What is the best definition for a spec1oirtt-+qyj)(qv 2pt ies?

  igure: Climate graph of R0s/8ulrui868 ytmy e bome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1y+grmlg p++24alyrl: ;Factor prg:am+lgyllr42y + + 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of atj46s1t3iy*h 8shr lo population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of airv6h1y a8 npx c+h/s2 Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a syv*9ohotx ( :lmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, theh 9lo xyv(o*:ty are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grou,59rj vx8thd79 vue4nq 6 qjujps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americatgcf16;(bbx ;a tlher(s r+y5 and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves hav5 ar gsxrl+1;(;eb6ft(cyb the returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflec+ru/jll n pec0 6ga57bts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed o725c ah3 qoqron the remains of dead plants and animals.ra7o ohcq5q32
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinb+ mnw638dim ts in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ring /3bnywg*f7 20rt.rvcru gn7+jj u gi1ed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interac3v/r0b7u t+jr*.rj fg nig7 12wygunct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystu e.-xvgbe* t0rbk ;k7ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prodn lvdag:sf:yz ; h+) 8)slpry0uctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been :)dvhgy s) +ansl8lzy:;r0pf known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correc,dl y2wty5m7d 2/nvn:;xda nx t description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrovg 2w /n rch;j7x51 tsn*y*mh;izyva, undings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, ;mhc2nvi;h75v 1ayj* */ xw tsnz,y grand the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice m19cqm q1b kt0k8ls.qcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids oh it )sgjbenb ,-,b8g)-m hqx7f energy.

  List three factors that could de2t +jbcvj /j;eohf f28scribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor jj+ e2/ bhft;v co82fj3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatuqg-85m9z ag;)gf s mvu tw-6dares

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult9a-smlr96znzg4ni, r ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sma8)a nlx5zi**l8lrlns ll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also g8ralsnxz )l8i*5 ln l*raze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enerj:5jfd e2f/u- nvf 1ry :*2j .rbglwn9zh lpm9gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food,y 5eobypy42q; k)o pin *ua1o web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algty;7v4oj/uolo o oeru.32 r/oae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pr4/ooot lrejo.;ov 327r oy/uuoduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction+xta4(*uzg,+cr pex:kp fx d9:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the j r,v ; .ybwe)kj0h2i/dg(id2 wtoht8ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthgajre* m. dfups im:, f-6ti9(worms that ingest and then brea m rtfmiu jis(d-9gae6,p.*: fk down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami1wtji77a( 0djqymnguq *lrg c:) v1fqr*i2 ;td of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities10g v y2 oln4uf;/yt5eg3vz pddov9f4 of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that arez q: /2lh qz8wj3z8nwk true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticf+(:xv xgm0vn mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shgm0v (nx+:fv xrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followinggxv)-5.cf st f is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion7v wz)x dk1-. co-rkbv system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in hpln*)vs 1:qd food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statemeni+k hs-6iz h (h)jx j;ff:(tffts is false when discussing a pyramid of bi)x6ffif f-kzj(i +hhhsj (:t;omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of esx;pdc0/h4z 3mdri6 dnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystez)y h-6 ol*trdm.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webq),iy 0yxv8:.q cemv*,q el bn


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem08 pfz3 uj zckrvk*e 9e2b4gp2




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does dy+z 6y1 e hl //iijwic)-er(knot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savanna xxwf .7lw7* n2s(.wxlq7rzvlh system with parasites on a r7 n(v l.x.f*xxws q7zwll27wconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wh2 2 m(bsrxfv+d5+eef hat is r2+ smff (hbvedex25+Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.rt(*x4+,om fzn)d fjug r(l)p no:t/r
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eneoy-1r- .2jnt m j aojrz42cyl4rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbvt2 7.g 8y:)sr)ilkpr/ukrfy on dioxide in the air to carbohydr ky)kps 8y)vf2/ lir7tr.:r guates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frft7m:)(6b. swgkuq ygom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. . y (m6sukwbqt7gg:f)
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiryrc nk8ogt77v5 or5(cwq- ac 7es the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in zmt96 xxfv7*m an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that hoxej,uu -b0tb .k-6,vzf+ux)w jr0/h 0 hcgkare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcus/kk itl x:sv0(7gw ,ylated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of t/1ak.8v )i0 wforj fcihe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbd*a3:mv9l1 mewcrw p:on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem t+ yr8;i bm 5tl:yl+or


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in adzpi3c;xu hb+wg() i8ac2w6z terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of ds7psm;d0t x0hinxv/ 1+qvvd.enitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follo6 52jlk )9ynpqzq+e3k mp7q e3bviyx, wing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclenyq5 jy ,ev ppiq6kb mzx 92ek73)+q3l.

  Figure: Average per capittj0 fx1s l--kwa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes )rd g,jqr,0pc10tjv6 7cgi amsion progresses from a pioneer community to a ccr6j qc 7miagtg,00) dpvr, j1limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinpj 5zg8ef( j-rg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita:7xh;z7om fw hvqz74z x56 8nx-vt xwb $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wigur25d v+v5h *a8 u2ww7fdc8qin ir a:th an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment cw87 a*:g8 uwdn5hq 2udivfir 2a+rv5 and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows idpi la wq(0i:j+ e/h7,r)wsdwn GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byt(w(/ o :bcpdl region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a jy,17fxthw03 d6j dou biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,+akbrxg zlaiz h1 kki1,6.vos3s qr 1s, a3w6* Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stj y2b-* z6 c jqc:1d,vagwzl+aatements from the followzcz+gv6 - j,*1aqb dyla:cw2jing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variahmwo u(*.o; wgsk f5o-bles. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.ws;5w m.kouh-o o *(fg

  State which is not a description of tb2 pj 6s5nj jc4den7n/he rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an bsl+r-.qhuhv. j0w1v ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome)a.krlho2lwv 5- 4rtf , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary ex+78 k6ol,/qgtcq ceproductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomese /t8eoc+gxk,q6ql 7c


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe yz9ounl45 ie(ssion progresses from a pioneer community to alzei(9 uoy 54n climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correbs f(+ z5bh2yw)ma0j gct in describing the changes in productivh+02z) j5(msgabwbyf ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diskckrk2* bs2*p r.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effsm8k;uduo7 2n w3 u4lbect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes;8snw uk2u4ldu3 mbo 7is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fqq,h7vqj)1/ehl e n4 *q2cgib coe-3pield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trap3lww ( *pj:cgnq.4vim;dz g 3xs to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught,q xcg3p n*(iv 4;wz3:. mdjwgl of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the relia)kb9oc esrqg:x33 gn7 bility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of t7 c9brgeq3o n x3)skg:he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolog1nyc;,8vpnequ +ik +o ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampx fmo0 -ud4iq2-9umu mt4opdjls1 u55les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pa 0j2b /wc0cqnzpld8 5urts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is )zfh8ll-q*b unot effective for sampling ml 8*fqz-u l)hbotile (moving) specimens.