What is the best definition fog 1t7vj- xq.xt q;9xiqr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rnl,1ku.w- u siome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors thb+kdcxm;g5.epc /z l(at could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor l zcx(;/ke5cp+bm. g d2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio8p:zh+k fewpwe29 lr,n


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesvvp2luh*:r5l*nvk r 6i8wy j)w* ( pdd



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafui i; nt9-:a7u*exulofe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on thei; 7iu*en9ulx- au:ot mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of oj+tj-cn9 0mxr59bbkm k zt.8 prganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus sw(4x/ h goqz.r+cms/)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a fa.(/ osqr/mgcxwzh4s+ ctor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of nd7 sr 70mv;dc- a gnx96bawwtz/p9z2 a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites ands): 9 rmub5fbd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. d fb:m r5u)sb9
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in zii0cdif hswb(*f 15:food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed semeb;fg,3 a5yyal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters off;5y,ge 3byam the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loscxv( mik*j qesw4+y23t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wit*1un w-66 zlwo4czac sh high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence ofcua c4w66 1zo-*sznl w many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptiono+n s yt-g8:er of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients c2cz(h.kj z:waj.b(uby releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then ab j.kwz.2h:uzc(bc( a jsorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice0j 4+d.zspo 6 xqe:adj cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid;(0h.oijthi4oal ok3 ro1 a 2qs of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i7ws8) v ()tbot giqnb9g9 rgg)s Factor 1; Factor 2bvq )wgtggnrb97g so t)98 ()i and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tgoap bmyd 5,:gg+m73;iujil4emperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti ps e1( nqprlz5-far85vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraff*e*1 sh vrk ;bsl8g )6mgdy8eze and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only wi*z6e 8de g s1*s)vmk;lbgy h8rth other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrec-0pxl*5exjj 36pl* n t;y rf rhdz/,cdt description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webk -/bw9ptzp mt ro.v48



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon(emgcfk 9szk m;7;z9l 3ic1 ba compounds p ci39;1m9 as;fz(lkk em7czgbroduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicjlcr)u5g:c-g 5hd1s l al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the y,z26.4 r vk0rjg yvokmovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the folloi0gqjaeeyg 8 a4mn;+ ,wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingeg n ;a ea8e4jyq+,m0gist and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of d:cr 3,q0ws8fyg n 4bfh-1khrnumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a j 2pogsmt:j/bwq82 7a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorp fm/wvzm l(0mk7 d4*todiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available set yoym* ti):r1mkf 2l6jiwa7)awater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lighiw ol)ymjt7 t 1*rik2m y:6)aft source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforc(yz 3y/3)cae uper: ejv.(fkmation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syu (.ytjz,4n ltstem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxikj5wyk*zijys ;66qg 5 ns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements lma/m3t+ja 4a is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass jta4mam3l/+a .

  Figure: A pyramid of energy jux5+(fmx)agfcx ; + d


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unig .h4uf x*qz;xts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari; m-ojiie tc4d0fs5f9w lf2x6ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eq7k-g5 i od8w7iiyb4zcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foodh,b,b6y +/ u2qvkgjy 4mf nr/d web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parase(8xff )ja/cy:xkl t 4ites on a consumer txy:aef(4f)c / 8jlkx like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration p +7e ezm67vricorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respi+er7p76i zmveration?

  Identify the statements that describa1pn6ux 5ip i1k)fs/re the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy)aokp fa,e m48 is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procfuak(l gjv-z /+r4w3yess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate+vljkag34 yz /u rw(f-s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbogv 3u* plbr40xn9 (oopn sinks. v 9p3gop4rlnuxo( *0b
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that req8 a ydm,5.a i7u3xv:x:ysvzuvys8 ,rfuires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysteo/nte*(k*;kk8n rsmisr q/1 xm / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.m)t1 ur9 to8;ngpl/kg
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated y e(uv:pg uqi1o,e8+o.

  Figure: A simplified d7k d kqb .ej(lg +xj9axemv8v1b)s1d+iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through. h(elrus(p2e*a56nq m*jdkb9 u tqv 4tn3.pm the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an o/5v3rh wyui338hrtts)ba d, ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst b2 dvgevo7:qg 9fn*n2)ltp 4qdbiz* 4em in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that iv bdmmv ;rk /3/e7(fwis not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of th4+m 6k- rpfy xgs2:oque following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycmxgsrf6yku+24-q : o ple.

  Figure: Average per ca0h h 6eoin gk hn0jiwp34wz eb6)517appita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPlutx,l(6k kr 5 iwm0(y as primary succession progresses from a pioneer commurlkutkl6i(w,xm5y 0 (nity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinihbr762 9-iker tg dc5g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca (qwzh+gop75-i/ xsniig 28iupita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried o-do yp;ks(z b brfws)qn;l 9qvj*z243ut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was3d4qvfo*wnb2bk( pq-ss9z;j l) y ;zr kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowsc(*6,d:w v auqtn)kp z yw/t)v in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 xcbepz285vlg fvm+nlr7 -( w4


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio yizr,cor (8u.me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romqg kseftco/,*q65k h.1yq er -e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ofy :jf)7hj tsjk86+xs b "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the folloj:8ss bx+y7t)6jkf hjwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phc/xs- ,,t nlyr4x2j gpr0iu(aysical variables. List the main factors that characterize-rx,gucsap i ,ny l/ r0(jt2x4 the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dab(gy .:lka4f vn qc6x+ wpkb .s08ka.escription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecos1409 * dfltmfz-85rm2tw pzyp-wyrc yystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rou;goa v u:t b6ax4e4k4me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivit620xrneshhn, y and biomass of two herbivores in different biome06rhs, 2nxhnes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prinzgjk0+klaf+sb wpf),1: r9fmary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi+klz+)frfn,afbj 1s g9 w: 0pkty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f,) 7s1ghhi kw-: :i twnh+tupfollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession.ht-:w sthw7 n1h) ki, gifp+:u

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mem my+c+x;zy -nn(w j;sasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on tnbavlqk/w,f6ke: :m 4 he rate of photosynthesisw:kn m6lfk4eav/: bq,



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field ih( pw430ozdr al65dr



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect ( nbx-tfjw1inxy16d6 traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this spety 6idxjw6x-n 1( bf1ncies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readihqgg24xttb 97ngs of the sxb 2g qt7t9h4game factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological ctl,cg1 lz,7 6l+uqvq sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples vr088lbong)m of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two part(*n56 i wwk88zmyod8akmm5p mayd t +2s of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl,u 7xf+)l+uzz9xcpv wxq. wy -ing motile (moving) specw+zu,w vyp-x)qx79c . uzf+x limens.