What is the best definition foradilg 99:zd.r a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyq r 0raob11v4oq t;t.f


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorbco(qu4fz( zp+ +-ib r 2;Facto-( z(ou rfbp4i+zqbc+r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po14sy0c4smb 5x0dg lu tpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie.y n7wa.t .,9pn*isas9rwxx ys



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girufp98 ntm ml b2u k(qkxo784g)affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the m(qf 7l8 xptg un8buk94o2)km mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ofgq2 a(-b)wpu bjnr80,t, spkz: b z1ua organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americpwdy+(j333nugamy y 5ib8: r;y k0dn sa and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf pop nn(33 :i0 wgkdyy 8apdrsjy3;uy5+ mbulation in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tyo xn4y+9/c bpime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on t57asw ;l35tycdz0 ax)xqg8syhe remains of dead plants and animalsg553 cz;l s8 )x7qayydwx0a ts.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo,w) hqthv88 iid chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer*6zz9rd9- r6u jp cyq 2vu/jyr whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the coldcp -*dy r6zy2j9rvuur qjz6/9 waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.bl) lgqt+98 c5tv6v ik

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high proxea0 1s /ho3vvductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These speciesav3h sov /0xe1 also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptijjn y+,.viu(hp ea 0b(on of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dighs o3z v)twly uiao bd(ga1 (3g9k9*l0estive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leavkh93u s(ov9 g)0 dal(itw*y3 gaz 1bloes, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysz44nqcmw 8-xxus*opr34 cu8 xtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py s+v4lum7 b;brramids of energy.

  List three factors tr9 x k(r) :*-owxuhkxohat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 okru :r*k( oxhw 9-xx)and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differe x85.glmq a5njnt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultyj9.f (fa hmp:*ad./qf*kpg elzk4r. ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rc7gn lk.rx9cmtmo1)02l f gb:esemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they c.r)m o xg2nfk0cgmlc l97b:t1an reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a ter+y v 8hz*k5h qc+tmwzua(5ry1restrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weere58k2 yh7(vdk 6/hhm6s cl*nt0q cbb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals f5tf:-- q/em wcka brz8eed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sukr/58-cz f a:-qw etbmnlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiiwrc)tir1 19pon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemssk,)luqyy 4w7 diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms th2++ftpak lh2ucuf +5 vrcr0 2rat ingest and then2v0 rr2a lup+f+h5k+ctcrf2 u break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number9y/8rgqzetpu*: 2nuj s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitic (qse60(ogy g0 xxjw.es of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDh)ko svsrzf ,(m/mm3 9T):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawakf- s-mfr ks p3l3((peter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whichm3 k- flse(3pr-k psf( of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol,cjb 15 a5pmyftdv7. flowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systvqh/-tcvmz v*..ncn:; sw ey:em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins invds5.j.yp:vvwo;7 /4q jff 7sjw .ytj food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fy7h, )z(:vq zbwbg6wqalse when discussing a pyramid of biomass6 w hzgq(qybb,)v 7:wz.

  Figure: A pyramid of fbfyxlndh.bq -u; 8e6 dx84k +0b8enb energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units f1 99e+.gnmpq u8 qbqs5tv27 q2b s,sdw+ wabexor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar6fz vl9fp,jwi (a1qv+ ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyst 8c6ok st+odgx)w)t)a em




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemen pj*(+wxo a:csne)f7e( k -ufnt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a5p:ssg f)ht r i4z.1w )axct,d savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the.g4zfx)sid w ,5at1hrp t:c)s lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respif-v 0 sys ri 8pr6p 3:pkat)tjfdv/t4,ration correctly from the options below.What is drp-yv:t t3)t fir4jspv/0p,fs 68 akPhotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inz d* ck8a*qeg )s y8ocl)4wp*xsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e- bas2zy) dh6gub0am jaw oi6sj98cq3-t:rr.nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tfn5zdri2-y47t qkz : ho carbohydratest5i hrdy-n2 f:7z4zqk .

  There is continuous cycling7hh u ps p1ik;nd(3cjr+j4 0ds of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. p0r1 4 dphh jin7dsjus( ck;+3
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti.apv8ci0b yy 9awz*f.me.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per 6q v4b(shs/r*nuz3 hd area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. 6vqom;qn01/cu rf4w b*vv9hl
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productiviza- boj:f7eg9 7x*lccty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram 9fv,6: v1zeekauax) qof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle 9rsu.* 0d 19 vyd5 vkgp3q njm(x;k toy*eeg1p


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem y/8h9cvz3nst


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystmw gx(r80,jh oem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme:d. v0uozy a/wh3hj80 lsk1r mnt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following i 6fyhr n-qk xu5d-b2/ks not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycleuf-dk2b /r qn-hy5x6k .

  Figure: Average per capita bpp g)4tah38i rerh,xp l irp/j5h/y.1y 2hr/$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiverr4*m9ee vtai15z ;d jisity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. e j v1tmriz;4d5ea* i9
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfsf (efl(eyi9) p+ o7fa 1x7qfiormation.

  Figure: Average per capit7jr woe w*c-a+a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottlrg r q7)4it, 4irlkewcelaxbykh n2+i6:5e73 es with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtai2 i rwy7it6nx+r34cll khb4:75e)qegki,r e aned at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storxn;vzv;v*rj)i6et r, ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherie)fyhrtvc4/ur*y ncn cf 7 0f9+s by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi*aie1t c+0 j.u kfoy9ifj ten7r1.e,yy65otyome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita*;wgk (pf.ie0 7x/9zp rsh fw p+cy1mvly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more sta3pgtxt(i c dl q4,(m3otements from the folloqptoid (cx, t3 4(3lgmwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablemwewff77 k+c*s. List the main factors that characterize the terrestriaeff ck*+mw7w7l biomes.

  State which is not a description of thj2a8k8o 1/r kvoo9kof e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an e9avxi xp3x+y 1cosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of,hy; b1 xhs8bz7z;i bf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass:s5uvxo5w )ivu3ap, a of two herbivores in different biomes u5w) xui ,vs5avpa 3:o


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primar84t1u )9y f9uj mydvyun d-k2ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community-8utdyn9u1fm9 4uj)yk r v2yd .
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is nodstm f- ux vjc:zh7),*t correct in describing the changesxf)j ,-m7dz v:u*ts ch in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be (v 4)6 pwwyo8nhw5bq/)ecna e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of p ey6-0:o ke4xkm,/h qyc1hovchotosynthesih v1y-y:,/ho4ec qo0 6cemkk xs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in qpz/m u0s (h9ba field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captur y,2uarg; jnhw 7dsl9 +yq*z//rqq+sle specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked indj,ndywy/ q*+hq 2q7;a9 rzsl +/ lrsugividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability on j*.z+ y.lcirf the data, it is important to take multiple readingiczrn .*j+. lys of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolog8-u chdbcnz* (ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples on)c. tfbj7c8 p .baqm7f Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fe -lv,nl1x9mu wz*s0 vor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tx q8 /o5gtomh+6 sm:l k:(-v.lltfdozechniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) smlls 6hodoo.tx/ t +fg 5vlq: m-8z:(kpecimens.