What is the best definition ,qb 2r0yvj0v vfor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of , cyr2ngp)6u8 dug8wg Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors thaeqd 1+. ggztxky:rt3du; +nq/t could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2x ;t gdyr:dketqq+1n/+ug 3z. ;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curvej 80:rk 3rfg*i1wt buh6cvj; b of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie 8/85-voxgy so0.y ho;aassdes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe hcjknjzs(c kb+g(;9c),clj4 and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animal) c4z,lc (jj(+ sh9kb jc;cnkgs and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thes yy cgmo1t8o+(o,o3d groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf 2sfcz. ztyt 78(Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals suz ft87 syz.2tcch as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovelhyg0 i6cfngsm0. u.;r time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants an7 srrjw0oa x0mx7c 21pp) p6cvd animals2c 61rp c70 )wjrxsmv0pox7 pa.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain4,8 f/haebbbl74u9d ne m*2g* /uo ytffst g9ns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other odrh9- g1p 8l jciqi82dybr12mrganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of tp12ddcg-r mbj1l82ri y8i hq9he Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysnap t 3(rqu5y5tems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tre ci pft ryji-t)j 7jdu5q:x7f(56 o)u5wcxvk2 es and a large biomass with high productivity, despi - ojfiwi2y75cj6q7d 5 uj t) putx5()kvx:fcrte infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foo2d/ufob3 rmth0k f4n/j7+qejbtw b7 -d chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivs - rsl+ck;f2w +dh2wke enzymes into their surroundings. The enz ;hc2+krw+l 2dk fss-wymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system x((bw1rmd wxnmakal );.h0 b 9


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energyw3t:72vrbih-0k. zvg uwdil5.

  List three factors that c( 3t7 qqm3nlifb4n ** q)fsgrrould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3 srql33n4 f(7gtbqq*i fn r)m*?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenu (:uui 9llpgqm0 *g-ot temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti w0vcf5 in7 /xzg1/fpavation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripernr9h(xc e cdo :wd h,5,-2oids that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six m-noxo,crdr,(w c dhie :5 9dh2onths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect ql4,-tozgk h;,zs mer *ye;y5description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web2mxu5j. fq 2-d(eklfix3 /ldo



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed onv6c7x rep ab0gb+4h 0r the carbon compounds produced b +rb e0pg70bc4xv har6y zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingq68e0hdugx n 7 chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagr)c h 9 buf320ejbreg-vam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following /t rzb( x0lwc6 5kv0)ergci)xterms best describes organisms like earthworms that ig0krexi06 v w )(tzlbrcc5x)/ ngest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers 4 1ami5jv)go+hvk -m p


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population deb ww zyed-8,5fnsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethvrgol :9 59pvkr2twx:x o*d1 bane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sei- 7grszq+2isawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light so27z+iig - sqrsurce. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the folloex 9mz7wjse**c 5squ o)fzw;4wing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversisx fi-qir1+4.0 7 d )zcjckgaion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ghs h43 -yl*qefood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pt(n- n+ spw6jjyramid of biomas6jnwjns( t+p-s.

  Figure: A pyramid of enev:9kx ugs4 7wrrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosp.iee+ i f(r5system.

  Figure: an Arctic marin3 ey2wnjckvn; ;,im ahhee -,zud*1k5e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i 4l zxuouf*y.3n a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurat1 )-dm *,fz 1yi1wk-ppjal7ldzyk tv9 ely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras7gsxnl5qd peqnu2o9o 7h0 3 t/ites on a consumer like the uo3tg l eonn/27dp 7qx5 9s0qhlions

  Distinguish photosynthesis .kh wawmaf::h- 6ia 7pand respiration correctly from the options below.What is Phot. :7wmf-ihaa6waph :k osynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that gulv h(+rh0fb8.xn(vdescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frv -mqa* n+c*oiom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbok74 oo8(iu evzhydrates(k 84ui vz7ooe.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmoslx463c cir8gby o*mi, phere to other carbon sinks. r lc6mxi8*4c b3o,g iy
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processw7dz u0a5av2p ctc 0.kes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area 3.8s(v4sex 8t:dr iuajf,a gpper year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tbksymci4 4*7ax ma*3ajzk 9w:hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity ( ko)e eku72-fcNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle w+4st e-jh+aq



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycl wj2cr 2+;0x ou*t6 mfnkmwq/pe


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyseb oa9*8kd*y 2oz cst-ljr k4btd0+g *w,dlh5tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJq 6yelst9 80bg: 2lnl*p 3m3 ygr7lkct $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.wch uq1e,2v- kjo 7.jd8m-2qkvvl d p/

  Identify which of the following is not a humknh2:mos;p6cv)i n 9( ratv :r59j6l ve 7egmkan-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle g2;h ir7ek 9mo 5 v(:6japnekr9c):tv n6lsmv.

  Figure: Average per cayyl;r6b-7iq npita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a) nmeghv** lutne5v+ 12i8lp es primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cln)1uvl5 8t+*el2*hv ngpmi eeimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the;mpx h gxrbfs tsmed6,6l-s 2z-av.h9 /r1hu- following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca1.- 8hk2 qhv f,xneph34rkia9wr n9 japita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using r1x 3: aeyv qdrxu717q4j9abybottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values wereqq37ya rya:b1 vj1ux7rd9 4xe obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storcg xiz234 llk0sij,.8p. f e56nnag jjages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherielarqzz3qy2z8 ju:i1c5g5n jfs2 j,mfb.7 f9ls by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome-d*av r5ac p-i

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italoi dh/yf(/5,(nql(xh8cjd,q8dgp sq y



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosk)0x8a i+dzt lpgp 979 qfv8bping one or more statements from the fot 7 x8pad+v 8gf0lpiq9z9bp k)llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. L; d) d0kvhmom.ist the main factors that characterize the ter)hmd0k m .;dovrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bigej-x:2uhx d5 ome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.jic dr*d5 g3w)b4mh9su +qo-c

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro,f d +a8q0xijgme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores z .-s/yb,z fes0jmtn:in different biomet,zs-e zj b/n:0my. fss


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc-1 s qrca0fcqsp.7,cmcession progresses from a pioneer community to a c1 ac,-s0 s7qcfqrpc .mlimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describi,/ad hwg.70rvo 7imq* h(utafng the changes in prod0hi.h,w7a( u*/gdf tr7moaq vuctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measrh3g+agj/d; c ;wu*uco,n r11w 6m vapured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempef c -ab4ipcmy5-3d e:7bivk: srature on the rate of photosynthesidasb7 bif v 4i5k3pc: :ymc-e-s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fioj v9o-,s *sux jin:-keld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps +ji )+ c ar;vahl(mw/mer/o7f to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, ofjlmhmwci v+/ ao7 arr/;f()e+ which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importansjs,5:f m +ismt to take multiple readings of tsmmf,5is+j:s he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment us/nqeor zn;mh8uo1 2y4ed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two f)vbf8rmrqs.d6 ;e v3j t*j7hz/w cx3 samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for 0vbqfyk4i4( r species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not 5+ipwmmh f 4,6gkwim(u -m+qteffective for sampling motilpk6u(mi-ih m,gwm +5+tf w4mqe (moving) specimens.