What is the best definition for a speclgxxt2(i7 j 9mies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italp ex j1mc8q1xy-x97sxy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ncu 5-+zu c esinu,j,/tiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor+/ - u,iuz,t5ccune js 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationp nb:73xpra/g


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of av0fzoa1eo-1 d ha4) vx Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gi ns.qot0kr5.o 5tonv)raffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach.5nqn tko.r0o)vo st.5 They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of7vbm:d(h eu*r organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natux 2pua9-by5p xrally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as9x pb5-2xapyu sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the p6 t 2q5bp0unzpjq0j6 growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants b.-aoi l a,/thand animala thl.o i-,b/as.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxiv;/gvfh +nf6yns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organ;lyw w 4 ,9 c kql2juaojjjsmil;i62060 sl,ggisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. jaj gu9li6l,, jlg26wciq;kw;sj l20y4so0m
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eumd;3 ;pfai7kgww4 ,0 8cbtfgcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and .-ttvv 4wb5 rka large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many v4.-5tw vktbr interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is atlkq838baxk:. x 2ybn correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their se5bio 22n. xjzurroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the product2xbe .o2 injz5s.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati9ig y -nmr5:qgon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyb ju:/se)t:kl h /g;luramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fo,wx()7/mkass0ck y c bys .)eactor w)(kam7 .e /yxcy0o csk,ss)b2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatuyn4ia ;:9fa vsres

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated richcl t-da2p. *we cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizm+hc096rua( 9of4 gsb nkqegh a74z6ced giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsprineh644r9ca97cmgz (6ous a qg bfhn+ k0g which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in sc.tt e6c ,/rya terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we(lsgckl, p 4pmy9; 7im;7uam ob



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algaecmuf+3bk :2rbrqf: 2t that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diox::m+brtr q2kfu 2bcf3ide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemav3s+of),x pu ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbonpyi 8-+jc igg7 in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desc-ipv vlk oc,bhhv )4 i66njm-,ribes organisms like earthworms that ingh6,vc6,) mbi4 pv l-jn-hoivkest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyjhju1v1/3j8 h4 obm ajramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its */ezt b fiq3(pprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDThqaft4qcl/r u62p )qa/pj.7w bsm+p():
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially8x :5s2ppw9q; *jqdcvt *mwbf available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements f q*t5 9dx;mb:pcw v8q*sw2pj are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the: c9i ag+aic)u following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systb yc*zejbd: p e)d1k+h/l0g:0+ e6x0 mgiwafvem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi+j*wu n b cg 0ce2myyufrr655-lb;* ions in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discrgk+s lp1:urlxay/ ,a6; a.ah ussing a pyramid of biomrp al, aay/.l:x+1h;6 aru skgass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ ef zp*384dv 4ck5(ir . ikab5ggix0tmy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an j16/pul az,)fbd :90xtq5j2gdrldx b ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinebwrqa/b+m1q+ food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilyok jbpu0,*,sw/ l*-a. kcb ,zcfk: pi ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not 6 ci/8v tbgj) tj+*tgzaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou 1rgg3 1trm;s.ji*+ionc4ec x:mw/ ucld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumegxcr.gse 1m uiwc i4jnm:+*3ot rc;1/r like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from th r bj5l.k z 94sqqa7r3 x+g.e9ljj3jlle options below.What is Pho+. eljq9gx7.b sjrr94lzlq3j5 3jklatosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desc 6r:v;mwii btgrk +k)vk16 er1ribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lee 99dft8f2bh ost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the*o oeys+ 2a)bnk3 6lkf*+mmux process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyl km2++*3*k)ufy xon6mab soedrates.

  There is continuous cycling of 1i01ze oy.csycarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. .ciey1 z1yso0
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longestel1x4b2lw/q b time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosy k2 g ;*m,bc /me4j.fkvuau,sckoe-p+stem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are twoq w8uu79kg-rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bswt)kke2 94fu ou1sedt qv: .7e calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle m7tg 4-t/tvos



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carpkog:z ff 682jbjdfu34qko/ 3woj55f bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosh8. 5iczid q,nt-/ai dystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ec-.9knvo*2 knfdp h 3kgosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of0hu* o ad q0nlfu4ezn)*9h-qp denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followiz-orftqrk- z4b 5j9. gng is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc.k9ztgfzb-4oj- r q 5rle.

  Figure: Average per capita 6nslj 2jeb1i9 $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in byeu5;d*iri u-fes ;j.iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pj ;e-;ed5uiu*sy i.rfioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp/2i9rf o:fwmzz,2d -k nds r(jle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per thm1bowm )6a ,capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Of4bze2qr4b 9 xne w2b b44rxfq9ezas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTbab;rg*1n zebhr 7-)0jn0m h i $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheri 7lt dw83.fy)ttwpz3ees by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomc -tpdu7 p2:ade

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph-, 44;f;gg,lefy,m uok rtslb of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f 3ysa+c2i q3 tc 86h+aaxe0ypxollowing.i+y36 0acs+h xp yq2 e8ct3aax
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized t og59x7m5k mwby climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factorot 559 mxwm7kgs that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rai:f h(:htlw ht3nforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relaoqx0buj( -xu :ted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italykp;4g pzcp5b(+hqj2 u


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product/o0) j -ubbbrb)tnyd8ivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomesb/) 8ntbr) u-0dbjbyo


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima k9mrm-)dc/jkv(o:qnzjos3 8 ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commujk:vzq-/mo ( d)s3rm8cn9 ko jnity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin: h* qc5w9l+1 mgnlbwtvzc j;:3xdc9bg the changes in productlmcdq9 znb+wc1 :b* j; 5vcl:t9gwh3x ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be meal xcl8i0)knyvil3 66psured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effn78iq5ku xg()xydh3 :h qs;cdect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes5(7y)gxdqhu 83qknchix:; sdis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a bd:f:29ej fq xfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seri*akjq ke; mz*n0tq+lrml: i8-es of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of mt;-8j* l0+ ik*:m zrqnaqelkwhich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readflj lixb074p+ings of the sf+lipxl4j 70b ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec-g7s +9mnix vtological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for pebzn8,avk tpj ke .+j *m5,e:two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sw( 5x, ydxxly.pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampez h77e5ldrclz;qv: mc y:+m/ling motile (movch:e z/ y+mvlrqd :e;z77mc 5ling) specimens.