What is the best definition for a species? 8uegq(tv)7 ssf-v;i n

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,h 7d2/;in 6)fub qvdyx Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descv:3ro ww3- hforibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3h:-vw oro3wf 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatie00czsc ,z 0s-q eg0wjon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speh.jksscu* l 16cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe a p:3gv j7pjor*se3 6m-v,hk8j0 qmlqe5j g6hpnd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent 6qkm 3j- 8pg *mp v ,57sqvp oej:jhelrhg6j30on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pop:.b n ub4 i6k:aho 1qm+jaqy4uulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North x *yx) 8 9rslmajp-24hlmb1vv America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land am12bl xx-9 hav rvs*8) lpym4jrea in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be) .) wu2f.zkso mhs;gjahy2cfe.o.,s st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants andn*:t -3uesugh animals.n:htg-3 *eusu
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins0w;tlg.:dt wp,kzccw-/d e8h in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pol9bxh kmco502wb3 hs y2m;2sti ar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. s xhwis9ch2bm5o t 2y3k2;bm0
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysry h6dhil 8u n.z+u87w+1c cyotems.

  Rainforests are known to havu)45b u:swvxdx0 m /al:l1wude tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing clu1du 50 wwx xvm)lbs4du:: a/onditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a co:si r 9+ 43cbcmbls2x8b 7dzyfrrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surr+i*jbt0:e js ooundings. The enzymes break downji obj+e*s:t0 things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culor lwp* 0rcn0 gq2bl52tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid jce,0f-42 kwjop9lx he7en+x s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whsg0*ixn 5d+suat is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fgnsi0sd*5 + xuactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures-y+rnd6u- sdq dk9typbpj; *; rz 5t)s

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul +e8 whe.ut8 uc83jjkdtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rbw 3ixr0ae* jfnzi + z1*tq5d8- m+ysgesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When tha01wjg8+xe *intzi5b*-mfy3z + dsrq ey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.;wnf9yh)tyb tb,z: cwqcf) .8

  Figure: A marine food web 1nfg u3 o1cgp:



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the yfqoo6c3*( ,jl * nqpeb :q-jhnb+zcw: k .r7mcarbon compounds produced.zhjc,*:wyfk:pojbr -(b 3qm o qec6nn q+*7 l by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi2*8 3(r. jmxpjvvk)dk i,otzg cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of6c:e8t;cfvib*suv5f* gwco ) the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bes bt8cslp/ 8c(srv4;bn t describes organisms like earthworms that ingesvsr/cs4nblb 88 (;tpct and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbq 9d)ljrsnd7d3 tz/h:ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itspc3 x29a)v trn ie)jd83j;b ft prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane g;:pf: esmos 5(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avz pkp48ilz5 a*ailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statemeaz zpl8 i5p4k*nts are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfyyb qqp0c9s;6ormation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers74qygp lk3h*u 9kr,ie* 5ihck ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain l;z 7sj0tci5ms




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statz a 8x9ug-k)ejfwiv1n+/wah (ements is false when discussing a pyramid ofkfex-8/+vwhwg(a n1ui) z a9 j biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener6; zzv3x cagj xve0w -n97ot2rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi dhgyf/)hh.j3ng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mae,xhqli:qbby3i v(3 0rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosi25,( sbz3 cwr1apx:zmzqz0a ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doe6j2-sd-mn aii8e ak t*r lspr-2-j5mu s not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou ;c2w+cngduh/ld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer 2ndwg +ccu/h;like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration vt),wqyq kw8sio+/atg x, ,(bcorrectly from the options below.What is Phot x8yvta,b,qq,i / )kwtgs o+(wosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecn e16 ;r d)5 n,.4;dnu7bvluv jibwaquticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energ/fnw w 4yj,+xuy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carb bcp 6pd2nuxi5bntv*t9yo tqs8*c ).1ohydrn5 insy9 tcu d6* 1vb .t)8cqob2ptxp*ates.

  There is continuous cyclina f ju.6; ;uzso055fjiw4ggkfg of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. .zu4gfosfw5gk506i ;;j fjua
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.)whg/y5 t:(5rtmd+r rzmk6ch

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yea: oljz .81bcfjr


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tht7-qetg 7 ll.vat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (kp 7d8o67yayo ; rzh+hNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marigl5h cj3m(* -ch)yu i,-o foukne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle e4mju9f;dv4t


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anka f7d)c:al7h ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow t)et rmj u04-xin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of deni +4feez ;6k(nuzjq0 rn2gsw e:trifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humakqu*:jo,u r+qgehkm 1n+ 14yan-induced effect on the nitrogen cycleykqh+uj4q1eo , n1gamr:*uk +.

  Figure: Average per rdd2b2t4 ra6j capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodg-aiqa5scgw:oe1t: -,*d p2c7 eld ngiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a c2a-osd7e1 n:*l:giwpgc d,g5eqta - climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr1.wa)57akgt5st( yosrs9uahj 2r m d 3ansformation.

  Figure: Average per cap1 ydkh8y yo h/e9y*t8xz+xua2ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles wjzmnd)m+g w 50mr( q+sith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in ligh5m+zw rj0dm)gnsm(q+t and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualb.;o3i-j+iflvg f ec1 flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherib0 w,7umldqy 5es by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio/5h- vbm wd gz:01kmd +sv5mihme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome il 5fpa2 m9lkuo., d68mk4*/pnuu tzy, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or 7.t.vc /nrtwk dc ir* 1i3hkx0more statements from the foc*.wrhnii3c.7 t1xdk rv k t0/llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticik-s .uegim)8ag 8.*or nn/aw patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors-wnsnokg*me/ r.a8a.) u8i gi that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rny6a6 dy+9l 3 korkc-gainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ig hzgsl5 hs-/9n an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapha i-86v0h jyfr-h,frd of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioma;gm,m diys0 )pmvmw;+ss of two herbivores in different biomesm i+vm d; ;,mmwgsp)y0


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession k9b ./9bg- o 5lfym:z(wf-jyz*lzsb.kmg c z 4progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communizb 9.(kobsz klgm4z.fb*m cw/95:-f jly g-yzty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chan0sn 8,1 i8c ajxo)m jcz3(hfinges in productivity duj)j08 3f h,1c8 zais c(onxinmring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be zoczz sed 7(wfpl+6 1xlo-9v8measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phoa); +xtc jtjolj7m8t: tosyntheoct);jt7x8aj +m:jt lsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field :c,q8i e uwsj*qoh) h6



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of-+ g qinxggos3n3p 5b) beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held-gqngb+5)3in pxo s 3g 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of6 8pohmjt mhjb*( *2(9 lefwbf the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the 2mwl* 9toh*jmh (f jbe( 8b6fpsame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling)wn+o0zmzi i7


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wt fqqi2flt8fe)w /m u3d/4x67ke yyd-illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciekek5) y aun)0is sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective f( j0)zmmenk b+or sampling motile (moving) smn zje+0(m)k bpecimens.