What is the best definition for a speg4nla b8o. o+xcies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italpefu4ml j;l7 )* h) yitj) *bypew,-foy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describezekw 6:izq2k8*mmcvra 8go02 a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fr 6w zg*kv2o80:kqaimmz c2e 8actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a ph /r-0; diifbjopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistmg;i dt; q; kih 2/dvg*a.h;luosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble gan2;f m8hx/ 7md hqm0pw+xj*f(ekn-the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are matu/+-nem7*jmfx qand8mghx; p hf 20w(kre and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups mew,lvx)d m/(wx)m jl7h+ m)u of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally inh qm/( ja-0zs)2xawj y North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countri/wxs-jaza y(h2)0mq jes.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph tn4d :llu,z na(-d* kpahat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mr-w3kpdm 89p tde.k+r ites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.k- pk e8mptdr+3wr .9d
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tkuyf1qqkb c14cmofa/8 5q 2n )oxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w5q5gbbz qzu*dtu a:u e8+94a 7m5kc 8nzz qlz0hale, polar bear and other organisms live and inte75 z bt+9zk mb5azn*a 8u8zg5quql4zc:dq0 u eract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy 9 ow-tr; b2aqcis lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with h :vy- u xtpi-aq09jau(igh productivity, despite infertile soils. tiyv-x au9:- jp0au(qThe growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chrogkn/m g;m0gr2wt()-l*n sd ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundin y*z1za;o7,/e vbbc epgs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the p;p* 7zc 1 eybvb/o,zearoducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeme+o .sb3zz l4b


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used *6xz))gkvfy x h 7qwi;for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact.1ozy (+ cucaq-pq;onor 1; Factor 2 and.-q;z (n1+yc cpquaoo Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffo 713 + sdkveokevpf6ch-0wp(erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivom-q 4xjghih/ dld,168c pw8 ration system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes n ol.h9:w+siv2b 6 lhythat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of tlib +oys w92n:.hhl 6vrees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect: *c/ j2rn/xiyp wdo,t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we ,ygdib o+6x)wb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t8b - j*-qmwucdhe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidew -ub8cj*q-md, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica3v ptcq.po :eq+mq h.n81 -;lhp ;qzfol reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemeniagz;qi e5u a 0iw c)yeds:w6- v*v2:pt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthddm yvl5sv;;t9/ p0lhworms that ingest and then brv;dvy0mdl5l ts/9; hp eak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberc+(mizb6rz,v s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatka) cethm/71c aad*x*7(7w-cxwpabg or and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true m) k+invs08v4zm -hxeabout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commee gh,kdcgh8yr3 :b)w :rcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of theh y:e) gkbh8d,w cg:r3 following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example tu+) li((lf1a z.gix yof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver /84pbpaiwy0jsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins :n8ip l zay12iin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme/5wy wt5;/.efw thhs7wupd*r nts is false when discussing a pyramid of ty5d;7uhpt.wrw/wh s/5*e fw biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener02:.n13dtmhs ixg sp9oyei3ngy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units forow89uv h5fxg v+wk4m89 q3a jh representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food gu 0c0ooa vpqz; poas18-+-t fweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil yec)g-jsxc7 42w(sk 3tbn4 vt ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does no,t/ccenhkxt2ha t o*(d*x 1;j/x.qgl t accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasfyw i r8+ecps*s3wg; 3ites on a consumer like the li ;wf wrp3*+ 3esiy8scgons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rew5ltqq70ar2 sxwoej1q:4 d/ lspiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratel057 xswoqwd/qjt2a41 l:qrion?

  Identify the statements that describe mt jr1p6n i5) v1g,gzd3e(2z kx3irt5y tjh6g the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form edbeehr *t-88 9pc7xg cnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon di21i 9 gsn0cyw u.z)ehpoxide in the air to carbohyzpw2 yh0 ig)cn9esu .1drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinku3/sso;ys:(yut ;,hk 5oel gus. ueu(hg/ ,5klyust3: os;oy;s
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tj *sqkc7z bk-/n)lrzowtk0 .: vz+ 5csime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystxzlt ( 28ru)vfem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truvz m (o ,hmlun5uhlhw(79xj00e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculat: mll7dd 8 jstd ,750l8+huwd dzqdgy3ed.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ;(pf t4z0caqf carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the car+sud j4s 7tp;czc :rd*bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystc,c,xbg d(fw0tg4w0i em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in)+ m)/ grjh9ixue, mkw kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is n8si 0/adwbi bek; :t(tot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen ck 0;f pbt51b-yij0q (ylbkv x9yclebqp0;y5j bvx f-10l( it9y bkk.

  Figure: Average per capitks7c ,3fl5n qja $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in *h2uwr xadzj ;y):vi1 biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitz vywju2a 1xrh* ):di;y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trano.;d s,iytkwid 5o3 z3sformation.

  Figure: Average per capit,)vn t3h ye3gua $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in waterb+ (norif*qxxyjrxu/..5dy,ix p*b ; . One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning 5 xj*,ri;(* /rxnxbp.uiofxb +ydq. yof the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTsm1eprh);di )1kocq zw/5 mt 8 $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198q;g;z-it,3 alscyi7r w6r z9b 8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data pc x0 0 :w(cu.qdujjx r:0wu8ofor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It v0so1dm 45ok3 iax0jyaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin yzamhzjn(l 9uw8sb6(/a1r q1) lr6o xg one or more statements from the followu h9ry zl)6s1(x( zn ra mo6w1aq/j8lbing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by j).n2.q 1g)wadxt ka zclimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bioaz2jt)adq. nx1 kgw.)mes.

  State which is not a description of tyf/gz7-k4tf t y4j ) frbf0kg/he rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in anqtdp drxafo rg)26 6c)9* */*byyptjv ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, ejt8, zl- txh+Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product6.9:ce tpo(u; yimn jmivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomesj(u c mpienm;69.ot y:


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succdaaw7 5 5np u2je2; o4s4mmquyession progresses from a pioneer community todjwuq7552mya 4nopsm eu;2a 4 a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corre6bl2vf oh5 zn)ct in describing the changes in productivity duringv) fbl65oh zn2 primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measurd4 j(teyaj2y,c dub o 2212vcmed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temt+f2(k tr t :nnu+yj6fperature on the rate of photosynthesis6n :frk+ynu(t+ tf2tj



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fq: prj8*lixciv33 o,. iw9oq wield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturp09sd 0 3jf zh)kxzvj.e specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185jsjdzh)03 v9z0 fxk.p insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabik nzu 3lp*3+tality of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same * lu+33ptkzanfactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling ebckj 0f8lol xbzw,9ca0-66 n


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sa cfk4g 8(b9a(3xhur fnmples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow k//t(s n+xxz oCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampf :, by3vaf6 e )9 ngz4l*wtbzxkl2pz,ling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimen2z,l9 tnzey)vbf4k ,p bxza*g w36:lfs.