What is the best definitio 1rd;h wo5 i*0db5yr*fbmn6lkn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romems zgp g:t,(.bejtp7 ., Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niwf.wg dx)y ;m rsqx91f +3upt*che.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3.)t*puyxf9s x;13 f gdmwrq w+?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populvai+.za26d/b hdsn 9 2a vi8dration


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom9 1qe4v0n dwhva species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zen p*gn.+nu6e6fyal f3bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to bfl6u. agn3ey6fn* +npe dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orz0fd bi d9o;y4o p6o mbk28h04ytkd-bganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the greyu2iikabl/f7,v 91isd o/j-,sfi w a:y wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Neffd ,iuals-iw yj29 isia1o7:/kv b, /therlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovm 0 m;s 01ep - ,;wzh::dqpj.zw.p)ehknwt atoer time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deayy 8w *,vxoj9ad plants and animalj va9 y*xo8wy,s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins up -8;gh(yn 5h7xqg emin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and o*vw1k wpt/v: kther organisms live and interact with kw/k:wp1t* vveach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst i1ob4o:prm0ev4wqspg5 tu22m(2gq iems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lg4 hp:ur)v sy/arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physu:r hs/)pv4gyical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct d;(ae)*d1h boq8r jzo/9bj:sqk3gr ka escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thei4wree/k(nak 61zp 0slr surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayingw1r z(ank6 /4eep0kls leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivagtg84 f kpdb2e m:lc/d+g66cttion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy 5r/)*7s hozvw* ja/rc+fzx/ 4e+q ydtjmfm)e.

  List three factors that could descvok.z s26 8wgaribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factawk svgz. 628oor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempfdonptpf /xl **8k44beratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cd /ez(8 sqps2kultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smal +k +9 xfwa-1;w gi8j8+pnvsliahd+fkl-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to fikkfnasp1gx vad iwwi+ f-+;9+ l8+j 8hve years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of en*x; yaz.uf2qg(5v zhdergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo9w5m-wl g u uaaq)d9(hd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the 2sy.dr 4 gj9u/: qxfjt7us- xccarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbjfyqugjx : .947-xsc 2sdrtu/on dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem;l-ib-vn or-cical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon inewz3r4:rpi 5-w zn:qt the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the foqcsa-u: 9isp35e)n 4huv g5ynllowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and d9-upuiyha54sv5negq sc:) n 3igest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nbo+s+xsk5 ad7tx9 o3lumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesf/x 4bj svi:3v of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements t;tnewz 4*8i xuhat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabm2k. /0 uxkd5s: jito7r y29g1 eu h8+cbnwwjale seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to p uh.wokuyiw m2+c/ as tjjx :r8d50k1792gebn rovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following yau1 udl:.:o*es2lkb is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys-r 03tqx: xiitfx:4 k2spv/uatem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foohnw 0xg8z edb*39l 2wdorq/.e d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false w.moot4/g;1 iytz 3hxn hen discussing a pyramid of biomass.ozt. / y;imn1o3x4 tgh

  Figure: A pyramid of encu6fff .fq8psu,st0cd naqw 0 d9)/)lergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representih6v2 p8ys, nlcng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine c 86cmaks 1-4e5unrrkfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sohgoz/2*a wr86.9-mvt xnse hqil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that dokyext8gkciyj) r5 +9/es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exgi+hrz4caff itrd2e,-2(n i 0ist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like r d02 +z4tfheir(ian-cifg 2, the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bvow(f ;ma 1g/35mid6v2mbz n kelow.What ( bkom nw61f2gimmavz/5dv;3is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT asphhi7x2mnv* y+(a2;fu(xds *,h c ql y an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e-+ocjlqi 9duxs poetn+sb- -. g 1nby+33yrw) nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thapr *,uvf(pvvp 7t9k1 gt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyprp,ufp tg(vk 1*7 9vvdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fp r(kmpa7yd 61rom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. (p yk pm17da6r
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the ceoe1bne* ; * 6u dhifmo 7zmm;g0,:dplarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an eq e iqx53ivl/ oua eaw.xm-3t*+u. *gzcosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen8rj 0.1a b hgs7.cat q/wzxjm3ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can ;qpjlfr*4) e*4zrvq8oj7pbn be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diab t5x //wo)z;wqu .caqgram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of kv 4d+mfh:i3 hcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem ef09fb a jhvi82s9ee 0ik.go9-wr fk1


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem ijhpyl 8upz (wspu)):/ n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha cbo8dkd*mmga 3of4) bdx7z 4su,:w k:t is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on u 0jq,altm 7.1ocxs:wthe nitrogen cycle.c 0u7a1tl sm:qo,wjx .

  Figure: Average per ).ccc vj ejx-vm;v+ /tmrh+ ,e1 iq7anylu7p.capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession s2yfd4 hro3+em58x2iov3jkd progresses from a pioneer commun m83v o2f s4k+j hxdyei52od3rity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folloj 70m)o 7w ei8e*th*a0j zlgtywing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi a /wuhdhbad3w6,+kds dkrn0mk 6)ir wdd:4./ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles withhu; d5ju *vyw4 an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissoljw4;uhyud*v 5ved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT .c, 0jwrz3q0sm yfp 3ct /cph/$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiq fag6ns09)ym on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom h d.:(vjyaq*ee

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap(tjckd:8pif3 wz wrq h5: +jb1h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing (ftd , m*jg-2xlhdo5mone or more statements from the following.mg ,txj25f d m*l-(hdo
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and ot ;icd on-y iqnn8-*zw2her physical variables. List the main faccz*i oy8d2qi ;nwn -n-tors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biom dbicr(wjd+ng((0(qa e.

  Identify the correctpjkx7k kd-+1swm( x 6djeu+p2 statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph e2g p(egb6 xu ,ml6.f kny(7nrof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different 1 jpe1 ,,z/wf5r):ilw xhgfjvbiomes j11,e/x,jg5 ir:w wfpfzl) hv


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bi /m+csv6 m3a*e)lgyx3utst 9iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pione)m3xey *it+tvgauls3 s9m /c6er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements rxeaj0zx-e :u//3 ezxis not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary x0r/z e :jaux 3exz/e-succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factox*eessm o 932py wu+ztm++. qjr that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on t 1lly;x ns+iu1he rate of photosynthesil un1x +ly1si;s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie07rj m44jd w,ckw y;3alpokn4ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture saww6zq fnu58+l0i6 a epecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps 0 q6ialfz+8ua 56newwheld 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takewx1rsohzz,zu) j /hq/nx o-2, multiple readinsjuho h,1 znx)/oz x2-,qw/ zrgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologica shifa: iv*x(;rng8( vl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twnfza 3k+.w0 spae(t.5 vsk :lpo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fo8;did1ovaxl mjv f:*jdj* :t;r species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplihhlyt;x i-) aoku 1z+db 4u3pt :l0,ywng techniques is not effective for sampling motiluzyi30 )p1y,4hhxbowld-k+aut ; t:le (moving) specimens.