What is the best defilei2a9a1,ahe nition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofg tw5ck8z4 e,rq*lwzj4;rjj . Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could desc*k/a zxd 7cw1oc1.sb nribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;F czo1w./*kx bn 7asd1cactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve weab, ey2-i(k **a iprof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specii *3d,jz*uu0 -c gbwmqes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the ze* rhkf3nnwp psq2wal 85(ka 8)bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with o(58 srq)aaklpp2wk3 w8hf* nnther okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of ork 5uhcj8v6x zk 9.oyo7ganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturh* v .i+tig 8kx)nxwc5ally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their popx chw gtn v)8kx.ii5*+ulation numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth hp8zwven 15;xq0i (wzdp+c 4*jl0 fvwof a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of i e r /6aqh/o-viu9g* ,85q 6muxe*/fj cdfvuodead plants and animalegmdxvvo89 eju//-hf6i6fi *q u,oac r* q/5us.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofu4ftg/gd 9i0l toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killr/phc t0u4z 6her whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the coldhu6 p/h z4cr0t waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lov hz0cb(l/z kpk y1irb24m;:c st from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi5g1e4mjrc z3fbxrt/ n t9ct+. th high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physicajn f g brz139cct/ xemt.54r+tl environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fs8hpse2otrh-2)rzr bgh:z +h -7.xuw ood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing djd1vz2jicl j+ 8*4 ceqi(ajg 0igestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down thvaj*j i j4812l(cqdei g +0zcjings such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratec,lv w75.xe8e.an z- 9.kcqll k k*1fx2luxlmd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramhhr nf;90 - 3p2bcjoyhids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n1) q*nv arga6tiche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and ag)tqra*n6v 1 Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffn*--(j ulnk eshl5yol- 5a co8erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy gb8 al tj:qjb p*az5m0vj sjh1lh08.2stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha- d 5n)zax.gvbt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and c n .)bd5vg-xazan breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripeci*iqovqn 84c*et *,tion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo5ilgzl*: 1 j-brdwt1 td web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insiklpi(y ev 5z5+de coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from car5il5 zpv k+y(ebon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingf).b8 y0qzhv ndmp//o chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrao/h fgeo , ovo(u .;l4tu-zn)sjhs9h)m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describ5 byhg78vv8z b c 2dmgb*.wbkiy-v24b es organisms like earthworms that inge b*8zmv2ygb-b.5h7w v84bbcygk di 2vst and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers5x n kb97 hzfz7y)7 k0.spzlbp


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its preye3b c+ s-l*wg4fwna 6r


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane xeac6h+ 3zzsj(imu,qfr m -esq81 5y4(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a co0k9lxnaq t 69vlovkrs1l -; ,fmmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it n0; tlfxrkolas 9 ,-vq6nkl1v9ear a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatho;5 medz;vg7: ux 6q/wjt c;aion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst, ;d,ea/l b8svj+uqg oem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food nk.(qjrwu02n5t zut *chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st8v q9f9o yepb;:ton*rw4u u9zatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomy t*of9qz9: wubv89pe r;no u4ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of 9ejcwc3ag( m(4k0l d/knpud ;energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.b ew7 fidu(py.., x+d*ly)gxd

  Figure: an Arctic marine fj:xlve79hd :vli 3 (n2zmyos*ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyste8 dhx140pdf7lins ,xv m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doel41cs/hn y1s ns not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid34orf v6nw:6l/fs mg ee 3mltlyf0s99 72oxnq of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likelnmf9/ns04eeow 9y2f: 3xqtg63o7lrl f 6 mvs the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rexnigzqj20r 5 j/e9vru1r9 +quspiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration1n/vu ju zr2jx995 ierr+qg 0q?

  Identify the statements that describ 3wmjyj8m7 8b :zysh)ee the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoo qx4te9 6 us4j9gom5ys2/ fassystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to car*e-w(ft2xl kabohydrates.l -2w xak*tfe(

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon p )3hr+( ikat6s wrljp4x/2ycsinks. 4pc6l tksjr3r/+px 2yw i)ha(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carb 9x) ckjq jai1;pl0;gepc*t)pon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an x;wel(du )bak ghshw n0 ,zu+uy /gn4t( j-a85ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. 02b y2r9rq aex
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cfjc,da78m u s;an be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified l8u0d;jdp12*t in vxj diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caretq0h9 a-0w mobi op6q(o;j1q bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an )jna:9 j9j md:vr7pazecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te2xek, (a;qoo)yju.7 ar *tokk rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrim jh,-rg 60xq gwiq48kfying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cya,ck:d mduw i+xmdda5 5 k(q:8cledik ud5 ,ad q:kaw:x8cm+(dm5 .

  Figure: Average per capimuhu/; s um,8jta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP any;xl bs 4xg6c5d NPP as primary succession progresses fr5s ;lcybg4 6xxom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folf 7sqc+y5ip2j, j9sz qlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca+9vaz,rc dz+(hp y/nypita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elod5+7zyx;mykbqqo:vp cv 33k3 fea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottlec;:fmyk v5xk337z oq q+b pv3ys.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & 0x0cxwyq )k4*2 doawfannual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rena)0 z2 hqu, zpmaz(g-gion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome qp (prfycz ;q;btx3kr.ooie(1 4/+ej

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita 6(gd3;w znjdaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more syf2nd as *4x;as.:l(du x9 sfftatements from the followinal xdx*an:4dufs y sf f2.(s9;g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizezo,gq- z +farw6c +m42 tbv0rwd by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrialzwr0 v,frc tow6za+2+bg4qm- biomes.

  State which is not a description of7cxk rq0c*vcn;;g- gg the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an e h(th v,0dx v36wkofmm ;1*rt.huyhn*cosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, vgn8u2vg5o m4, o- ; owvhfv v-7mf2tzItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of/3r-n4spujo- /h c.2b5 y1yi/fjdb f 2xydf bs two herbivores in different biomeuj d3rcf 2 s i15oh/-4yf.b -/dfjnxbys b2y/ps


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G 4ommi /n*g3edPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli/d i3ng*mm 4oemax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cor*knqju7ffz+rid0-t 8k+ cbp: rect in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession t dc+j0q *7zbrk- if:kf8+unp.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Setjp77iq;pw02 ya n y0kcchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigatsb(9-gib; za v71ro.ba9 z a8uhsrdx; e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesib1zgbz;s;7 (v o 9aa8a.xhu r -r9dbsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiokosw2s )a,(l eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of int. iyiu3sy2i6sect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and 6is.i y2uity3 were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple/u:4puo el;bua v2d6 s readings of la6: 2dsp/euvubo4 u; the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampt kd7e3hn1cqn 3;.thur.ae/hling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wiler yl-;sry/n(7vu qijb/0)xzlow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for s1v+zd df7jhp 8y-ulqw-e n8d 4pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for shwyojxd m21*. ampling moto .*x2m1dywh jile (moving) specimens.