What is the best definition fobo9g4,yw jujt* f 2kd 0r2sd0jr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It20idwe iss l;8cgs; 0jaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;F1nszcy5dxqa8 3::6 genz9qyd3pd m,e actor 2;Factor 39g 3m135s eynq:,d nc6dezzypd8:aqx?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatipo)p t2p4: 38i4g ovvr lf3ymzon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistoso*7ek( av8 sbtsma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the1mh at9ik,dkq 8eb 26(: mcskp zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring: , chmsk dtm6(kqpbka8 91i2e which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a po 4zldl3 +z ai; lzt7ued6:pq)sm2vg2 npulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occ;+e6d,clzqb:o;wg vz ur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolz:gco6d b v;;zq,wle+f by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population oveo9+1gml ju;x6 l( boo8ze-ml vr time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of 23elr:h m7 ssnph1kt1 dead plants and animal:sn1 e mpt3271lhh srks.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in bkla3u ;3z;jz food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wh p, o/7ss80ylw vb 3li5z/bowtale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcti8 v3// oy5zpst0l o7, lsbbiwwc Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost f9a a/r(z2u*nyd) bxc brom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and 3oe0g;)jde-j- yoal .a6yw osa large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabej jwa o36.dos - ;-ya)0legyoit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct d, (wilj/lmz),scksp:oul; 4som1 h w; escription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive p n p):q)x2yuu7 z:whaenzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and tp ) )yhxq:7nuuz 2pwa:he fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s/ 3 mkta/larf jk:gi3+ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ene,j) srz.vf(ta(a 5 gi.nkpam6rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a speci200 lb/eyviy s+pb8wde f)on :es' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and 8:l vy2y e s0n)bod+e wfp/ib0Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at jfiku/da)ln3(j9l w i75t ,vw different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate;xteuq;;cq -pd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that r *x7u2r.bqh r).rqktvit f5+besemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also grqrrt qib tkufr5x .v.2*h+7) baze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripttmwwv0p-1 1dm qs0.knm 7gx )pion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wez:t2.2x9cegmqck q h5b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals ir )z:39wi- pfkx nq3wmfa/6 zfeed on the carbon compounds proqkzr9w-63iawnz:fx fip )/3 mduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following 4 z4b n(tti(hnchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbr j6jyjvz 75w)on in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms likes -q53e zwueqz.0nn 9c earthworms that ingest and then break d wqsn.0z -znucq 35e9eown and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid (7ytl9 ea;ld (2fb( 64c4 fcpnjkx gfoof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator pie: o).obh+k i-wf 1tand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dickv b76qq4 t,nohlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sea-y-py. /6 w.y hsrzbzi m2ew5ewater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which owemzz -.be yrp-/w. 6ihsy52y f the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an e 7nd:ffq2c u5pn,)0 i)fpluydxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste w:w-vc ,0t jxfypl60um


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox wq k+uip5)h-gins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyr+8 llk yaf mb0)h qzb:xyh4qu3a.kz++amid of zfly 3 8x0kq+ a mby+.ka4h: u+lqz)hbbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eney qeo( oe;qa tx.-dvcy07 m8nzh0*0irrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productir;r)ab76w g7nqcqi.c vity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wzsir3d0l4;vbx1 rr tu(s-p -qeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a .7 rv7s1y:vsmx5teetjkxxai,r5 -n ;6dte. jsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does.x+ grs*,be wx not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid ofyj-q rsx7 z3j l/ek2g,b6 p2er numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites e-eyxp bl sr72,g23jzrq 6kj/on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis ansgxnr/jyd:wh9*mjlk w/,8i+ x0 xpp*d respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and R,:w*rpx dli/8 xg+jysh0jk xmnp w*/9espiration?

  Identify the statements that deoc 1-dj65xyj ks1 k7pascribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecfv cn 2kva*26wosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air * q bb.pz:f5p5m:5qq;wu z.fi nh9zca to carbohydrc 5q.qh:b b9auq;zf5*i.:f zpwpmn z5ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cafu*ox t;te-x 8rbon sinks.oexf8* t-xt; u
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyu w45;wowg m kr:equm7qojyoou6pd 8e8/,92o cle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of enerfhs,1 e xwt*d7yo/cj:hrq/w)gy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements :rzl-so )a.p )bjsgjm w(19fpthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can 3b gkq g.qn4ze,v 23nrbe calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram owx8 h/dm 6mf j3ixiky2:nj) u59ahbc 7f the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carb0 gc15fhalsizk 5ld.o ).lci:on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste) 52mee+o9 bby e )qvi.ypphw0m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial*jjmviy l*x n(8;w wo4 ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trueh fjyr7dn u266y7 a0qtpx/5jw of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is no+v-5g depuea3u j 2z66; ianznt a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle5aiavzu;d3np+ 6 eu62-zjnge .

  Figure: Average per cad c p5 7l+iidc;pz* -q tip-zd2nrm)0rpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodive/ ld:ntytg-d cq*s8k1 rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community c/d8:d-ytnqs* t1k lg to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the6u1 z +anxqzm3cek - -bf7ygd6 following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ;tv( jnp+0n5psu-z i6g n5rs(brj g2c etz 7a9capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bma: fa 6g3pc8/ uxytk-ottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in d /-y :8pag6txm k3caufarkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual .n 7:qm;:xb5c dv iuglflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 3n-hiy,vt1-ml iv2+ ijsu y)q1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi(nztw898jpr paz mb3 zi74ft-ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romeo.7kdy k)2xd;ru sxcop*eu o/0 +p3 bj, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosinl (+u 6r lj(pk5ky/znyg one or more statements from the foll5lju l+kk( 6zypn(/ yrowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byg0 r yr)2;by unb5lx1v climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize ty1; rl5yr)20vubxbgn he terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptio59qsph: 5 v9fly/nlkjn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ec1(s8pk fzct s,r k(bu.osystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom,sg0b*viw ig1n+5i hf/ wikf(e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produ3s(2f ,e:uwf pb d;aeectivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomp (w;2u,ed3:f eae sbfes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressetqeh+xoz l 4sf;0vi24 s from a pioneer community to a climalq ;x40fs2+z4o ehtv ix community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thepbe: b8(wo1cr r 2o9v :+rcwol following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivitlwb9ooo +:1bcrwv c:e2r 8p r(y during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measut63qwof rd: 5fred using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratet/5ctf 5r*8 hdsqf( fyc;-yob of photosynth/t*c cfh8rfyb odsyt -;q(f55esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in el h3b2;cy(gk /cmmh7a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetljtow1/ szej 91aow/8le A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of wh8tos9 1 e/zwo1l awj/jich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readu)owzis9b6ja un4 v,i54w- i rings of the samewui- ,9swba )r644 u5vnjo zii factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used +:us)z o9g8bb lkux03 vcx 1bkin ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for t9: mu-i5cz ei:z7zxhowo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow dk0 yod(m (mvs 72y/gaCreek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sh,qy2avd 9dz**b* 9 kdc0 irbuampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)ui*dyh*b*d2cq,z vbd 0ark99 specimens.