What is the best definition for a specie:9op np7 r:r:d ,gjg,nq cza/qs?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita -xze 6(:zkz;bip6srely


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descr5ke,eyooq q)8ibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa 5 8q,eoko)eyqctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve oftv.s*q7n6 t gzds/yd1 a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistos gwjiuf5,r8p3 s;oh3u 5mx4he oma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe xdp )o khac1 iu1;v8u0and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. Wc801u;d)o ha kviu1 xphen they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms int f*tb yhc:-3+ meopwr :6ad+s a population.

  Fact file on the grey w6 ,a-qgd xk4zvcf4l5z olf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Unidk5z, vq 4gcla6 4fzx-on now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refleca (vhykk z9bjg/5glc:qk3x /)awk l96ts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead planxrn,hm y:k9 ) gl m/*nfuf..(brbcn-bts and animalsyk,n. 9mr(mr /cb*fu-bl)nb n. hx:gf .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cur;nr rost; tela 3;03hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live*ens4na90e t.x/ q70msdpjmg and interact n0de0jpms./xn tam 7s*g9q 4ewith each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ene0 t- +gvm;bj(kmx bh;drgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wiq ;jpk9wz4k9l th high productivity, 9;lpk wj 9kzq4despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct dv b ,p(qnw z2zk:)ars;escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sexs: 9ixht e 5. wkxm*i+gi:e lh/c;gmn(7 md;urroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, a+5.9h cd: /n*xxm;igsm ;mee7heg i:l wx(iktnd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul advigo ws:2 )qo.bp ;)l bz+h9ns,f2gtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forerxcr4xkq 8vl- o- 6ga(.w*tj pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; e nqh7zg l329kFactor 2 and Factgkelh39q7 2 nzor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dahl-6 s.bvy+h9h 3vanifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultis (6j 8yt7d 5g2rhxeth )(voeivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hbc vhb/6qb.4 ias stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they a/4bvbqic h6b. re four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ,( lyi;kxk o6fnbk0; x e:fmu2th -:nlterrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w0-n ms ,nj4v x:jaz8 6c;vsxeb5gdxk5eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live i.crxb;8y rt2j/d p/zq nside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced ;/xdybrt8qr j/p2.czby zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re,agph mo(:rhu8c.r.b action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag0jyz z.iq-u9 lram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organ384 x,z :tt w amma5am:hjwf8tisms like earthworms that i4 aa,m5mtw haf3 8t:w:zmj xt8ngest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numoy.w/gb p mz*,9 (kdlwxo j:h3;4nfaobers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator q)gpq0 f,c)m land its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dix bht-; fteqo i5qb84 um/7h/rchlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater4c*zvqedkf aq3tz/ );0(0 rasq-gbut-filled gt)zk3 ugb0*; -aqcfs/t eza0 r(qd4q vlass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran+z vnku,rv 9c7sformation.

  Figure: A natural energ4/kxyngj( a xjb,)ek+ y conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of t4z0o *u5 k,iqtn7 4k+fhhqyint5b ,qi oxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discu)+ h9 s7 ktu3mkygy.cassing a pyramid of 7gh3)ck.u9tskyym a+biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneefwn)odlwi9;r4-x*bv rp 3h;rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi m f.6z4: p8bo,6x1afwu k*;jnqg ennvty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 4g,.awpz4 .;m hpuh0d h lkhi+


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy t3xtkafn2g/j97 x6 dry)/ixse lq)1fstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately des h/va93zdrq mi cp7:,yaq5t eb-4d+xrcribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist ;jtfz; k39zib in a savannah system with parasites on a cotj93;kz bi zf;nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belowbdm: bmou)/9p.What is b/:b up)omd9 m Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe tllh 8lkfg. fd84ph3hy1( czu)he use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystwx1- -s+ipdjx ems.

  State the name of the pr7np 9fc-ww5hr ocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate5wr 9w-pc7 hfns.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fromfo a8oyiqyw --29 pt4u the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.u9o-iqoa t28y -fypw 4
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle thaqbbu rh8f-dff8 *q9g60i )xdu t requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area p gzhrk xh72qoaiow*u, zpyy 4:c78q;;er year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arewishq c1db/; . true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prodyow thhrhg kq1 y0 t;r5ra:.:.uctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the t;x(mmr olh) 4f) :ouomarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throumto2b;xuugozdch),0/cg :* 7bl yfu1gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysteu. g3to:wnm+ ;+id4jnql2bz3 nar ct0m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ bb35o*x s-pk d$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tr+d-wqzi b8 p0 m)gdyj 1nsb(0we8i r2kue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a hum 31f r.b2(ugmrldbo j,an-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle1.(ur3fdbg,bo2 lmrj .

  Figure: Average per capity f,gze;z.7rua $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NP6:f zivgs8fy (P as primary succession progresses from a pi gyszi6: f8(vfoneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the flc(,m3kg feq :ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap 8h6q )vaw *awo/c:zad1hqto1ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried o7hxchnr-c9,ha 0i* m) d g r( tnxxjnxi*u900aut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experimenahr h0gc a 0h9(0-xd *x,9n i7jncriux)txn*m t and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTis yqr3srk-k3zus.g1 td -:j1 $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re)d/6k *rtldu/xf x 0mxgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bqx s/:iz d+/2y7feyu n epb4v(r95amz iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, rcgyc a :yp2kvo7 ouf.-*-1mtItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept oo,/nb 4u(lx*yx o2 fkxf "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.,x *4xofo/knu(yb2x l
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Listf(efwd s.;,oi 7fl-if the main factors that characte,f;wfl ief-o(7 s i.fdrize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bj;k2q :p9n z9z9rumtciome.

  Identify the correct statem. ioz/osfl;r8 p fec71ent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romew)c; 4g6x/ nc)rjutwt , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary prj s. hyk6id1w(6)eyq poductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes dh6 yp6)ej( qwk .iy1s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progress/-t7o6n bfflivwtne f 7*h q1 f5 .shjk94h3oies from a pionenho l9ok *1 vthjf/tb wih 3f-ni576q47 sf.feer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is auz y ,6-xx*nc0u/g ,qoka6lznot correct in describing the changes in productivity durinu-,zkgc0x xuo*l,an/ z6yaq6 g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measuom:zmr 37+3 t tyo(fykred using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyn+yi 8ky4os ty,j etl3t,f.i k0f 3c:qythsyki. ly4, t ofy+kjtq, 0t33: fyec8iesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a (g/s. o/ dpf sr5eni9gfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series j ku4say/:+kx of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of+ja:/y ku4sxk 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readi1202wveou)g ubt3 xnl ngs of the same 2w)enl tg0 3ou1ub2vx factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologifq up9v/p v3)kcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for qfq:u,vt j9.j two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two paqh p+v 10s5qyorts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques ih )l ijzr:kn27s not effective for sampling motile (moving) spe ir )k2jh:nz7lcimens.