi 6+ w:utze*m e w;;x7r6xhecpc(c 3rosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the u: 4mzq )ez.o wj3n6e)3kprvcqse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste:wb2clc *m1e ums.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo:+68tcnsohf 7vm xc7 chydrates.ntccf8c 7xm:6s h7o +v

  There is continuous cycling of carbd*ri;z lef/3qb l3d m*on from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.;mdr*z *bq/3il3 f lde
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tk2 dno0m 3r8z ,/v.popyc-xs ghe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / n8 zb(g2uyz/ wper area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.ofay.:/b4 esm
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondxrz 0dch z3 *n*;bqruqn77.xzary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diag)i/,stl 38 9bwf f+vl8tpbyxx /g v(2o kg-xwpram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cr+m,ju*p( tz i*;myfdqdz) 8z arbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec9mb9ya8kf k n)osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ ;l.6a1b wuz)gk;v gmf $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.xj) c/1q8yxmf

  Identify which of the following is not a huo+gffs m 9uxzn)6k6 k5man-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclx k659 uko)6z nfm+gsfe.

  Figure: Average per cap5 6zh08x he:.)gthng vmt5dfmita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G c,.r 9msrujqh)c+h waw9/ i3iPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax co)h /iuri,camq +3rswh.j9 w9cmmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma6/8bf fgbp u5gtion.

  Figure: Average per capitar0r9l/ mf c,oo $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. On eshlmal,l:o3uo:+ vua -6-z ge was kept in light and the other ,6 h:vu3g ol a+les-lo-:azu min darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua yl(i /rk9y-7lc ewbb-l flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19 dc05(a 1kfn(xsogu)a88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foos;o :(- kphy agas.m1r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro wiwctgs xpr:e 3ds. w+(4*;ufme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fvdg/ xs*2hhrn1:yx t6 .pqwv9 pv/ 6xzrom the following. pzv:x1y66nvqv/s9wx r.p 2t xdg *h/h
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterfot k, ;f2j .u*auosdi-up:q+ ns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bio f.-o,d:ju kt2qfo;+ua*is upmes.

  State which is not a desn:6 c;hi q1xm6:y gqfmcription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity i4 )0c c*uutbenn an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph /s2 au*obnw1 n6-wluvof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and 0biiv2zq7fw9a h tllcy: r:64 biomass of two herbivores in different biom yw76l ibvq:zch 9l2:0t fi4raes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prdhh0 86.vnr v v: na+an/oys2jimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clin+yrh /nj0a hv.n2do:v6a8vs max community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correcti /zowof:b0 m, in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. b ,mooiwz 0f:/

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mea) qouwfi/;( 8p7odv0ns+hohg sured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosy./ po/h3wuox)gy3c ofnthesis )g ouy wf.3h//ocop x3



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field rc )v,ygsdju )vq g*7)



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.d h e c vdul/)yq/ (g0:jwrf7c5rj)i4w On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of r(:/jw5)/ fhv d 4cdu0ljwq)rie7ycgwhich 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple ( 0aj(,;0qq/ha ozgxf j0/r zfocci0vreadings a/ vjx/fc0 (j;, 0hoqfzc0z r0aq(igoof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling 2enm0op5- vsn


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species datafb75d *4v/tbahdq;ov8f f qm) for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two paiyr)a/ 78znypv *)ntarts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo6 sp:)f xsu/ncr sampling motile (moving) speciuf:p6 xn/scs)mens.