What is the best definkdka;hdn0 wu1 7:hfy5 ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rwi m78v3/tlrtome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factu;f 5z wctm(ci x/08d4 rb0 o7pgbpom9or 48mbgc;i/0o7pduc(fz5 wr90p xtobm2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop.hcy81auv*js 9ay8x noowhvj-* 7k8qulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisli1jz5. r 1hdv bw**mstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemq3kxsr4lyuyy0, s s1. ble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old syy y4k0rs x.qus,1l3, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of t*dtaps m-x7z59 mh3lorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Aw xx qy 81gu0i.g6xeb+w+:bofmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% bu+01.xefbg g yixoxq+8:6 wwof the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the g g 0.lmjucci;7rowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plant0s8q dkyoe 1vlu.tf *-s and animals. ys.u oev k1q0*8d-f lt
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsr0 r:5 f(olpgh


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sm d.sk: z 3h6zsyb8 czla6+e8seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact z3zy lm6s.s6 cez+8 d:k 8ashbwith each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lt d 9jrz:ga+ydehu; :(ost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productl 6vw xjfs42v/x(v4v fivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many if /xj(46v2v vfv4lsxwnterdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that 2ug0n:* huh4ce yys1 x-qfx ,sis a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients fkfd+pdu r cb*p/482,l ylud2 4/iwjgby releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzyme +2/dlcyg,jl2kb w4 p*udud ip4/ff8r s break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system(yig8ppl 0ue*


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fo3fgk 4mx4 a7vyubrv(t 9x-cp( r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors thatk6mee5/z8 n/( ae;rrnx/isxq could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?mq8e/;6x k r( /xe/n5zaeinsr

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tefyqu ,98;-vflsy av0ymperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatixln4 op:ff2r 0on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sqqy 1lv(m (iq.mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass 1m.ql y(i(vqqand ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ener be7uak4. txy:gy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web1 h5bsgmx,l )t



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t z7a 0n6hq:itqhe carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon6: hnq70qzait dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacm d(l)kxiow0+e)ca(b,hrg5y tion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of 8ldvjv: sh0xr;3 *voethe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follo-likd. l1zoi- wing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials1d ilo-zl k.-i.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb7u;4/hh;plk u z:oqjoers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatorde j;. ncpsi8: and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichh tlg z9jme;f( 35pxe-w*n)az loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabl.btwx40gdz r2-q3:lfy s +ukhc*k4nae seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a w3k+k4ts*-nd4uyacq2zbxrw l.g0 : hf indow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is acf*lb.l:vujj z i.j;6)4pq yd0df pl1n example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energl9:v5(if uah cu 4v)8:estdd by conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha q4wq v kr: :3iaxa;u:k1thvs8ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is f.bz1akog-z94l- xxme alse when discussing a pyramid of xkge lz-a.4-9 bxmoz 1biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy te6ne u19(z wg


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in aur 2(it1ei* cilzxnwa4/ ,ib:cm(5x j n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo wiww(0 h5ak*id web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a str.yyg0 z4k a1oil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tx,ek shz- 2 ;tyy-wav8hat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could 9*-hzowr iz7l:qmhzm ,6c z y4kx7op6exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the l h*mzyk o6zi l9 zh mz:76wq-c47prx,oions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respir;-3 sod+zu*)fir qgrvation correctly from the options below.What iso3r;-sfu* v r+dg qi)z Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDt1 lk bsw,fw(d lt4 4h)o/if5mT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy pzx-2i kecaq ir8- r--is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thaef+ j4bw wb ac,g6;agqq,1m) nt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.wgq f;,w jac +1, bg6qebanm4)

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frok5w g xm8e7a+om the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x7awm 5eg+8k o
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyx .dv2*zttaau1:2+ ly :xjz.qweccz+cle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /2 v4 .dtinf8oe3cej6h per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trujau4ev:0 1bncmdd73h gn )o.u e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcu8t d0*w( f3m.pdomhw tlated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mar,+./uzbfe v5(em wj(zw jc6psey lt; .ine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonlv0(d it; *k( zn;3kvv pol u7jz/1uwt through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an wx9pciefr ifn;53 70f ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem imshre0,2mf g v3 jy:2hn kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyi+8j9ct-mq dpw5mjk4;7 eh s qgng bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nityi .//6 sn.k/du;lgli 5yjvmk rogen cyvky/m .iui gn/ds5/yk ;.l 6ljcle.

  Figure: Average per cap : n1lc.9dv.pzih2 ( njd:6mg2mdgwgfita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successionq.u7 2z e*viibd;p.gm;sdm1 n progresses from a m2*nd;; 1gmu.ibqzpd.esi 7vpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a7)nemfq e)zpt6ch 3fraz7l n+/fv l:5n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cj) bhj*+i vwr9* ,*lky)fgt* k/qylpyapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carn-v 2b bx2mnm*ried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknebmn*b- n2x mv2ss. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual f)3zzi yy6r:xx2 ys2x slows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regqxzbq; +r80vbolxdqikme 84g5f(so + xk.0f 6 ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f3ei51(uvsag uzk;8 ragcv(p8 or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, hobt+7 9lx1njet l/ rtz3c7d+Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or evf)k:zdk6z* fn (qk3 more statements from the fokfk :k3z (qfzn ve*)d6llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizenq0igplqw* 1y* ;:fdr wt:6jcd by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize thep*1ydj6wq fcqi w*:lg :nr ;t0 terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptionv mkzj+d +93rc of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in 1/ zh k-w7j/ti /cegjtan ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of vl4i+wi64ief) ftw e5 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and b3te9y9rm8x k- wl4 hwio:ca/ hiomass of two herbivores in different biomemwwrkly 3oxc /9-ae:i94 8hths


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP .2mm;zdj qy0xq*r h0qipv9/u e sq u;.as primary succession progresses f0myx pd ;rv.uqq.20s 9 *qju ziqmh;/erom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f9ad0bnj(zlhss-0 h u q+2h2ffollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in pufhb(a 0j2h -02f lnds+9qshz roductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cank/ cnxncl*x 74 be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rath4/zfo:yq ueyauq9ks/; 2 qf4w nt5b3e of photosynthe ; oh 4qqu yfs5/abnzwktu43/9fyq:e2sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in df-l lqstz:w 20a6-a xgf.ew 9a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to fo 2jz;c 5hvo7capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects wof5ho cz;27 jvere caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, k5xb e1(kz*sx f3 giqhbb7*9xit is important to take multiple readings of the same factoxzs fqxx*k7( eb1kb g35*bih9r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usenm),wa2tv/sc *8xxs v d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples v/yy7v8kn.l hof Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for swtffzr/ a; 6z 5hs4uq3pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for surh+;3f fw ;xaampling motile (moving) sw; + aufh;3xrfpecimens.