What is the best def8vsz7i ;z+ dhfinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itntip/xp y.9 p31h5fqzbjzj+ * aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a spec28h6-ur2ral9c t af51yb uimgies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor t5l- bh fuuig8ym9126ca ra 2r3?

  Figure: Growth curve of wv(pwlk y(im4)1r(zmd )0vr e a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist8 )0noo/rziaf osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-si drjq) bi+m)z *5wrjf:zed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tenb*+rf:jjiz q)d )5wm rd to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of+wc c0ojd*h,w .vog:j organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americvfdaw + kp-)g*e8d9am a and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximatea+wv9efg*8dk-)am dp ly 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populat*k s8iehr1 z)bij+o y0ion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the pb 4.; v0;s:ys:g 1kxr wk5d xwg/larxremains of dead plants and animals. xwa b k;yrgxk4:1 ;05lw svrgx.ds:p/
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsurfpw7; i.0 l7nc5pxe in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalx*utb0i wz54imu;) yye, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of 4m*wz it;ixby5u0)y u the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from 6b n5guar0*ktlpw;pp t az+-8ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ .zevrenvrmjf2. j vb;*i75 z0ctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presencen 5ri2rvjv.b0e* j;zz. mef 7v of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descripti40kel ipy;o ;lon of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing di h52 wefnm+- .wfe k9(t.pwdqtgestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things w.kw p nw(-ff52d.qetteh+9 msuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatihi famm(comei8rs6)x6, m/ q5p -wc7 qon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids 4lcyo y2b2fs ik;ht8+ (l,4 f pzfelpc,ho,g5of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto;xlmke)ia6uv 7-*b .w6g.r ttp yeio3r 1; Factor 2 anmexkr7.b*3 toagueyp )6. ;w liti6-vd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis afa0)mx5g (xvgm.zj9n t different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatioe4li. j akbg43n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafaz+hrdz mr ha48g8+)nfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repub8+)nha8h4 d mr+zrgza lic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy f;hbjp-9 18:erequk+0a zbozg,pcy) o low in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web qf/wgbs73gdpd *4k j -



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside c- o fzeuhl;nk9gi-h/y,v.gv-oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, --uli;vv h - y9og. /khgeznf,and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following u0q+npb pm: y(kqsk )1chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carsj050f lp(f17gpgpyo+gs h j4 bon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following ter nhus6 zn0(2ckc*zy 1ims best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down 2u 1k*6yzzc ch ni(sn0and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p/pwa77hcnk e,ga79 lpyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its dy0i4s ) z)ej9op mi4pprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tha 4 .oyoukt4cqgf,3 z7ct are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm um chwj )yd4 7*+ri*edysing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a wind+e4dc)i w my*yd*7jhrow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example . n:y8/wlbyb v+ rh;wp0c,gps of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syjz/yjq,e 7+yeb a9v :bstem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o 8oz9ip c o,s9xzfm)bn54 b8kuf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when d5+zwc1ts q q3qiscussing a pyramid of cqwt 1 5qs+z3qbiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enep7 m jka8/wap)l nqby-wsh0cs -;u*6krgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an 1vh*p z a :vu(w.rxg;recosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food weuwf0 alb(m f1zz )2k3hb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecy(+eqwjsy(c q*vd8 81aq m 1ueosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that dot,j yi*2 bk ll wsx,a7xzdd*;9es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou 1 hyw ya8u:s 4.rqfga*2ux:wrld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the 1sua:x8qwar u.w42 f*g: yr hylions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly f+jj s-illu 4 lh-.oom3rom the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirationjsmulio4 -3hlol+ -. j?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. :.,o *ht eerclq5dof.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystepe15s qv1jaq,m5 k)5)cp a mjpms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carp8-ulzie/ 2e:opbek+bohydrateup2 +:8e/ ik-zpeebol s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frgu xtbg4(afh :(49vuh om the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. hgv 4 4fxut:b9hu(ag (
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l 8 7v*ogglpq7 pvgl.z 2.x9rlr4dj7km ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / perffs 6:l(ut;43nriumk chp1 z5 area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arec/ex (vse n ux48s(c9mid1 x-8ix +jeg true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti l*hj 9pxvu.:.rosmxr 2nu79evity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of ; .cp+wtg5msz the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon3m3q7so xd+k ( wfjog4 cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in anfg ppmb :fs34- ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestk9cr+qf .jnw 4rial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingx8cgn -jda*vx5pot03sw+ nr ob:7 uk; bacteria.

  Identify which of the followidq9cn:th y4 ka) jvg*/1uj 4vjvv gs;;ng is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.y9 g: 4c;j ns/vuh a1*v;tdj q4vg)kjv

  Figure: Average per capitpek*zu 5*t/ m) rf+ltaa $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivk8 zqai 4d2 2-vl) 74 fig7yarq-wfinahbj(f ,ersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c4( f n7h--ff2vlakr4 d )gi7wy8i2 qzaaqjb ,iommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati2 vnbv qx/ox.v(8n w(gon.

  Figure: Average per capita ewsp5af3htj6z2-r 4o$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carqz)s )gsj8 u,xried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obta)xqz,js8)gu s ined at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storafeu8e dsc(5r 7ges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 diorrk6 c3iq/ h6qg*8


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for ag ps(f:i 6oqj( biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy hvn2 kh6-u( x+0rawru3 hn)up



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onzyg6k 1j 3n+hve or more statements from the fh 3n+zy1gv k6jollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clim p9*+sdgmwd w7atic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizegdd w +w7p*ms9 the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio;qr/q dcgcx+pxy5 :n- b+mms ;me.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in 0db 0bm9 -pzsob;l/,hr9b eo yan ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy. ojge3x/g,z y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two hew,6mwwy * y47/ cm.kndd.vx g-3rt ih byl-zm7rbivores in different biom-wbzm7v.gdywnlw*ymy,6t 4.xk rc m73i h/d-es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nvp-e/4u ;3 qkm7gqr mvPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuuv m4v;rpmk/g-q 73eqnity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in des65t*c v( uyizdcribing the chan(yt zc*dui6v5ges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchh j(mmydyg 0ts,t2 7tpst (61,2ufkumi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on )+fz9y :ct ukj/3uozqc;q-ucthe rate of photosynthesi9qc -kq:c;jf+ouz/czt uy)u3s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi1,kpkdhzt. 1 4 vq8kyield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trasc8j0p1do 6bvxk vp q )+u;uo*z5y6 gdps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this specig5pvsd60v zqd * o;c6ujo y1x8u+)pkbes.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to a.; 0emawo p xmlq*:c3take multiple readings of the m*el;q.x3awmp co a:0 same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in 4o uiz:b sk;o0ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two 6hl: csz;k,bo-w(l .(ogxl vysamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Crvxg1d e824lyr eek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplingutlc-alcl*yr/dr1mv1b4k h + 9; 5bu y motile (moyccbu;m buad9rt+-lv l5 *hl4 1/1 rkyving) specimens.