What is the best definition for a spec +cj(dd+p2jpmies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I20 qpy2 mkv3zdki w5 cu/q1tpd9o(xf)z q- nz6taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describes,dc)qhab /7vof cum06w0 ;uc a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorbc 6so,wuc)0c;fa0 /ud7vm h q 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop*hqka 8+g e vpqv:b3v.ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle ofb(v+s d0uz/r7. hf syf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that +b g6+4xke tmrresemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and cank4g +m6teb+ rx breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a population.p70u/ q1biy ep

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameridwntcjcjfb +x366,n 2ca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in x,c3 jnj 6tcd6wnb2f +check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovecfe pnje b36 qyipj ky268(h*52w8ahhr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of desa5, gzrg ,v.wad plants and animal,a gr.v ,w5zgss.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai; v5iex5( ucull4s8x bns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalz.2 0utaxv l )*s/xjxke, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcxk 2zt/j0 v).xl*us axtic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from2jvw hfw5nusqz39 q;5 ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tcll7oqn k l+n3tv9c9cdg9 ti50ugw9l7hs 6*tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity73s6g9i gdl5cc n9tlvtont7wlcquh9 l9 *k+ 0, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is ax/vu c75d)y(dm /kdle correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surq- v(./ o *oyug 5bhfckgda4z6roundings. The enzymes break down things such as deadhg cqf(- 54bzday*oug.k 6/ vo and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated raw2+sqxs03av;9a+ f *da vizxice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fop+ s/qv yez,2ecb7ax8r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could dek74kv 5y2jdfs s h5bha ,loq5/ o2*xqxscribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an5k5o/y xas*q k hd72osl5vx 2jq4,hfbd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperag sazw1e) b 0qvvj,o41tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultit.yef0getst4 w y 5*yxdg rk h9*k1a/-vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hfdretr3k4;t7 s8gztmte. .g )as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Itur)f; gs krt.rge.e7 ztt348tm di Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of u, s.ww- jzzkxor7 d;i: *.hl )pu*vswenergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food ntoa a-yyu* k*+d* iv8)n0ue*di6 dvzweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are al d+h,q a;6zsslkz0+2gj7ne 4h beqnh+gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fro4gz++q s ln6nhzk;27bh d0je ,ehq+as m carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical j-hdpu90alcti-x4 8x reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ofx n0iu +/r hysk7ky4k. carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following texbsl*je+tvm,)g k1.knfgp5p6 kp2, jrms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest n2jpm,+flk*kep)1, s x t5n.j6gbpgvkon-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbtp,rf6 ihv e(6ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population der6brxv ih/o axqc.s1973lbz0o6 ut u3nsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are truuph 7t3je06u xd5ka1s 7s pum*e about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially ai, 6knd2n hbb+vailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the nb+2,k6 hdbni following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol5z1,(e xgjse dlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiolwk*iq(;wyf: vfmi2 y2g*y - jn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains ;pvsb 8;mfle2




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of tht9(n z ,l1kb7dgapnj7e following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio7ldt1b7 a 9 kpnz(,jgnmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of hpnn2y+y,f hsoyw9qp91 q+ i.9f ro g0energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity i5val w5l2,hfts, nep 20pd/mq*qko;y n an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we-u1 ,fh8.seuog)ei6xfvz o+db


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so q 0a)lcf5,gzy jds*w*il ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately oex5lqh 0+0 )zwezf k7describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannae 59gt:ww k8wrh system with parasites on r5 :wtgke9ww8a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the op 7mncp6mc 9qs(tions below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirac6(cp snm qm97tion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecti7n n5-n *xd, wqwl3pkgq u1d(7d na.eacide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecg /ly5yz (e(h;l 5cmbnosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbok)xuk;u 1g4) .i(ye aau: zcpzn dioxide in the air to carbohydraic1u ez:u ua4(;xkz.p) gyak)tes.

  There is continuous cyclingppu .6ykgp5+k of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.p+.5pup 6kgky
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rjnt3c inps rs+-m.6c5 equires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pe ddi3js v421+q x(zm-bfk5tdxr area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenzhp, **wgc6 th1e2etexgxt) + ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculat:ioth4mq-s4 k ed.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine c5flc1 1 mmgjvv.lp+no1im 17sarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbd-0z bq.s9iz2exy ;lyon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec:2*lt3 mi oetymf,cy.4 sv s8vosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrzma d f8 6:cn)yrgst7d -y:ag*ial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trf)7wnt11-ogsxq1z/e5 ea kbeue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced efgzp9h59* tliqfect on the nitrogen cycle9q * thp9lzgi5.

  Figure: Average per capitabz:yuj :y)2tejh 4b7 v $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc2*l l 8ze f-tjxli:.z6xam g-qcession progresses fr*:8t-26lz .jagzmil fe-lxxq om a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foll-7t26 h o+9chqmkae fhtws 15jowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit pti:lm ek68w4a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with anu1mm c8dg8 eq8 Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days inem8uc1 g8dmq8 both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowh8+.xwo i u gmsyq,n+(s in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020ps(ii j, rw440 eptl*v


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bibecqr;26 +ep mjot.u2arao.:ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romee5 7ik5vh5oyvb)4 rme , Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fromz6gh/+0v blq e the foll+/q6zbv0e lg howing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized ,duq 5 6pozd//(aj1rpu;c pn hby climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the q56/opdc; u( a ,r/hp npujd1zterrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome2s6;z v kzp+j 2bgx(ou.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eckgi4 +jo9 e7twosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of ( o1gqo yq94yars- :,v0 yuy+qz5xianRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bkjg+5s9s ) *nwhc7(yggnyfl h aw)5c5 iomass of two herbivores in different biomafslh yn(gw9yg*w +5c)jc755gk n )hses


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biof-syu6 fin0 drp5gr.5diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comd f5f0ryrn6p s5.ig-umunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correctgj3*q c f;p 0vmcyplt:)y2 i4p in describing the changes in productivpj *) ; cvp0:gcit3m2q pylf4yity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measur3xl vq() ln;ijr4:qn 5x gi3zwed using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temp5h7+lpbv tu(k ;l nl8perature on the rate of photosynthesnpvpu;hl( 8l7k5t bl+is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field/b n)+;b njkryb)*n+; e7amxwzie6o x



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimlem2 )bve9nhm0g:h5km 1 fyrxlh 7k y j;*.fa(ens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species0 .m 9hef h*(bxvnj1ammk :5g2lhyleyr 7;)kf.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilityn w0sk6tvo /w6 of the data, it is important to take multiple reading0owwk/tvn66 ss of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eclkfg x,94xt al ;-6nunological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creeml1 xc; n3kmg:k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two e6+,zp9ecv bwox 8(n +hkba;k parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplz-w ouu9ac 28eing motile (moving) o 2au-zeu98wcspecimens.