What is the best definition bab vfw0ex 6w7c0** jp2xearjjt.l.+ for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itdya oi9c/ukze/iu,w* be :/h/ aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fac(zra-1cjlpjq*: blk040sv g itoc41:b0glj(l-ipaz *qv sk r0jr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationr rp;i5fq .qa7


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci16 66zztob iw(0nc qxvtcio50es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girs2wmaa*i r)-qaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. sq*2 rwa)-amiOkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is n80;rg 0hce,qew. lp r)w jy7e) ;sdboa population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occixuz9t: w 7i4eur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have huue i7:zw 49tixnted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph th6jjf bghv.f+m4j 5a i;at best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and mq0 m6lvqn )32cuc-fuanimals.)cm6n -flqm uv0 3q2cu
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f;fce7taz: mi+2x (byd ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms 49;vpmr u9 d(ppmi)af7cv9y rlive and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocpfyip m9 a u;c)pmv rdv(9r974ean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyqubj*vj- dal(lev3e90j cw / 2stems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hk4ft6 xppoil37dm4 ;); p1w3bcznywhigh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing condid wnpwof713p)i 3l;;h z44ypx6kbt mctions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cs2vkj-lsmq9c 2 y2bq8hain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrientsm: 6y;k.2zgrz*srrl(eylr*l 2xnec o 8 ,s(ll by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. yyl(gs(r.:28sl * o xz*;,lrlrlnez mr2ek6cThe enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice +qdzj 6vlw9,isz5(h p cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramg 6p:hv s9nq5kids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a qav+snp/guclsw9 gb4b1 )w5.species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3.glqwsu /+bg p cb1vnsa w)594?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures u7 gqxr* 3xa7xhqe/:h9wz -dw+e.vsn

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricexosqsnb4 343 z cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resk4 nj x /anic)0a,mhv5r. ye35vczvc;emble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of treesx3rc 54,avn; .h0ycmj/5vzka ni) ev c they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terre9 rebg:ulvza3 gce-8( strial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we( .7o oqfmrje u9/eau7b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insidped1:-u gsp 7wq i:z4me coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, g1m:4wpud7iq :pz-es and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinf l/ar ksifpv1 +9,gm1g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in njl*381zxeqd the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms li.mtirf/ex ju0 xw6-q-. r8e exhvu+t3 ke earthworms that 6 iwt8mt+r e0uex ./ex3q- hvur. -fxjingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyram c)sxs0ec,kb)id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pr erm sm-0f-1mm o7 k;esm42sokedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ar:,. jb az67pqvbpflh3.pv5w ue true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available skn ju*):*xgaqq o07rleawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shr:ur)gl*0qa qkxnj o7*imp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the folj,mt,x4a6ikr m.nqr6lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conw q);0e2bwtwb. xx9dbversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f2,fduhujbh9+ gq3 +y0sz g a-dood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discu.z w qsaq1,5vdssing a pyramid of bqvd51zq, wa.s iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ.g(gt uh mlnxhl/2cu.5 h 1sr)y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystemuqt16)kdz(tm x 3 k2ewta-ay 2.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fnaqat19 4ehea(lu zwv1 4: ik6ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soik2tg666ay; w9y n;7nc qwxiipl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thajlznwbpi9z d7l0 9u 9 /lq3m;ht does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in ; s k*s(f 0qt 9*,adkap2xi8h/3r+agwn uvbkia savannah system with parasites on a consumeri(dg *v2*apwqab9 0ns;s38/kx i tk,auf+rkh like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corr;v ;pi,rr qyp, sbxp8-r2bzedc3: wv (ectly from the options below.What is r2:zp e;-xb, vyp, 3s8v (drbw;qric p Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the usde8bw/9 jbb*ys-( f ode of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energshe6s3sb ,kxoexmb3f vcy.. :8g, lvwd;j..c y is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to cjytios2bh ,*rm1 x06marbohydrate1j mim*s by2 06tho,xrs.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmo lbi,mmk7 j004gk/mfj axl:a1 sphere to other carbon sinks.f0 :jmi gb4llkk0am1/,xm ja7
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the r3ig.b t,sb 36(hgq4nxu4d odcarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem (xjf4q( nwqjj 642 jdf/ per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement :w,1ika.x +0co pseuas that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produc .te+pm.gwvq1 s)bre1tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ca9djh, drzn19 s .o)dserbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car00yy;.e4xfj ryof s)wbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow g5vh: c)qkeq 8a o+b55eoif)tin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in j(e ga p6g akjv*u5.civf0:7xkJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of hk t97-ztg di5denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrr k.h l5hqm+l1ij8,bl ogen cycle.hrkilhm,5lq1j l+8.b

  Figure: Average per capi-nv;v6h*d7u:u*gu gw5up y jlta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesp/ip4 +: pwub2jztax ; from a pioneer community: jt;z4u+b/ip pp2wax to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp-q5 cdbg-:zktnix*xsu oi : 80le of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caphw8n8q 5x3iy tita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elod*pkko9,gv h sce8 yoj,q ..8yf (ydu;rea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experimentpgos,j , o.8.kdu; cfq8ekhry y 9y(*v and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor0mo1z0w kionzr4 gg 40ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20i1mcbpl5i1r8 m p ,(b01z aath d(g6hy20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b:a5z.;:kgj( yfd hc ybiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itax61n)*f v -h q:a/srit9 xdcghly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one,kdnq7 qa i3e:sdx5 p8 or more statements from the following.,x7 a8i5:kpneq ddqs3
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicalyd eq+m:t 6cn3b,l l6i variables. List tbtc6e i3 +qdlm :ny,l6he main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforep e1kf a hloxyewwh0;8ofxmu222y0 ++st biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity inu80f+oc+v (qeeuj+w i7 n v4xk an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 8 my+3ac 8l/g6wax xo p.yd7cvof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivo(k** u hror xb6vq(wv5res in different biome(qovkvhxubw5*6* rr(s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as bb/wjt yed ,ml (;e)8oprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. ,lo b)yjeeb;(8wmt/ d
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is nd6ni4 qjrv6,4c5a f azot correct in describing the changes in fq6z ijdva 4c4,r56na productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Sec kqpg ol+/ f.kscbt, lf1c;6 gvu,8:ggchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phohxmq/m9g om0u4 jn*:otosynthg *:h juqnm94 om/0oxmesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 4pk1 y:pqm1t gfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapshmg8g-/a7yw*1x -t h clah 2ei to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and we- hgi*mw7a28h1t ge a/l c-xhyre marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple r;:m xr uycog*7eadingsy:rgm u;7o c*x of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologwl6 , ,m psg5rzt)-txzical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data utpl7ut5p-9 lfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wil:9)-kq7i fwo q0xdpjqlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samphmj cpy +1*oj8c9m o3sling motile (movi so+y3 98ophc*1mjj cmng) specimens.