What is the best definition for a 6p;9zo.v 2 ssdj4:le2xz fjjospecies?

  igure: Climate graph of a*5lb2 inh(iiqy*:vi Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that corqsmb: opj-mez * :*.-hx b(ruuld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2 juzbx-*e(s:.-mrrm:qp b*oh;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiopo,f nmzql+n :/p10yan


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a,-xqnjd0yq;0 a+0fit0 joe0ak vy,0a bt7 tpf Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a fgu5 p+ngvv8/ **c0d(66 ibc-y5cjfvgp eteesmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are matufvecu bve556c/g(e8p i-gp6*0 +vcj dgfn *ytre and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pwfht 9v hh)xtb-cfw7 ;iqe; +p4aa z-)opulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cani8olwjdu( 86 cns lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction inc 88lonw( jdu6 several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time7,t 3aigp67sztyu t2.mq: vpq.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fee bqc:;af m o99rc2*svvd on the remains of dead plants and animals.9qcfb2 o9sv ;avr *:mc
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai8mj si(z0zs k8ns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live t51h fjnyyuw89/dkiy j o .3n*and interact with each other in thewtyud1 o/jky hyj3ni f95.*n8 cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i hel+jx.slc3;b +dix*s lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lq4sg3z7 t rth.arge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species aqs 43z7rgtt.hlso interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript53q(t /pgn:cwy lf4tnion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into the0llchzciuhqt3 p5u 9pu+e*l+c -k5 2sir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decae52c*pcut+cll-q+5 l0 uh uphiksz3 9ying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivaa ac8k3uqsw1 vl9x5 .5 tdjln*tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidsk;oka2(di.ikxc5 m-n2r sx7a of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is32mf515 lj rduhitu9por s*3wayrn04 4dpf p) Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facr*ywln 34f4f jp0) 29 5r1duihapmodur5s3tptor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dif8d6:j /:oerzpicaf 2vferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice mnx i7/ .+qsg,6pyvvwcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zp duzj rew/vc/z; f l.ko3460aebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat ap w4z d3;0vkcur6 .fzole/j/fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecobo/lb6zn6 s,g system.

  Figure: A marine food web ;8pm5nchyhet3 4g;pm



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae th nrbsa41;564v n bvdo f33p.b vyhjnj(eyb-f3at live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produ;p .y-e njdn41nys5b6 hf b(r4vav3v fbb 3o3jced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followings pxqo3 uw8ua.03m nf0 chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tn;5,a lzf *a8knkp o(a8v q +eqhk(4zahe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descria qlkd (q58nrci1 ln(gso0 .g)bes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living.8ok qc 5glsirq)1g(n (dal0n organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberscx0dy8qhn2 3,w, jwu(4xjiee


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda g70b u*uf1md*reosuyi1 sr 0)tor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dicvt254iwwb/ w o5nla uvf mn:7(hlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercialli.5xw0pjn sw6 y available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source.0xjs6piw 5n. w Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of th,x1lnwl qf)va7ng ey 5xf kx/1d(f ,p,e following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion yyl7)n.uqdu38 ggdw(system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains wc k6ah. 9g1z:dwi9f9,)yy0ez ui fi;(v uhji




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when disc/n;x- i4 gb h7.dncrmtussing a pyramid of bi.mg4 rbi/hxn-;dntc 7 omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy9lbchuia1h 88o9 .uyioiwimlf6+m + 1


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units mz5z,4d*2ffedpq, nsr0pf8vnwfs 9 *for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w/d ;y6jiz3 +mjigou*nix.*ogeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem 9 id;wtyvzrv;2 aogi,rw-6dpxe0 z ,/




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a fooxksi+ z+j: j)yd web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannaath8cylclwl auft /q(* 4i1)2h system with parasites l4yu)atl/ 18h2wci fq(t * lcaon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the option ,hwil/e fyn9t su12,5df7 rprs below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration5 ntihf 17pwu ,29,rd/sfryle ?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inus gb9x7,bs5esecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecabsmbv o5;t+ u97xb8oiz(x a:osystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to ca zrv /k/c,nzf3rbohydr3/znf,zc/ vk rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospdlp hszc .( ag8g+-v7rhere to other carbon sinks. p 8gshr c(+l-zg.vd7a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thg:tv3 iy5tk/ygk,/x .;exwz ge longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / )aweqx: +k3s vper area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement .zm -zm (jeeuegk,x1ad 8zw7;s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cann866yp zldi )kw971ju(q dbek be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cwy7nebjz6 9-z+ca2 ru ycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon o3r,k :5r r4wv coeaatf+9 5vscycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos6 9uj:bsaj (k-frja-p ay/kf(ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in x zq2mj,v:n 7ckJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria)s;vg30o f bkvt7hf*a47v/p y zsibn..

  Identify which of th n.v9 gae8e-xye following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc-y 9.evnxa ge8le.

  Figure: Average per capitair r8qjq -9:awnpg0* k $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fp)cs n86 ao3ntsyv2. b;gf yh.rom a pioneer community to a cs);s86gnvf pnyyt.hoca . 32blimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follo9.lc/9k wndbxwing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap iv/fz*k-7/ i 9aytbfsita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elvff2m7hb vt -)odea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both both-vf2f vt m)7btles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual sbd sg()m *fu-,9cay pflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2 bi0b k e-+ 8xerm.kp9mck8br0ko1s2n020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for al-iii;5;zaftny rc 9+*apc y0 biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap g3sr 6ak td7(:z.6dxt i4unuhh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonati7y 7xw: qblnwdsn+3 a/on’’by choosing one or more statements from the fol7sx+lw7dnq 3:naw by/lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variroc 3h+jt;ra 7g7v(dsables. List the;3( g roh7vdajtsr7+c main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t6m wvh xdk*t0,t9yw4 che rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystemuwwm20np+7wp .

  Figure: Climate graph of R t0j b.ljtti(/1)x gjdtc3h9c ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different 72py r zknq1e9biomes z7ynrqe2k 19p


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarf9lh 5xbs2ghgacy e * )alq*:1y succession progresses from a pion l:*lh1 b*q5ec2 yfhxa)gag9seer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the gbdbwtl.1ndgk 4i (n 8x)9h;-xby,ad following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primar) -w91 bnyg;l8dda( 4kxg ,xdit.bnh by succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thare/o9o bn:yf5kh.n) wt can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temper/aajfve2v 9c;b2a +pi ature on the rate of photosynthesisijb9a/c+ faa2 v ;p2ev



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fh 3;id/:i9 6htt4xxeuw1 tkqdield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sp) 7 :shi thzmkvo-zw94ecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insectzvo-4) h kzm:9 hwt7iss, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiples/fns rwz8)f8 - k58+fgjkkfa readings of thezs+r/a 8k8jwsf)8kg kf-f 5nf same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologifg d 997te4wcrc)au(fcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sami)oc uqd-/ b)*l mga oc/5elw5zx )t/zples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cre*8szii 9knrh 9/xy9 nwek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling 4oy 0h/wp)zrc techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mo c wozy0ph4/r)ving) specimens.