What is the best definiq4lf*99zuvz uuyt;f8 tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, ;bv-;h8y p8 vgvjs+ow Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors tp n) a.jqn5kd,hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2a)jndn .pk 5q,;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a mu. olf qab4.e6. 4cicpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomapqvk*bdx-a89qnq 1re mip- 79 species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripescpf2ch q1ap 02 that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four tp1 qp2 hcfc20ao five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gromqhxyp* +m21h g 8j+7x4ajkatups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves* gnrs:)nj2 nw occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected i2 :wnjnn*s) grn some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. de4s bmp 1dr6o:p 6h:gsmw6g /

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pla1 lj wt b.tclm e,1llf1:8la2lyy*y o-nts and animatj1ll2 lb1c,ly m8yyl:o*ae1tw- l. fls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f7 ildw:ppowrs ik-y6e,8)w) iood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andjz657adf rq/ h)i)kvyjocda +8rp 06o other organisms live and interact with each othero rp 8o zfk6+jj)di/caaq )7y05rvd6h in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energyk.lzn( 5-m0yx w 9 -iwb4witzp is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass +yrd8v4- kxh ewith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit4rey v8 -+hdkx.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descr4gzomg s( o7mcy;:7 e gww62eqiption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes(pi4uoc 1 ti7x into their surroundings. The ei4ux7 (1o ciptnzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu+,7hcu7 xrv6 vits2o nltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units usedf:5e(1lo oixx for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ndnq+1an tr (o:iche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ndo n:tq r1+a(and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesc/3b(ql )/(5yre ia c wbz,epxis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate +y -,k-b9 5pvcjpkxvhd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rese: 1fk1 d:*- 7wesulbcaxjv)cjz (1ixemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapisuc11a: s(vkz)wli:c7- fj x*jedebx 1 tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tew; nw,)nuig:b rrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodqg. m6rkdwn,lij)m -. web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside)n 6. +ahvdhm1y4qkwh coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.k6 hyvhm41.nh)+aqw d
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio 1yj3i 6aoi+qfn:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemk6rqjex * w9s0s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms that q q: 9g(etjfngh,h1,f rfr4j0 ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materit,0rj:g r(qg ehj9,qh4ffn1f als.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of3ji:) 13(et fdrway+ wmddg;q numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator mx75i.nbf5x .xm h kf1and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlops938dwti :x6+fgm se roethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fil nh0*:wzbly, cahcd(0by,a:(zwch* cd0l 0h nled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i y7 :arupp4i.jd6*w eys an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convorta(c d.m+;g ersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chhc+9c/ wh erb/ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the a.p1w6tseh.p 0n pcd yns/5p6 following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biom1s6.eypdnp65.p0w /sc napht ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneuzsu7*6z-a ofjd *7 torgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity io lw:;zi 23k-ag g v 5zovu2jba20p7nwn an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mal27estyp)h5.njht 6eej9 ; hgrine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in /hs pv :+z:v4zik5ypn :kal*va soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurate 7li .am o s9 n+c;nc7ffq:(ymyfq2*ekly describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wit1vmijogsg-z ;8q r;y)h parasites on a consr-;q;ym81i j)ovs z ggumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly3 *3twiye;k3fc1 a ;.qo jkumc from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration;1 q3e.u of; mj3ck3y kitca*w?

  Identify the statements that describe the use oz;c r);g o sp1tkos*;vf DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemss- uss7d xk5n*.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohd8 jad 6,d6r:3z4kx qspujt-wydr64swqpjdd6j: z xu 3 ark8,-tdates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosph3,cfg . vm-bdtere to other carbon sinks.d. 3 -cfgmtvb,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cabl-.we(k w;fe rbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an furd1f)- kz)h ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trueoj ,r3o0 k5xbw.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Product; pnyg)c 3wv0tivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of t0(/7czinejhu9) pm yt he marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throug 1-/ bhpj7hgmuh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow k61qu xkud m,d/jq+1 m/ed-ewin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ec j)bbn*)+hdjjhq/4v6 arr4wi)pnc. 4cu 7 becosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that s3gpi8wm (h4gsedfy 1g)7k2x is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen/atf p(izg;- jb f5q2nfc 87yk cyq f-b tkp;j8(7azn2 fi/f5cy gcle.

  Figure: Average per cap7z/kf gvpz 9;aita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversi2 3 zdt6tdeiu8ty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer uzd d3itt862e community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationu+- xi g8ae 4/smbb6bp.

  Figure: Average per capud/bgp* ak,5y zl ,dzuds:* ,tita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carris*lki a2nirgqr: ;81ned out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and tsq rln k8ra1;:ii *gn2he other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anbkbvidt3i/nj xp tq4 k-:*))jnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020vs pys u+nj +5*9mn3dc


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a39 d uqcdxsnz1*kjf6kj2uj( ( biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of 4sishz b)ph0wx0 d 48xRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more st h2 ;zu2e7hxkgatements from the fo 2 uzxh7ek2hg;llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns ans7ioqge-(lwow d( 61id other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biome i(le7 go -qwwo(di1s6s.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest kau;c7g ii/ 2oo;ufd,)-cjwvbiome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverm3kgge 7efp7 s60aq/-s; bcqcsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o; bos o6:p+fyuf2zmlhg0i+ b0 f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass wu; )rzwte(xx;8ss0n of two herbivores in different biom(;sx;)8xzwrs unet 0 wes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as priuxumqtp ;i:r+p1-novah *f1 /mary succession progresses from a pioneer comq1tmuh/io:;p ur pf+1vn a *-xmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thxm 1:v2xp:ng )ckvdyfe )x+j6e changes in productivity during primary successv2py:f edcg)vxxx6+:jn km )1ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi d+ 1ed hhhcs3s2isk.

  Figure: Set-up to invej ;9pr,b+ypd my c(i5kstigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthe kpip+dy5 jr;c9,b(ym sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a h /o 740;+g ttiyhnskkfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetleh fa,lskm2pv*+tln- i 0la++z A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 inseczhk f as* i+l-mn,0l+lap2+vtts, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it ik3udo u+* h9hbs important to take multiple readings of the same factor+ u*ohhduk b39.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologica6i*zrx j6g) agl sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of b8* ,qsfzs *qfWillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two part919zzy - a5i mt9bmtzis of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for s djy+*134qs* s-osfskr np,hzampling motile (ms*hyjnds p s-f3s,o * z1r4q+koving) specimens.