What is the best definition for a zib ik..im2*3 1apgc hspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of q )alr,)gih (dRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factn788-u(s7duxtceds mor 7u-csd (n7ud8em x8s t2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population v;esj k.pa18w


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis/ / z2j;buvuwi :y+mdrzn87vptosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that /d/ d zqatmc,1resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they ar mq1// dzdta,ce mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popul8j( w)ioo:iy h-bm+ygjf jh1:ation.

  Fact file on the grey wo oayzhl.m:++ glky6; jlf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature f:+;z y okg6j+yh.lma lemale wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popul no-1fno;yk 1lation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead2nnd8n9 ( xsvkftg)s(rr0o-z plants and animals28s-d nk0nsro (vzx )(ngr t9f.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains 9wu*1a0wsg/ 5o va9mv 4ijumq


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar ,, b)ldu y:r vu:u .7kegsqlx,bear and other organisms live and intera xuvubgl.r k,y l)u, q,7:e:dsct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysted 3c/1wabviigh31p,dnxq z ) 8ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a la t./4fd m/j 3tnh ovxz7ca9jo/ke.lh) rge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing zj9t e.htjnhv/l)3/47a dkm c /o.xof conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct -chx-4u8 (qk4 z 4keggxb.jc r wwzs/5description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymesuej*yzytj6ntap 5- *n5kg-t 5 into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fun5gnk*j yjtt-u56z- e*y ta np5gi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systejl glw8-uu q 2vq6 rdb-g:af+l3qw2n1m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ) l inemrh /b9ny158suevy5j-y.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Facto5oruw41 tx( qa*mys9wr 2 and Factor sy9ra5xwwuq(t m41 o*3?

  Figure: Graph of the lz/ s,-/m6o sba0q) ivt-an qorate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culm(m ovul: tdba 5m6p*m*+n d6xtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and h 7rman)y61g5f7sps q pif:xj)as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leavf61s7)rsj f:7pa)ig x5q pynmes and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description ofx n7l/ ibj)f lx:0l.fc energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webcnj1wz7/ cb hw;+/z ib



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algaepdrx 1/jeb),o,; cfko.(ahojh;:tlqr p 4dv . that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. ev)o:tfqh1 h;pcxjp ;d ./ka rj4ld,b,(oro.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi ji;c3pg80u wczvib :slrwi+/sv. */ung chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in thei * y+zhw ra4ktnau8/ji+k-0 e ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termsvmuk zg05)4rf best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-li4 zmrku 0fgv5)ving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrc/awa 2r qx,9kamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prekv-5( +tfv/7mi nmceaa, g;q,.bo dgp.mot 2qy


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Dcp 4ft2v ek9s ;c9j-pzDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatlh.qng3* 6ie wzk+.g tic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true? .lhki*e6nw3tg .+zgq

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationzi2ulz)ly )m (.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste-dlz *bir.e76y zcu; zm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to7.(oo ,jhf (kc;zodstxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follq*9pmsnk;y-chm2g5k 5ui fk4owing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomas2h km*migsk9; 5 cknp 5yuf-4qs.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneri wo/l 1u,/j l,6yvqihgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity iy18 fnxh+l *x ss1vmzl plf0..n an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wet5jl5dax* gtd ;s)z :qksy0myy g)8j:b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eaxnhre q.( n9ga.ewuk/f 64: b olj,4ncosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descn( -opkg(aye*6 pshp 4ribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a q e6b2 /2b5:qfz-i2isaf;fd8 noj il ysavannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionqflfii 2n6s;o ady f2 8jib/ 5b2e-:zqs

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options b g.,j/(fqk,tbh;uy rlelow.What is Photosynthesis and Respirl/ kh(tgq ur fy,j;,b.ation?

  Identify the statements that describey4g a8w-qgf11cfpyh; the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ener 6wku*n((0dbl0 gvqs 3gex ea)gy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the ai .pr( i7nw*bwpuxr,d pn40kw)dd 4qa) r to carbohydkd*ir4p(ppn7.ddw ))0 wa,xn wq4rbu rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosph6n ,ltijel 4(dtz0o+mhyvg.3k w0ww6ere to other carbon sinks.64dmzhvwn,06wtk+i3 0g tj (llo yew.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that e:sa.j t0hq74 4lw ylmrequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year b/yya/sau9z3p op9y*s4 mlb*


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tklr.-o b+nvw 9s5p8zi hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produc-s1k7q/qlvjjun 3 ,8pucb i1c tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle 91e+zvht+vyfmb1j- i



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon k h,rn 1j7rf 2t+tj ks9mm.oz(through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in q( ro. a;rv4nran ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecog2 fwdyh kcppi*9xm./mt(0( wsystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying b *pzv)4icvtlbbk(b9of7b 6 r:/ .uvah :o9zmmacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced e9 m2,rqhn3x-e y2v0ivh75pu svkbd a8ffect on the nitrogen cy8pmea kvq97rvnxshu- ,32idv05 ybh2cle.

  Figure: Average per capfu 8ci18h)rc rita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gn 3avym4 kpug/)x1x1 hPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a vy1a4xkpu 31/nm) hgxclimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trfdpi.s :6ptugyn: ;u /ansformation.

  Figure: Average per capitep., (2 yf ule5ig2ihva $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an0 :h.xpd idwf. Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the begifp..dhx: iwd 0nning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowstcn * w uaq*9tp1,kkaix.;ao3 in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries xohg ok3pj8u d3 *g5 9kz9*fblby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for,ei w0a6a+8 a uzh;wjo a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rge-c 5of9w5 af rcoe-9ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statetyjl *g006qjyments from the f0gly06j*qt yjollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pg:pv3aky;0o wl,jtbd: t v: 2fatterns and other physical variables. List the mai:fl3 doytvgj 0 : t:b2wkp,a;vn factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of vr6ed(w3m 1wy/u ;k)ddwkak;the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity i/o x-yi ;vcja2n an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romlyo,mxco 2oan5/5. lne, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivi:.uttc ( 2747smfnlg:p coyc7 ji n:tdty and biomass of two herbivores in different biome :pcj:ln42m. df7(s gtocitcy7 7u:nts


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ nqj:n*7jfl e4(9ftlq ession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communij lnqql7*n e:fj (f94tty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descrnk a 9h:/ybfr4ibing the changes in productivity d :nby9rhkaf4/uring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usbc4, be36kxq qmo eg* a3tf(*xing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempero,wd6f /2u joh/oakd8 ature on the rate of photosynthesis au,d wk oj8hd2 o/f6o/



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inqvn6bb.hf *2 l;sefn-jrl1,qdc k0s+ a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inseo4 okl: c/iq. yy-az3mct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were3/-o 4.qzc:yloik y am caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the od wit4z8* 3*cmi we/uz was6i.q o8o:data, it is important to take multiple readings oioq/8mo*w .43 6 e*zsouzwiw ad8 c:itf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological m:r .k-/k s;jb/taz awsampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow ,rkb*km;rn8da e35lvCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pc c4k/l ub3ajy80m7l earts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective forkius- 3* sei+r sampling motile (moving) specii3irs u*eks+- mens.