What is the best definition forb n16hzqt8c;) 9l*4 egc pljqr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rom4t mbb38fgs di8(mfi:e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni.psow/5ix , fpt +4fmoche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorpw5pf /xo miso+4f .t, 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population sv tkzmz /-yz0epb2+/ vmz w1a:) 0trm


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S r+u17(2:dw iji/cb0nu (y7m echxc wqchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffexus:zcht4 aeh:,p:y l -7weg7 * eaze- and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest i y a- heewx:sz-7tp7 ae:zelhcu4* g:,n the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiokk+vz m;98dett -:rx sn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americd1qy): (in udba and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boaddu) iyq :b(n1r and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ov8xbg nfxp)vllx5 ifj*:9) p4qer time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima kmet:d.zq6 pi,r d21clsezc,.mptddq61 r ki :2.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha-4kq: b uj+tzehj xy7.ins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live2px h 27)g 0o izvqdozvzh-43n and interact with each other in the col ogo 3xz)i4h2p2 v0v7z-qndh zd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eneknzks); b/9t9w tj8op+wisq2rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass witfx dkvg; *:l8;l+fq rp2ghp +)s ts3yiifm0n/h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species+nmqtsrfyx+ kdv ;i* /ip ffsgl83 :)2h0;plg also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a ypira+*92yr;n kisyl8 (b- kecorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy; 2cx3i/ifxeuv 5rrd1 8uj(uymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leav/(3uydr 2 ur5vjc iie1ufx8 x;es, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice/6hqq5 e0apnq cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for p-mgt/5owx8a s yramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wshyjeex: +0m1 hat is Factor 1; Factor 0x eyems+1j:h2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures)kxkwl m21e8z

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationyzq*r+flmhig 4/rcm ,q88 mg 8 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe57ybn5guh:ai a95t qa and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which cnah bi7: 5gay5tu9q5 aontinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste s-sci3rg m99 8 ehfonq7oeo*as68dn2m.

  Figure: A marine food webqwjn*6xnac/ 2



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedzn5 kiu;f1me; on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fromkz;m1e f;n5 iu carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following- 6 bozl2eqr7y chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in theq;sb)y2r0t( ro n wmu6rkt-; gots.;m ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descyqi3 0 uuelkzbj, q./)ribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic material.ui3z0e q,)lbk /juqys.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n 3myni+l2u-nk5xcr7* 7-uzy1u kdv(lj x(m v bumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prex w-g /v-cjpy:y


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylt o*l: u7)a y8lskw)ittvc9qj1i -5s vxrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater qji;e3 6*jcax-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some cor3c* i6 ;xajejqals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follhq40 bu.uhjury2-g*sowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system 4ln.+qrzzj i6jfqi+;


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in w7(e,lmgx+9*qtrup k bc:f*o food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements zg o8kir-/k,xis false when discussing a pyramid of bi kkrx8gi/z, -oomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e0pkeux ;,-;cw 4a wgbenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for ru:k ip6( jef1eepresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w:b30dh hrt 9vlcq((zr-pbymp+z1*fseb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecowbtd3n(mo 6f mtl:mgnh2/2o1system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acu79 1ulv0bxz8fmr/u 3qk upk9 curately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of tx)2-i be3+2nfdh octnumbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on+b -tf ho32)x2en ticd a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opu xa8rbkyq54rh7 6g7m tions below.What is Photosynthesis and Rexkb74r uymg87hqa5 6rspiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT a/9jk 4(bz4l;w 2mo e3lsomd0nl x 2jrrs an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyhu+bs)n*(2r6 z sipo:dxyod6yv. 2wf stems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbo vnuw frv-6sk jehao*7,2ckqp54bm;8 hydratesq c-p bwo n6 5euk7a*jhfk;8 ,rvs24mv.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphe 2f)6eaj;pd8 8qbjtmm+l lfe6ljz3 b+ re to other carbon sinks. lje p8zm8 j6f6bt 2ja; lq3+dbfl+m)e
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiao9xvba5q vfx/+fx9 ::*co alres the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per1nfw oup ht;.) area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thay dwbs.pu+lde k(+-, zt are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be ca (eda9it4ezm *urnpj :s1/m u8lculated.

  Figure: A simplified d.m2g 22 3p4 n9m9(ujbv6fzszvnvpanfiagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the-8f,03g neury,j nix k carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecqj;jpd) y90adwopl k; f3+ ,sjosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in ajnc() t88tcp l)wetg 6 terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no/b9i ((y85v h(f2bfa:dj fnxq )rfr prt true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the m frs5b hf4lo5,rl 83mnitrogen cycle.,5msm4l r3ofhb5rl 8f

  Figure: Average per capiz 1(fkk+i+v sc,ix7 az7wf-osta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre 19htow67a6edp yg8fm s/xpy 9sses from a pioneer community to a climax community.xo8t/ wygh1m6d9y9 ps7e fap6
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of vurkt . 3/ 5t)qui**lro se8khtransformation.

  Figure: Average per )sh)y.q 4ji dud2t r.a/oc wuc+ zo52rcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with ) lr f, 2kag2eqyke52tp v8l.pan Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values q2 .5 lfkv ,)rke8ppa2 ygl2etwere obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT q) sswq4lr88rr(b +ebyk,*d a$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries 6to fu1q8xby:p t*q7 oby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fby,uj:s5i xqx; 9j;xxor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita.ao*6gftt;kh wj4) ok ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemen rwb6*lik--lt lmd9-mts from the followlmtm-k9- r6i- b*dl wling.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variabloo0go8u uy 9,aes. List the main factors that ch ua8y,ou0og9o aracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the raiao,3 ,wr yrt*nnforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.mptv jbu54 i.-

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro1-5e ro uivwysu1zav-q1 m; w/me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores )1i0cbkl wcii7m;mw 6in different biomes mciw;7i16km0c)biw l


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP+; oon1atc0d ;kdn ;sz and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pidn01ot;;+znc;so da k oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is n oazjk euv+ utpn*)03/n 194 6ndqbzkwot correct in describing the changes in proqe39* o0+uz1nu) v 6z4dp/nkj bntakw ductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor 9 bx )ylan+y7hthat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate thgugu,i) 0u/vm /9nngce effect of temperature on the rate of photosynth9ugvngiu cm/n)ug,0 /esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie73.esqgs k :a *802zx ex aico:acfc*mld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sph,6 fexcuvxj .n6+1 8nb*fc msecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects f+ .n*xv sh1efx nuc6bm6c,j8, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data9t53wwmb / )tor0l xz7d pt5nh, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factorbottm t / d x5ww)0pz7hln39r5.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingi22k8am) nhi p


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cr xu9g74 f(e4wgcwh*5s c irr7neek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spe74 kmlzur z6w+cies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samlysbr 9n) rzu50)91d* s/ 8xzdosppxzpling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving))ux/zlx ypr *985 bszz1n9)so0d rd sp specimens.