What is the best definition for a speciez*.y 2;v 5vpnhpva48h jelb)ls?

  igure: Climate graph of;bb3t b2ew3we:tw4 t12zadqt; kfj4k Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Why 60fz6 zxqyhg0ow)d9at is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?qyz 00z)hdg66yo xfw9

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationb,t* ak.v c7bc


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom2.epu2 zir (k*auz y t7:os6ska species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and g ww *eqky446ahas stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit.*gkaw6 44yeqw Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pa9fm/ 6.wtva; s;z5bbcxb pt*opulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occdaot aq r.;u tzo59/x;ur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way o 9qootda; /x5 z;ratu.r another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflectsa bnii8/.mgq375q cdo the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe3 * pv,+cygfnr2qv5m;a/aq) hz tdlx - -s9nmmed on the remains of dead plants and animals.;am,2n yvh gzqm)v 3t 9+-s-l/m nfx5pardc* q
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaa7 ;kda3r5i ekins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms li j 0qs84tm7io*)-eapwit t eu(ve aneap8 uts() *jq-e i0t4 owmti7d interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.l4+u9xqyugatkb k x1zl+b(( 5

  Rainforests are known to h rzdags8tbjlm(1a rc28r7+ (0 t fmrt1ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing rm8( 0tjrz+l8aa7tr( s1 t m1d2bcgrfconditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description oayqd6 wmm x; 2r+.,bizf a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rel6 .c ;.ozjkq2h5cxuavvv3w* xeasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then abs2 ;ccxv6.zw5vaq kuo*.3 xjvh orb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratepy/wmjix+d4x50zi7k/) e b jwd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for 2de8e6 mv7 lq/ 0k rwt:ww4mrepyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whyt+p l7nd ;lnbxyv4se4n : 4g;at is Factor 1; Factor y; 4vp l4dn+l7y4n:xtbgsen ;2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate 5)blg:1/k fpcmn6n+rmuev ) e of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice b3rt n9zr*vwx/; d vo+cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strit3be rd:4fdq;gh t(yx+.7enf pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsprin; 37:fbh4. tyxde+f(tdgqrneg which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect desc51st 5 z(5lzyhq 2glzsge*f5iription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webza-dfdv;oidzsd2udn 3) uzh) r,v /; 7u9/xqu



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compouk4r*oc35tdd 9vy bd2 znds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxidez4v5bkt3 r dy2oc d9*d, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti: gt(nt1u9+8 jyxmei, +v cgsvo09rxbon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea(;b hpktqhugm- 2 23fpn


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best de0j g/rih3bnx l 45afu)scribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then 0x/afj5hri n3 u4b) lgbreak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra l1oefl 6at93rbk2oms(9pdm .mid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dev3u2ym gjpz 10nsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrvn4gim67d b6j1ck( 1xu tljm 9ichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commv,b q;vmhk)+ uercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placedvqbk;m,v +uh ) it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example 6-vbb1maeox rf no*c4(l muq,l a m:+6of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enev:+iyshs9 qk/ )3 vptvrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fhcg2 mq y i(wodrc6)8 tp: y2,mrd4jy(ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when djt) w,foo, ob-iscussing a pyramid of biomas,t -fb,owjoo)s.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene2z2s2ivudx l:kdgh +3f 7 ie4yrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivihi om n1:-h1,-wf iolety in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wav-.6:yw+it s v i8xbhz, qit-eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eco.c ,tb qkcksp-)/5h lhsystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not ac3c+:1epmaou0 ebsqq:8 o *bwocurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav fv c 0s/ccn(*r06c)kj0rjml aannah system with parasites 600r ) /c vnfmjacsjkcc(*l0 ron a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration i centr/p;8h9ezi7o. correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratioe ;/cei ipn zt7.8rh9on?

  Identify the statements that dn y0e;ke5zaw- pul5(*m6vqrtm 5ga4n) lov+hescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is l3p6wfpme 79p9mi- ht vost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon di 4qlgo8yvl xgl11zf ae-) 6glv*mq0o,oxide in the air to carbohydrates ,y4vl1vl8q lelfog 1)a6zg 0go- *qmx.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carb *qf7d -pfwu;kon sinks.ufq 7p-kf;*dw
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes ploqbg9e)okv30 )m v* in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year +xxtixpu- 0 gd8g/1ub


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arez;bo -l7i) trl true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.p mi;of- +9bvcjcbr:6l1r/fix,d8jn

  Figure: A simplified diagr xbd p0kd:zv:yb601kkqf 6i3jhw2d x/am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca h tgv39xfp8 c3w9g f6wodhw7,rbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystembn ).0p0vp48w hmk4wam rrd:p


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in lu ir;: ao;jw/jq7ze. kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitri3x90bdjdwz-(sj:*ak ik- psp fying bacteria.

  Identify which of the foq)z*9glyy,l2cy xus. llowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.slycu2 lq.yg) ,yx9*z

  Figure: Average per capw4*-y 8t (qt,aup xjthita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary 1 -fxs.m3lf pqsuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commun 3fl1-msfpq.xity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol ;l eijv4ev-vo)wsa; 2lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per i))g+1vzxj qkcia ,a3 capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bott7 /qy,mvm(mvg1 zxgtw s+9k;f ptcf14lu w2u:les with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and :v+ gf41,u lmfyq/xt(v;2 t p9sw1mcugzkwm7the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua1icw 7z.v8q ofo)qt ,dl flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bygd07r l*9s6r)o taudf ;.m6oeom1at y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a* awiek,(nxm yxn ii*s.s(4m9 biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom.7gj/- rf x piz7+i5j1ybnstge, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonationuqw nsy8,+ pq+fh::af’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.psf+nyh+ f,uwq :8:aq
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ptgvr; dvt*t-( ztm;z-s( moy( hysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes*y(vrm;z-dt gtz o;stm (( -tv.

  State which is not a description of t-lar lgk4/; n tbb1a269a6bkxkk r9 vmhe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem(sy n;q dd2xi1.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy vag)om5 cs83r7fp7xi


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in v.r2c ogo87p7 hy.wrc*l. op sd7hii,different biomesd.hpcowlsh7y.vgrco, .p i7o r28*i7


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary sc01le b k89jkeuccession progresses from a pioneer communkkbl0je19e 8city to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sr6i6 d gy4s,yqtatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during6s4 6qdi,y yrg primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factorfl5 d.iq/uph uher7pzm3i2 ,- that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of szzhvg 4e a)38temperature on the rate of photosynthesiz h4s8ez g3v)as



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inwft x/2tfiv: 7 a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to(v bu5f eqsf)lb2k.1d capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 wb1.5f2evl) qd bkfu (sere beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple readin4 mh/esl(ab/21 l)wpmbx03 mxy 3bszc gs of the sxyl3)acph w/s m(301xz bem lb4ms/ 2bame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplinge+oa+o7s3pqg6b 3 g ad


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wik dl9k u)xi zl7qp oc6qln720.llow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wipd 9+ez 5gv7xqllow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not e a8xvle56lo *k-b )obz: dpdi1ffective for sampling motiv 1kdxad 5*bo-)ilpelbzo68:le (moving) specimens.