What is the best definitifo+c9x wom ge x7;w z)u4dc+ki3tcu;0on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romy2hbs( *8ur hbe, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatk268.nauee fx is Factor 1 ;Factore.fkx6 8aeun2 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populathxqqzb e9p0lnz,:w0 80 y tsie1+(a nuion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesaa;s-pn5- no3 yf(kq/w 9mu js



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes t- p9 vd;zy 6j83yzsng :db5zcwhat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mo3gzyypzd6bz8 w-vd: nc5 ;j9snths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gro wbt2f6z0wk p/j 9o1z(x0g zbfups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolvesey2yj6koa.0v*f ku0 h occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans 0yk6u.oja*e f k2vy0 hhave hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a po .k * c574+bajhkizevspulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains or,r sf gym2,s3f dead plants and animals. mr fs,r,3gy2s
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f2kr /u/6o1hr kufaf. t1ae8klood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringx-0 kx.xde ecs* d1-i-u/ yqwded seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oce1-*dwuxd.cy0x-/ iede xq-s kan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en goyg8pt:t39q7dh0fuqw(w+ hq ab z-y5*v bi7 ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productiv3k roee2 :1alyity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the prk o1aere l3y:2esence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fo 3 ip( i(w65r(xw4kurbwl z/klod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroun*hbevcf)+dtmdi7 kuh ) 9*j8bdings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products 8+ib*d7*u )temcf hdj)v 9khb.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultgjxza 63s0r:sh8e 9eg k2dnd 3ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for wv puia2, +dm) mt+tli 08es5l(qetx8pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicqe89 qj,s 8*8-e -xmbi+1i imdgrq:i(qef kxfhe.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fakf +xi(qqme9i 8-sqe-r 8x,8 di:m1*fi gebqjctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperat*/v(: 7x 6vcsgy 9o+gmlzpgp/ bmo.dzures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system)a )v8 dfkc 1m(s:(lwt ihs+lv


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thwbl.nm7h5 0 tyvi5(smocpd5 /at resemble the zebra. It l7t5pmshy5 cv/nb(5m 0i d.lowives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripy*q)2fc hyz tf 4dt7,mis87 zhtion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we6t dgn 13kur:wb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals;j5zu :go 2ctl feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon djol;gt5c 2z :uioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicoalwsa 476ur :al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon iyu4 ac*1f )m89.nz kn8 hdpirfn the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwormj*n;lxoj ( 1my;8 gcrfs that ingest and then break down an8yrjc( *1lxn; of;jmg d digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidf/91sd i nff;p of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of 1v56 ofu f 1zdi awsa7 s*+8vphyzcvp.p+r2w5 a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltu.km ak8f si(9richloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using amk7) 8i wcb;oz commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are truc mi; k7o8wzb)e?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow0n;:x9dn8q 3 gy-hen tpsj 5gsing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syexjy, d-h3 in)zwh 0b)stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodcx wljw)z k*.jx6m6s4 chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when di ikopuxa3s s3nacm 3 e+;/ll+;scussing a pyramid of biomu;llpe++33 axois ; 3ncs/akmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e n7aqspl *0 3227h, pn ue k4sbc)i-rozakt2tjnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for rep)zakuvbq) m ,g.7tc q/resenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 4nest7/js su0wcu(9ja o)g5p


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ma.f 1l(g y.lz ; m+qyf4ot-uba soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accude4 pig4qq0 /b9 ufxphd3a.7drately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in hwcw3i (,*q -c ahuqz4a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likhuc 4w3(- awh,*cz iqqe the lions

  Distinguish photosynthev k/1h1r4dve5 icte fot-c p)4sis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is er 5tvv)edhf o tp11cick/44 -Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an il2s s ;;4q8dlvwxa-n ensecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystbq 9m9j8ea 9cgems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dio:j88ooe (9o 5ca4ujqoqo ji:fxide in the air to carbohydr jj45eo: afiq8:o(8oo jcqo9uates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to ot*ce .ve.am,n /,j5gmdeg2 zcd2mem3q her carbon sinks.g2mcam3mdd.ee/ ,ecg* 2,me.zqv5 n j
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l 1,qu1 f9 -nfbtib,zqdtlr; (tongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yboj 9d+ (rkrax ni:ljdmy3+6 );:zzmrear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.5 eks2 jfuwk i/+v4v1s
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) l:.l57otm dvrr 7vkc8can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified hhm j3 lk/k81pm37 mhbdiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thr::xi,jpokgpb*. z(jw u x) e8aough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an(f xi*ds yb1:x ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terress-l(.:z towc btrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is n;e:9s /qlmmo6xuvfet.*n7knln 3.du ot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced mch l,sr -;;jcz:r0wsoz:n9seffect on the nitrogen cycsr:9sr-m:zc0z;lc ;,s n wjo hle.

  Figure: Average per capita b/o(ax s.p 1dp$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP anjvz/ zujw x,-gf: t2ocu/ e(7nd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community t znjuto ,ez2 jf -/cvu7w:/x(go a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationh0pwe18 pxz*b1 6cfm;cywl.s .

  Figure: Average per cag8u/rfi:u)hy pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles w 7k dus+n*1pk tqs0h-lith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen vahkk-n0+p*s17 uqst d llues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTm )zl*5kq )lmenp44vy $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by jjlxs4nz+b): region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forkbye9ela +gya 2 0pc616hq;y b 7gshp5 a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romzynmve97;l* ao 1 pzfwy+)jy4y) 0eade, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mljhf(/w jl;7fb;fquq (1rs :*ianr a8ore statements from the following. :jr al/;wlu(nf *a 1(q7; fsrhfjiq8 b
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phy*hh :fq0sypvlv 61zo -sical variables. List the main factors that chay0hlfv 1:vz*-q pos h6racterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of t9wbqw uc6( :kxhe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in w vh26 my/cgu,gu )74n;)reqc7tkvir an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grappefja2o 2,; t91jwad vlizd) 1,d rwh4h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product rg7iicc10.uj9k c; 0 z88mnoa+fadrwivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom g0c8c .z+98ri;w0ju kni rdaf moc17aes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses . vcp0,tg yg+hfrom a pioneer community to a climax community. vp ,cgygt0 .h+
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is note4tryi l7c9 56jdm3 jd correct in describing the changes in productivi y3rm 4jit9c67lde5 djty during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi ditoo, 0i* oqdt ,2ny(bgsk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate v.:f4ht1dbie wji5:s of photosynth .w:i51 deij4vbh:tfsesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldc( t-e/4 q npb7fj,oub



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a ser s.te w rpo6cpt/9(ai i9p.na3ies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insec.i9ptp /( pcwa9t36a sreo.ints, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im*b .hr31 o,jgf n+qoeiportant to take multiple readings ofhf,bj i 3nr qe.+*ogo1 the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ef j ,e8dytce)3cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twik )-xd5.,u3whket rhjc(j+s o samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two ifnbjr 9q cme;;jg50a;n0k u ;org(r+parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectidnt* whh0up43gh1kq+m0eo q 1ve for sampling motile (movin4u h3eq no1+0p khdm*1twh0gqg) specimens.