What is the best def/l5au( b s)/c zfri1owinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph nzk1ek ,yb(k5v:pb1ytd 2jr 4of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche s)gz v(i3h*uaa4n-hp .What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factop 3-aanh4(vsugi)zh * r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population gv-py ojeo ))nn63 qu,4s+keb


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species ra3w--ozrzv7



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma.(nd ,b : t-cwtj 7h 8gjs/wvvkwga9;rll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat v ,rab/w9gwj8(:-nkdhjc.7g t wv;st the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org4a; 2std qs98d -s2orq)er,knh yplm2 anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America 5w00tytja*uk.) 3pr(pcpnp p and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf mayp kttpc5.*p np()0apw ju r3y0 give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time ;ja1m asb2r7z.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants a7h. v0cqs*m aand animavsm acq*70a.h ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chatnyw.pq *ts(t/9vt3j+e 7. lo t)vkuains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live0kfyssb**jk q0celyn, /r.t : and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean s*y .q*0tsj0cn y:rk,/fkebl .
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frf87hh;b cgsum3 03pl qom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a laraqvk .zg9 9j9lge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These sq gkvz9j9.la 9pecies also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a f cp7du*6ik; uzood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into th1vkoa,se -)/x6ad h lfeir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fun61feox d/,l aah)sv-k gi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedqmj /7jgi xfa3,4 5gmb rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener,,3n ypu8j+rc r+ ahg.sebrz0gy.

  List three factors tho 7)(nlh8 izrtat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor i n7z8 )(olrht2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at rm3p*x;d c o,bdifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiof5cqx; h9fou* ug fo(0n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe -v1 i5,wjh,pn5e cgz kng*nu-and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breeni5,-*k5 vz,g cw1jngp u- nehd, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorre hg/jp 39bu/yqj( wvwb+/ amb.ct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fook rw7f4dqbb+718 0yc j2up mu0i hcqje)l, ,aod web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feelm*h hk oujprig5+30 9d on the carbon compounds pr5io 3plmuhr9h kj0g+*oduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reac3m xf. vk( ktsyr hq)jm(8d3 qc7*yyb7tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon isosxwprs -w,4 ,1.1 3wrhy yzdn the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrijy b,63*6g yih3r-htdui/c jsbes organisms like earthworms that ingest andj, yy b t66du-/*gsji3 ch3rih then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram9 kwr6zbj9eny+:0dlok ;c,kmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and)q/xoa1rtko: n6uzf, r /xkm) its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about i(4 rl xad.0eeDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usz *5eze )( :b5rkknat,yjfkz-ing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The studk,ytj rz feba 5*:n(-z5kze)k ent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i93 n7xn3,pk: ficgq /1v/xnycthv j:ms an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systekku x/e 76://e5djrna4oau zm m


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsw 0rvg1izdjv(66(n 2iyf y qy3




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statezqrt9 17q*v o+f) q eltf,flc(ments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassor ,t(tz*lq9 vflqce)f1fq+ 7.

  Figure: A pyramid of energm- z xbp;.xv7ky


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingx(m(jag vb(5hq 08uvx:s coy; productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fooi 36as(ciewis wjz e 6ex/v6:-d web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystesmvuc1te3a88 m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementqj 6j26i4j ,xxbc*ku ye5yj+j that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in asv. ucj90si( s savannah system with parasites on a v ss0(i.js9 cuconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corres fpud9am ow*7jb/1g:j j l4i-ctly from the options below.What is Photosy74m jj:psjl oi9 -bu1gf/awd*nthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe mied:r tp7 k:bd k.9,usty1p8the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost ; o1: )ilwr.x3c,nc de-0ml yaeuov1 tfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts, mqk.abixs*q.v i7h ; carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat xka.qsvi*7bq mh ,;.ies.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the a tu) ph8dalpid0v;e(0o+5;ij0co+sst xv z;m tmosphere to other carbon sinks. siolhc; x0 st0djm (pv 8+ ;0aet+)5;d iozpuv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thjxu+6t9nw:9 khvx.cl e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year:,o4ei6w4 4infgte ci


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trul(/n9txg-y xti ,qgy 8e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondaryu+6z qcyy n5y 2twd)q,aru/:f Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dia;.a3 ;gih kjza,q ht*gfg vl.5wn43 iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbonlk ;48a 5aznno cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec9mitlb 209pk *z+;*lwfi xwant oxr1ijfr .,+osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys j29;d7z5e2jb au bif.3fjdv sv ysbhzrq7;8)tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bact4sx4qz/oy 1 hteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cl)34.sun +rw9oqg x)n n +wiqsycl qq+nrlux w.)nsiwog49)+ 3sne.

  Figure: Average per capita ud-oy:.onf(b//vazf $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in b +c72()r5 +aixvaxkba5 yuolaiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuu acvl5 7k2(o+i axxraa+b5)ynity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f;:y1i3tem2b*e. *t ixvkmabd ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit996/lag eho daa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodq3auv-gyhx6/a0 yge /z+l:ydea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen val0:vagy l+d /xq-3g/ y6auzy heues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuy-dwg *ji. .g e6 oqwq,ziblk5y-*y/4q w6 sefal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198z2;cs: gyrb ;k8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomez28dxo8q2 g cc

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofhg2,ad wtj nq;m:/pb2 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by om.o;x;q /dp ychoosing one or more statements from the followiyo/x dqmo;p;. ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattvk* 0/5n8jp0ldqzckaa3 y*haa8o.xi erns and other physical variables. List the main factors that cha0kyaai hv5kdpz 3aaj ./l8cxq*n*08o racterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainf1eq ) 77nlg6klj jwzn5dz(7eaorest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysbh /gdme,k* oq/ g)y (i)f.0krvrrc+ qtem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romtp m4ek hdl.iy*u7 +h0e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbnf7h, 48sqxmp7aa-k 98i x zvzivores in different biomeazi4m fx-8 zaqsxn 8v7p ,h97ks


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary mzo)7 zkdq9w+qwvt(0 succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climamqvz7 k+ 9d) wto(zq0wx community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chaii)up-eh.l9 fzmr 7 ok 8djjkn(c*0sg3o;;w g nges in productivity during primary successj80ezsigo(r g* ; -w ;i 3cluhn pkkfm9)jo.7dion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi,pl:x )uu ;8 q;qnyeqv disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosy;lndh p)kg+ri7+) mu gnt;)k gngd+mh u7 lp)ir+hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f,ojc*r. hs v(ln1r im/ +yt/+ uzpfvy,ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ofvtc: a30fr; rd vjl42rfbzur x+:-6ne beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were cav40r6;vjfat ef:z r+:3rx- r2lbnucdught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is iv q shj6x87 /yc0(tjp5p fne2qmportant to take multiple readings qqpct/nphyfs6v8x2 (j e75j0 of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used u73c-.wkut q din ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data m9hhlld6 s -od(d m6 v4c0h,gcfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cuai(y)u 4bvf4k4 y2j freek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the fols1hzv+v a)x sizqxf:xm ;6ndn pelsm)( :k 3-9lowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movin z3nf vpv+hmd1;x :xi9skx-) n:lqs )sa (me6zg) specimens.