What is the best definititts5k 61 rcn)ton for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital+ly,yy -ij3 n2 3lqnfcr) fen+y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe,ybn zx gwym):cx -k-tg,jw0 * a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factxx-mywk-b,jn g yw0*t) c ,zg:or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population qhlrbh .h*k35


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp2++6 l/9a kt snpmqvn.flotw+ ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stky08yxc46ee t ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and ca6c0 yx4tk8 yeen breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organismg, pfaa0h. -mn m1w3las is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturalls;,;h1:v 2l amh /q7q0dvkww ri wxx9vy in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, krxi aq ,1q :m h;whwsv/0v2kxw9l7d;veeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects thel tp n20(3kbqt growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of der +x g8ymua-. s fm fi(12pghimd8x0b*ad plants and animals. 0fpixhu(8f ggym1b-s armd 2m8*x.+ i
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chyyh7uk5t6;xj06doecsf 1c s1 ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer./vhwj/ r(l knjj*9 ;shj;pad whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold w9jd(*rp /a/jhnj;wks;l.hj vaters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost( w( 0zwzwnmdyy, g8k8 from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a ks k.4fs3 xrim vov1lb2 70i,glarge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent orgas, i 4g. ir7v2bk1kol3v0msxfnisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fq0h c,ces 44 vd*:gpshood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestl 4jw-n)effnxj 7o:wya4o72 d ive enzymes into their surroundin)fo7wwy:jld4jn7 ofn 4 ex a-2gs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system qvva 37 7ouvbblo),2q


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fpdhv:dia nhxk,;;p:k, 98kb:d 3jzam or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors t wtm-f.d10v pgia; k8,cmttyfd )d;sda 5.np2hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor dtim tna-c15astg,)pffdk .02wd;;. md8yvp 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rateb d dgov.9);qz of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivy vanhs8tl mv620l93-cn q3 byation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-s-ibsp(uwx1g :5wi, be ized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis teg,w-ibxsw1b:pi 5 u(end to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy 7w/r;h;rv 0 qtzrxj 9q9uo. *bhlox4eflow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wet(nvj ued te(e0 -.q(;lap*kz b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comp8rs2y;a36fol oom(*y 5 )zwno4smgtg ounds produf (mlrw5o;oms 4ot3 n68ozya*y) sgg2 ced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiolx1s w xbf.ppl82*rshs7z,qf)r 4)b wn:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram o*8di jp )vcsnt 7;w7onf the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms liktp1j oi k;-l6frc8.yt e earthworms that ingekcj8il;o.frtt6 p-1 yst and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbfcd,.oo pe-c-ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey t xc075vkg 9fs


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about .7pe /-s glgrye* q(kbDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availablybc+yp vnb 59 hqha78v 0vqe/3e seawater-filled glass orb, which included algaeqvb89y/cnv av0qh+b5y pe3h 7, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fol6dyf2c ,bg6;3p b 5qiwnhg7*ey fmya3 lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi/qpohnuq2*c2 l fi0q)7t 4h +nz wmrt6on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsu qjtq-mdh (hd(wb *x)cr6:-d in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the f-55ea i01c znhek *nleollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioka1ne lch 5nzie50*-emass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enef0llri:n5qd pn shw,-(s -z:urgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prjx*(4 st+yo1-m*; wjryu lmpm oductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marij 2mp9:m.zp -mkr kj zb)3s/ixne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecrq-)mhv4prgv8l+r v4osystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement td 5f6- zkfu:6+wpjfc chat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of zu) v,v+1+lfiqrl4+mz)i 8ilifp+ mr numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsu4fm 1r) ,izp)vli+8+r lvfmq z i+il+

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optiojeswo x z6w7bs)*ue:,ns below.What is xojs *wu76be wzs:e ), Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticinra.e0 7er. ozde.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy xs88o:v paf2) *9r*zhif l -y/mc furcis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon di0rkls8b/8p.8igqph b oxide in the air to carbohydraplpgri/h088 bqk. 8bstes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphq b+bcp(ot;:dt su7 loouu89.ere to other carbon sinks.tcs b8uu;o :o pod9q.(t 7b+lu
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires4 jy /,uyofq+u the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per areav /0+sx f:sife5du )wi per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tpk1c8c/odb -+02fabez; ee v,itqyovw 8+/s jhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) qu5i y (shc93ican be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mari 57zf3aio cn-pmgj72pe:fidi i74 4wsne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through they4 l /ljc:fcf0 carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem2zbok zm56x6 m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow , p*yf akrwq;nq.4mn(in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that4.mc /0y hnakg is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrwl )*mw(zaox0 4fy,hjogen cyc(mf,a wy)h zjx w04*lole.

  Figure: Average per capita kjhp15m3a i q,$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivervh *)i7dl:wq yfxf7d 0krdx,h rn/6x3sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communityfydr,) q x7flv d/*di6wrkn0x:3xh7h to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampr s5 .)e/mufk; )/0qscin hhkyle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi2 boga aj - ukobnf(9w*-dc-e/ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out u7c p, i,oz2na,hxmey7sing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other ,i7eo,hmy, zc72x np ain darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon *f-)zyrx q-fs storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regidjc(,mbxd)t . on 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for as8k w+ vexdp/5c9v 5evx0s5px biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, e9:bcv acb.0tsoh8:,b cmp)i Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosii xbhwivi yub)-qx7i62(5dp , ng one or more statements from the followinb 6q27xiiv5i )hpi,ybd x-wu(g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characteri:dgk); * p .i-yp rrgw8z;dtm h8de8bozed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the md.ir8 ke rpop8d : gd-g;;mz8ty)h*bwain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description oo ce6og;0r z 4fyuh9z6f the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct ibff*nv7*wz- statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphn- .hnwx7 x;(.fvtnv0o w; ieh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivitx - o7 v8rxg7cfdtye95y and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 9t7o5-gcfex8xy7 vr d


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary5)xpllhh 0u.,sywhm4wj / 4 mc bo0m5u succession progresses from a m h504w )pxbs 0 o5chhluyl ,/wm4j.mupioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corsczjp/w6 b1/ /l6pr jgdmq u:nav4d*. /tqwb(rect in describing the changes isu( dd/ 1qpwzt*// wvjap6m4n.c6rb /lb:jqg n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thatk: a1yl:he.q y can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempera3+4 (9t mfsmfnnmvqs m-l d4e(ture on the rate of photosynthesi3(n4+me - lssd9mmn 4fmf(tvq s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a,nx xplzsh(wbaq8h ,w8u5 bx vg2) +2u field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series ofkm4 hlpbei(z 7 yy4hd:*b9a*,c7 tmxc insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps he49e hz ap4bd7*ylxych:i*t(m cbk ,m7ld 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple re)dcy jm7-g gi1adings of the same factoc )gg 1jiy-7mdr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sann7uqi dqfums:/5qs80/ -dkdmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creef ypx n5k9x8qp/(yy/i k




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampl1v3.5 g e2x:lyiovrhqed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following.y - goq441sf5nkasyd sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s a.441fysk- odq5 nsygpecimens.