What is the best definixx *s+gzt 7 691ldgp*gjuy1 8;mkka rt;nb*qs tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome 5qc ri:eh5.dmed6e tv4z, xl9, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that cou mrc ;x8 l( c1pddrxl*/irxbx ,c2r+*wld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?;*18llpxxd r*,c cdxbm(2rix r /wc+r

  Figure: Growth curve of a populd7bi:c( mwynmgpsx * 1.*;onqation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle oc6iwh 72qj z*gf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that zsj:+pga*4l ft( ve.stndm2;resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’smte4(j;v: as+pfn tl*.zgs 2d milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of tfha3 )/dya n-bha,u e*qs* bm-he groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturabfm -9sb :.maj, p tl3r9jlx;vlly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% o fjr v b93plm:x-.jm 9,abstl;f the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a pobv cu zn;cac 0kfilp7l;8+- a7i m0-orpulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and x(w62f6b-g)ll ca gcc snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima6lgl6( - bxg)w2afcccls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo ,tz(n-f(g: tcty zh/u9.g1ovr7na yod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other org; xj8l3 8 vdy3:ncbrmganisms live and interact n3x38jl vbrycm; g:d8with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost n 7o7ybhhd2p0from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a 7nyll0qk2b 3gfzzx+2large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent org32qx l0l bfy7 ng+2zkzanisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ofm 5ifm x2qt48r a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy g)h69stq 1jo+9tnl(cefp5f ymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the product59+fn)6( y pog l1jesfc t9tqhs.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system o6xg johmt-- *


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami j yw wzm25moik6f4x)1ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What iq4m. twwx4k 9+ )slrkqs Factor 1; Factor 2 andwqtswk m+lrx 4kq)49. Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate o .zwo.f.bc 3xwf photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system s*rja:.tl klt-o9 gz.


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stu/5myg (pl1( t.n fwxsripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Conns5gx ./fumlp1t( yw(go. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestr6hq yp* r)f; j cvkf /znjhge3/8zm *bvzn4*w-ial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web is,lcm. o.rsj,h(3qo /o y m0u



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral.k9i4h2: qfxcw Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae xqk4i9 h 2fc:wfrom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalpbh iqu q m v8*lplp4eyyg),j3p58k8+ reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceanqmxit61 ph f;iref*lqg ji .2so,b +.2


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describesdsefrn f 5 d309s0kyw-w1cp*z organisms like earthworms that ingest fdy 0e3-* f9z1pk scwd0wns5r and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbbycd:a/dw **5 32lvoetr k v*aers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and o fl2yvc01j h1 k.vdk:its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements t6x6 +cv ooom asa-t8yx+*9advhat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seaw xw)q7x 2k9ud-2c94olm2y qi e.drhgrater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which odkco 29hrir4qmd x 2e qyl-gwu. x792)f the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is a1pxco z ow7a5b /eyp8+n example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sysls3q hw(m-k:w /mn.ey tem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha9l(kua *f moz0ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the folloua 120xooz 0ahah16uu /exzzsfq91j 7 wing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio1xo szja0ah6u7 a/e 1u1o9 z2uzfqxh0mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy2qx0twwr z05hei 6 o/m


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprecj9+*ufv7*liz:f jx)wq ciz- t)vn6j senting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 8pajd 4sd ,:twfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sb4av7pi l (k4v6pa. lzoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately d ohl r:9u(0a6f lfd9huescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thaa7 afr op 8y.j17gz4lft could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a 4 zlj rfa7o78p1.fgayconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and res:(xi 6l48pzw ls gd*m1io-ups piration correctly from the options below.What is:l( im 168plxspod* gswi-4zu Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use 2nho3kr t * )l-9jaidlof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eneko8bqyy4 x1dp 4z y)/zrgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the a1 dk6 vi0 .uofhm7mns;ir to carbohyvhnusf0.d;mik167o mdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere tk+ke9wrq ehqq n23, 4zo other carbon sinks.enq4k,2h w+9r3qe qkz
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thy9n ae1o ,ljvr7;+ww +ou0hcqe carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an 7;qtppfe52tb1t xas7yv jxe+ *:jzu 9ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemene k7)ang zpy.0ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculat39s+ix stz8dg ed.

  Figure: A simplified di l6 wb:u. grtp*2rmfb0agram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througv)d++kja rtc(jhr;fvr rw; (4 h the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy.1h q+q:odg0qdyy w1/(gs jz)uddjh (stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter5+y,j q6vzxsy+gjy 4 il)a /pprestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement 05tbv;txd:nmn dp3xxujb l0 /y2-lspohk (( 3 that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the k5jdl0f6 +d3*rdrrjlpy+ y 3dnitrogen cycle.dyy3jd0 k++3frr jrddl 6 5p*l

  Figure: Average per capita s8)(7d wuangd$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP aco 2v fgw4o)+ehhhs* 2nd NPP as primary succession progresses from a e+wv2gf)oc 2*sohhh4 pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followf94fz(*paxo: z xd)zrad t .0ging is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita u)64 .,lmzzbrr as ib0$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using .q*coy9jr c3- vdkf7 rbottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in lighvk*fj-9r cyr .c oq37dt and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & an0m rn*1gth)a tk1 (arwnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-xc,y*iv7 y6fvi i ( vqu,;qss(2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome fe x0+elu89u5x v e0lk

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Isfm/ve82lbg vg q0twpt pd2 ;k3/1i)otaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosinpk *7mfsx*ol7pf,r ,sg one or more statements from the following. pff *xpr7l,,*k msso7
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat/tpmu hzu9f 78ic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestr/9zfphu mu7 t8ial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the xtppsuo ,7+1f rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in anmpn e;s2 hg9z2rzlpvk2 :l;e d4cp+y- ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ofy y:2ii bsh454vvqrotz zqdu)2 w-4n1 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass oi vtkn1v 8y7;u+ih5zvf two herbivores in different biome ;k izi5y81n+ hvvuv7ts


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresse*gg.fv4 j78q pnq* tqbs from a pioneer community to a climaxvqf btq87g.j *p*4q gn community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correvw g yh x *kymg,cjnmkd(62*sgse-;*2 ct in describing the changes in productivity during primary suc*-ydm 6 yvke ,s;g2xkcn*(hg2mwg* sjcession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi:0zm*a gs 425ep ssdmge,ni)k disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigatex;z uuy4ovnly3,+3k cc3g3qm the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes4 z;klmo+3u3xc33yuq y,g n vcis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fd44vu3mc p 63b(frqa2sb+lddield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ofui rcl2ca0 07xj)cm 5f beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. T7f)a xc ujm5ci0rc20l he next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliapm nt5x2gd3i *bility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same p5gidx3n mt* 2factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological ct.j*msjiu /8 sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forjs6.noq+ k+iimd4 q-.fds-i m two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pao(p gqr5)k9 ffrts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingz o*rf.8sjr2n7.az0 wu.,e ugzcbm ,d techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimmjufzzdscb7. u2 , zn*0a,o.egr w8.rens.