What is the best definition for a speci+.z do4 hrrxafc*.6t4rzews/es?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy s j9ob;wuh;. p8p;dkx4z e-yg


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specie q b8qkukq*e4o5zi;z-v bpi)2s' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor2q;qko-*)v54qe pbi 8zz ikub 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a poppq7ial/( oizvp8 fd1j r7,t)*r. vf tlx. s8hpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec)m9qohd pilr,dh,.+ aies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tj1d+ihto q,5d he zebra. It lives in the5ohi+,jqt1dd Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populhgyx k m ;7(djeitw:zl9a f..+ation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameu*rx( 9bix:fn rica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild ani( x:ux9*inbrf mals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rjqlizxk q )/la(,6h- teflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantg-byjum1 5 g3fs and anima3 gfbgjm15-uy ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to s8ufkc9jn76nxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sea( eapgs u4.)frl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thfuae )s(r pg4.e Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosjm mu8jal.q(+d xy 45bystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tallssfb ax20 16firoty(8 trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growoyft0f ars6s8x 2(b1iing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description)y9ws*ipwp anh* .d7c of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thv 83u;f,riq1*ag;w cbp zoc(h6 9,yocaqum -keir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungiarouv;a-8c*,h,bg1i9;zy (ocwu q fk3c6p q m then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio* qo0:qdu2ipxro .r7 ln system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrmra;b1/45i5nf idene amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1rn(ehbz4kv s9 y1+1i e8 vt3ry; Factor 2 and Factor rbri s84(ve 1ey1+n z3vht9yk 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of rttb qtd:l)po 0e)(+ophotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systems*(iblx bi1p6


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf)(ea 3w cfop9e4;muk( nfv f0hfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. Ito;0 (v)94nmp3(f aukfhwfce e lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in amkk9b b8z- *nk bs-tcobdo+,. terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foogkkt o*z +f(h2b j+af-d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live in z6)ic.eaad+a:6d hiw side coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producd6 :aci a)hea+z6id.w ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic*01vjze 9z; ghcdn/; dv5 hbfoal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sys/0twrs7oq aa9 tems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthze61 izflv)4f0 gj6:qzyjp 4 9puyt8 pworms that ingest and then break 4 p6:8v4f1pijq9)0zyt uzlzg yj6pfe down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbb(caof 4y2l: sers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities i6lmii g )m.a /gd)0sbof a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlopgqu k nv9802cv5s9fbroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sea5o-geuwr 6ash*o6 c3awater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windo3ah6 *es 6ag-u5cwoo rw to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.fuz2l-8a5 wh w

  Figure: A natural energy p, wa6gpt*0(qtu3vyfconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai):-4zd ksvwqr1o w.n ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statelv+jhw5 gd9 v1ments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassjvh5g v+w9ld 1.

  Figure: A pyramid of energwe/wepz/ /fa(ti) y8 jy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyh:vcr m r );df.;0d4wxv+q jjkstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinq)knxm(sa :n.p b6 7xle food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi8m25 cbcd- hb.gx mgrl; gsk(/l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe;mliq(01 zur j a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wipwb. 06 efq cv6oc7 4qovlh:9ith parasites on a obf vc l:cw7q.69evq60oh i 4pconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opt1q/c sg h/jzl1d0:ab mions below.What is Photosgbhs01 d q1:lz amcj//ynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of,z1j7d vxcl m8 DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem g*kfo4/ bewv-s.

  State the name of the process that convertqlr vn-1zdlo96 w+w) ls carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrr9 wn d w)1q-loz+ll6vates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othezgf+zu2at3 zm)v3n* dw sqo 5*r carbon sinks.)z*m szoz 35v3qnda+g 2*wuft
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processeb8/opwc k ce 1.0mzx7xdwe z21s in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per .6a7dueg-a adhoqr2xv2d x*b.cc b4/ year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ar)osur.7b9sa )j- imsz e true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Ppe0qx /7bd5dy gqq)d8roductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrdkvxswi) a tz(.q1i5air6ui0 -v w4m4am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle az 9)3+l-rm fb/q9xrnag;ykba cig,-


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste)1d8lhip 9xtso1zr30 vhiz5c m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in *st (psd+f(mvy du/: ca terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenz5ggy t()8ajtmci0 1k t that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not at,yc0 ck-y6v*+spew(uov:gl human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyt6u+ g wlv,pske0 y-:(yccov*cle.

  Figure: Average per capitaldvwt 1b 6l/djiv-u3; $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progen+ 6;lqx(25fexo v 9ymtt2gv resses from a pig 5e9vt x(lqm 2o+txvy6 e;n2foneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f(1+a v8ywwhd rollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per 3vi7hz+ fsrzv*br e.td jr;.vq: 69 kocapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. On vhg,7v(q:aa ko,amz+e was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two 7okzv,m( q+vaag,: ah days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual xdf x vko8/6pdmh/ w:)6ehdx,flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by lr, ,q*2vfqhnregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom r/bxl-2j-ne7h3l; psgt xc zoy;36w;a cdcq3e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy+jujqvmn; +k 0)mess.



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from ..t hy 5y/ y)ydm6axnxthe following.5h.y6nxd)y.y ym/ xat
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattey i/ik;7z rm*y2tmas 0rns and other physical variables. List the main fact*zima/ ri myt;s k7y20ors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t l,/n7p 2q4sto qa/ dsghr+j,ihe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct sb qwi;qoiy -k9sat d l6)87z1mtatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italo o0c3gxt4./qhm5i e0x thlf; y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dimu bn5t3)goohc7 3 ve:fferent biomesgom)bnt:oc5 3e 73vuh


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary sucg bl -5bo0g gu96qwqi;cession progresses from a pioneer commu9ubbqlw65-gq; g go0 inity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statejjlbx42 o*dp.ments is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succes4o*lj.j dp x2bsion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dx*om qu:8 i7aaisk.

  Figure: Set-up to inves2d uf0w0 cr2aatigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis f0d2wa0ac r 2u



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a p k)h;gz9j7yb g ywjl0; rs*)j-o/skwfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimmzt) jp;28nkdv4+7ub4j ga v:0 krk dbens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were cauz0k tn4m8 vvd+ kr2jad;4jgpb)ub7:kght, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to tae3f uzj o8-fjx31p)kpke multiple readings of t-zxj f p331jop)f euk8he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samppeo6t6a f78j1sq.z lvling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples oo5juehn7 ah - i9-gk2awhx(25jo b:khf Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par(5pv+w+/.x n ltj adsffrxg:hfj+6 g; ts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl:p 7fq5a0e-yhrit wp 9ing motile (moving) specimee: 5i 7py-wr09qaf phtns.