What is the best definition for a ia- udx (kj/1uspecies?

  igure: Climate graph obgg3dc v t2qs4c1wo-3 f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sp9s -fx*y4q aj8nskw e1ecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2 f*w1s9ey8ksxa-4 jn q;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popular-t.kx /p rsr4tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S )o /whm(lik v k7/znlj0m)b4gchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and 1q)dqsjsun*xm 5d.7 h 7dymy.has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the lemqs njxq5hd . )7*u.s1ymd dy7aves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is aqlt,ouhx)w5 c 15ch 2dk8zz j5 population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North waw768g,su x fdan)f7America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves txwn fdfs8a7,7wa)6u go extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best r 25yjyfbjny (:,wd-l j*+gwigeflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animr,x06jdmq fwc c ck*4m) hoa mc5+k,p0als.5q0ax+)h wf,omc, crd4c*m km k0pjc6
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o:d6q7tey ipg/9l v6x af toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kyk f+*sf lb/lfe,z:;9 x2sfcoiller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with e /f oec9, *zl +kf2ysbfxf;:slach other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energvjfp0 kk;* am+0pnlk3 y is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largeq /t;+ xrv-avi biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The g- ;tvxvqrai/+ rowing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food njx,8a8h .triledj*h d:l 4l9chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes intzwol8ky:o br q m0)t,a/j;3ueo their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the qa:t/ew8yjk)oom,r0z; bu 3 lproducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricey.:cfce0ef 2khq kb -4 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pf1a lk: -4 u:d4azmen/s bbho5yramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isg 6tz4+e6v(( wzjcw/po fnq-n Factor 1; Factor 2 at(6pc(g4/+e6n nfw vjqw- zo znd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperature3 5d ihnjz2lct9sc-,i s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric c 2ma2grz9g6u9saz,v ;htlj5e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb 9 99nimxtjnc :/ 7hxyj:m+bsip3/wzjle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They alson :z9 ji9xx iwbysn+ 73mhp /9cmj/:jt graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestriadjm/ y q6uo ly(e(p:6ll ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodgx n, bq0sst1- web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live ins((d jteqz3f8 uide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and ufte8zd((j 3q sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiol2sm9zdr*m fj.i pm0x1ck2p, n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of car-(z83ik :cm7 v+9wad2mb7 ceqktqu,ldj hl/bbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms l r hzeu ,5yg,o+y0ce2eike earthworms that ingest and then break down ag,2r,5 ceyy ee0 +ohuznd digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n5h,ov*0l 9httknjudm6,ei8gk0lr + rumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities o tw/w1+13uoxso gaqu 9f a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboub49wy(oe2 0 wcvt)ls:zc:vkk3 c6 kq ht Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seanw d8yqy1-lq3 water-filled glas8qyld q3-n wy1s orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the f.i k32 ;lewh/ohi lqt8ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energcpcey/kqjg fkl2d 7, 4419 hpny conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofgj d-v)j8b x* c4etq1c toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thk 7wu 0av.ro:ae following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio war:kau07.vo mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerkiy. o3vbpf99 gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produiivf4m e d95pab s22s7ctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 3zlo*lm)t d k4food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sdqs8r1no5nd+ g5w4y w oil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dest 4v.m+.pyu5 9gtqmz7l;pntlcribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para ih otzlbfr1h9fakk99 ;;c445uqixy- sites on a conscol fy4xhib549 tk9q hrzu;91k-fi;aumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correczp.:7 kiz qw6x( yxn1otly from the options below.Whatz xq.y(:wkx67z1 pino is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.5ja w*m vi s7o1fiwocj/6up44vv3y3 o
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy lgn(b10 tn/2deviby 1gf.2hgap cn+ r: (zzd6is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo5 fm fmi) 8u)t8yxo:akhy):8io 5 tm8xymf)fkuadrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other caede 14ahoir2,19 dtwh rbon sinks.1e4ahwd,9 horet1 id2
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest zq2siu,e4a/pl92mb zm0 acw* time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an etay-pky 9ya,)0 nef(u)kq2aqcosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are ty4:sj ov1+z* i sd;bcmrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatle, *bpp5 cq0r-ibt :jed.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of9qrpct yyy 91zn6(j/t the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon uni-gqy -o.qb6zvjvr g 8*0 1rcycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in aae/ l fd/7ilm*n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy6 9(uca*:wjs6s jqwwg stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitr5c,d-v +no j yn m:3i5ua5kouuifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inde.xba-m y jy:37hvxdg/qf 4*s uced effect on the nitrogen cycle.j43.xx y-h:g7 /aeymdb qvs*f

  Figure: Average per ca0 ruajs9o 0 l,uecow(5pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPyh 8g -b9eyklvxyf56k.9*cpn P and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clyye5b-pg9*.k n xv69ly8f chk imax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of theb3,s j/f 6hj4 (xwomft following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit6cf 9qn7a li2k*uyr odh5a.1e v 4nj-bcrz)m-a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using b6u1+aoln4ij l 5-omu oottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kl6j-u 41oomi n5ua l+oept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storagesmmp0+/z yem 4ztz6 e8s & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 mz+3gj r; qxj.


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data z,scyv 6 2/ey b9jf(pgfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap )zy7m wf/s;fgh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemenhynpr2.eta f20u91e/ss 2q( 8rixmjmts from the f2n m ji 0qyps/x(sr2mf9182ah rue.e tollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat0m mws3+wsua) ic patterns and other physical variables. List the main fac ms0)a+u3swmwtors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the;igm 1 wsu:e:q+d s6fbm., ged rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct s z e9ifii)uu qea *9:/ rogyb:nm3vo.:tatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy+yi z 7;+ lfgzmtjev,;


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomasl5te ar(h bs16qsvzy6f-+j3g s of two herbivores in different biomes 53va6-b+j sre(f h 61lyqtzgs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP adv9rm;r3g r2y ecd5v:*qn 5 qas primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communqde ;g3 nv5*y 9:5qvm2 arrcrdity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinfz k 8* :e;ca.twqzdwk9 7cc) pypy2+xg statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity duwdcx zp )q8+cez2pka;k*ft :y9cy 7.wring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor ts7 ;:e gbdt*..k bcgrwhat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the ex6c6x 86st9z2egaitaffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes6gcxte z6a ix82t6 a9sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aatq 4dfz3+hzst +)7eejvp-y- field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beet o-+nhh*oq n ,(g *hgbgjakc.2le A. On the first day, 1656 inse*o+2 nnjh kg*bg- (,q.ocah hgcts were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple rpzxnrja0utgy2n 8: g/7n/r s odi:w+6eadings of the same o::isx2yra/z0nju 8/n 6g7wn+d t pgr factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli7 px1l1e ge3wcs8,pdz ,m;ph kng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creeg b0o 4lb1vfu -5)ichd4hwat 9k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sp-4: *ra/ ;;stb bnafuiupxpb 7 hm33drecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effec g)tbj:e v:ea9tive for sampling motile (mo:t) a egv:e9bjving) specimens.