What is the best defini)13zzarsqrd24 bqcj n/ go*oz7, o2 edtion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rnz )azogn o0q*24yxa3ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fa;ab q.m8 bmk)fzr8)fjj 8.bltctor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac rbzqf)b8mj .;8fjtlb ) k.ma8tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationi/9x1ful dv2in4/ vfg:8wdpvw u34w a


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistc ahxgv(.m92 fosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes f3f a5pzz3)mb that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When )3a5f3z z fmbpthey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of th6f+aosgm15 bg e groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Can.q ztyscx(j+ 43ohuv ;zl2xc: is lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals sj4 x2uo+ hlz( :yxc3;vzt.cq such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rq v4 h l(ym8iuh5 3avisxx7r0yj7 :)nseflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites *gaim zn( a3z;*pfx6g and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsz;6xmg*f( * naag z3ip.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins iwsx0+;74a 6exl5oj:z qooh y vn food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,oj2t)eo,heu5 0qhm*n w r0j z, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocear)0z, 2jjhhqem0now, *5 to uen.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en4zi;a7 nk z4jkergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to c5sy zxz)-ocdsl//tg e 1fc+ 7have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, //exczytc )g ssfz7d +1c-o5ldespite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that i *n rppw v seb3 ws0zy:7+0(myo9jeq3is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rele(m0gfk5p ;h, pxlgn,/tcsim v 7 .x5gmasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and dec7/hig; m, pn5xl ,vtkgmc(s x5p0m.f gaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiov4tdd hhw c0e(../kiry/1f dwn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fi /kac zc6(i )sufc x2zp,d8(x z*bis0or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ex7wn,l b d.e i(le20 ,bb-obiniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and b lb,- 70e nbw xoedei2l,.(biFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at difbrc0r .+yw *wg 7qm*qaferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation stc(5:;xzvdm, yv g 0uzystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe ankd12+8icnghrix)g kw1 nr ;q, d has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s miwn,hrc i 81 xid+krgn2g)k;1qlk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemoy40 +rd34r 3v8aoiedo9jp ),kl mnit .

  Figure: A marine food mq 4pt,o rbz;6 uz7*+xpksni3web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that liveb6 k iaw 9;kj:l.cq-yg inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon ba c9.6iq:gkw-l;jky dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica(e,d q jeb/kvs:) nq2sc6az3 ol reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbo:5l khxyzl.; pcws86zxv ;4b cn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisxd5- s2w 8isagms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organics-d2g5w8 s aix materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numya621ce 2ytltbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pre06vhcec 5.o dbdator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha)xla6u t q,;-8c ezt6wsr p9uxne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabl.*d as f54kthu) s,kuke seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to pr*ksk5 dft)u,4 .akhusovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplek brezdn tm+ )1c5 d6vt9r.5ad of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversio zpbgdlbx u2 ojg5i;9ge7p +3e/4um /sh jd6/jn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tox/wyie u x)n74eins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falsedb a.wk7j sfj5os cgfe6 z/727 when discussing a pyramid of bi77os ze g7cj dkf2/6abjsf.w5 omass.

  Figure: A pyramid ofz .4i 0 doxntdc2pto2)2 lvam5 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in sin2cfp.6jg -vk k-jvl8 m0u-jz7 j5fan ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we 8w2f7(iipmf8 sli 3qyb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soile)i z .y3l)/la *musxw ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describy8q(l,nel.qaw)9 m ftpz1i;m e a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could existdo4j/orik1w0yv(0 (nay.d *m6tbgxo in a savannah system with parasites on a conkn /m bw1xd0* yda.i(og0ty4 r(jo6o vsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlyjv/ o+gj5m pw9f:4 ayaxjcu6 a1z78sk from the options below.What is Phy xcza97+gm a u5 o/wjfpj1sj6ak:v8 4otosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statemevejst44) f 7 qr,yh6lknts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems57d hii0vyaf2 :)tszv.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the h mwr ek/mfx:dm82 h75air to carbohydratesm8dr/: hxkf 5hm72ewm.

  There is continuous cyclin-h 2:a9p4w(xztpln jzg of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.(zxhlt n9pjw:42p -az
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest 3nr4jinavbus12myk :gc; e e+4r(ckz 6 o+bl7time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pernh+q y. wun32o area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement fy :8rce2wt9z;/ikwt(uku ;zs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be capz8b *7p)xr 0 feh5m*xi6gt1y4 c :jrx;imdqr lculated.

  Figure: A simplified dibe6:nty/pv o (zdj*z05zru ;zagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carboteb,7m1 : w;oacxcpi 7(d*afyn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a3gv h1c 2b re1)kq(ostn ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri 9o6,4tojux 4lvdg1foal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenelf :-czlr :19 qqiex-t that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitr/kxr ry d ;eivmu)q0(56r9tyuogen cycle.r;0kmr vrtx d (9qu) eyi6uy5/

  Figure: Average per capivp sn)u v5zmfgcn8 *n2g4.4ak ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodijf9a)dxa7c) bky(x 2qversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climafx2 ac kd7xbyj)9a)q(x community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinpidwlv2/5hvx 2sqxs4 e ;4z+gg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitaeg h5bl n-bc54 nlpfys94*, u5li)zue $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottxbt jrwh-xi *;r)x-ggx1 n3)jles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning31w -*) j;xt-brgn ijrxx hg)x of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ant tf h-ofb pa*1g0ny(*nual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 190ji ww 2sq:i7 1fzgd;z88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fo y;eheq25n.m vr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,9w jkt,fhxm;v amh;2, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements tys hr*q)cc22 from the folloh)q2ts2c yr* cwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patte)rid2 k,jqe y+rns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize tqjy iek,r)+d 2he terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip8:*a k hb,kq9eub. uv(upq,hution of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statemenzm4yj-2k 6i2lfase4 :e s2xa tt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romeo 6b6x6e8zzjr5 .vywht6u;x f, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity asunnjr*g ,2rc5ym-g vwo9::w7pl/pe nd biomass of two herbivores in different biom:jlopr wec*rg7gvny59s p ,:nuwm 2/-es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession proglzmq)7 .xg 95 nu5pp2mw:gncphb r-f.resses from a pioneer commuwg fbgpn)7rnzu -pl52cph9mx:. m5 q.nity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements ngmc(n4g(oz;is not correct in describing the changes in product4(zn(m gngco;ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that l8y4t*gsay w l8kt l(:can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thefr0.qcqi-g6t *tv p p- rate of photosynthesr-*0pqf.pqgvt 6 - citis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieb-6qxh,z8p l ej;9b /axe8vfgld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapt b-no) o6ageurw ;0b5s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were0a w)ten;b o65ro-gub beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dataw.ek7 g-ulj r pn4hg*/, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factorg7g -e h*u/4rlj.kwnp .
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ejx r31d /qb+g /5ctcdbcological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willo*rr-v r / nnf:c67 kr9eu*kshaw Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sp ihfdm17jgz3mpkg:vgt686 j 5woc( 4lecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecti:: quux ko qz;ni+ug25ve for sampling motile (moving) specimenixu n k5u2quzo; qg::+s.