What is the best definition fopyne0*aw.a c6a g -7cyr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itax/*rrw qp-s0aq) : iyaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descrrjx .ome9u s qr4bo5(adzr6* ;ibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;aorq.b9 x6sruje m*;d (o4 r5zFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio8t4w0s wl/ +i,j1fpq1wu vxgnn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi65p7:85coo q ypvaf mps.dj 6pstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the+)cz 2fsh0 nt)x.yx lwim; g9r zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. . tz;w))lsixyn2h9 g+0rmxcf They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is:+)iuk on( ah sogso42 a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natural5v2*2 kvvzx h;azvl6 yly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlandv2xkvv z*lzv25yh;6a s.

  Identify the graph that best rvb q048pe::hle9v o5d 0;zgjwkg fsk;eflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites atem k n+ uc:yl4x kz..a6n*k-nnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals k4*nuacm-nl.kynk6 ze+ t:.x.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxie2h b0p7/gwg*,)cv .w:y/jk v qkkws kns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pol-l.)r agewh2r ar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other ine2. wla)rgr -h the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemki7 (agl7gf e1pp( ra/s.

  Rainforests are known to h1a axbzw4 5td-ave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent orgbd tw1 z45x-aaanisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cha*bl 6 muhw*q)win.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestiz3vlxypx 9w:-mgn*m h:iu(acp3y1l3 a /jtr7ve enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down thinga*9im3l y gt3a 17pucljvy-:(x/wp mn :rh3xz s such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice f r. m9db1oi 7p78g3woznjmi*.hi7n ecultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used s*pki.,vtw vk2z*oll gd*, 9h for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What ist fg.i8 *nwa5vtt :kr/ Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?/vfk.t8iw:5t na*t gr

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatvr8h v gs-ktfbh,r ye .2j13o9ures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultischn7 7i9e nobhsl10/vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a wt r(uby( em65small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. W(5 rb6yw(et muhen they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrec,j 4 ryh;lfgk(t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo frg68/ye le7yd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livr0a 1md 3g4l7,fiebeb e inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from cal g,fd3 7aber1 i4be0mrbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followimh .o 3iud7ba*fv. b3)8xlt ysng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified system;bw: x)y lq7r4f uy1 ;hmss.jgs diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes o xc)b7j6etk fq4papjal a3. ,;rganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic k;,)j.pa 6p jqc4 x3a 7lfbeatmaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrami9p:9;f+epg hzx hld4b d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities off/.q:.q siwee9zbd *r a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenbj09- x vkyfu7fy +j)uyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an y *futnsrlf18r4y qtju -(*0gaquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which tugsflyt -84*urnr 1qj*y(f0 included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplevn4(3msj2ejh 6e / kgx of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers :n sm:,6m vajdftr./vion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains. k+glai8bj3 lnv 74gw




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is :tj)yy6o9mm ) patnv2false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.my tj vntm29) p:yo6)a

  Figure: A pyramid of enerod- .kq 6ru13 dbkou; vy 7)yw*zuzax7gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ec*.g;6w mo1m;6q xntsuwngk,v- +znxqosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine /sx*gm r7.pu dfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a /i ,1-bcjb4avb;5fz lptt-ib+ ie 7hbsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food w l2f 4bbd;ac z0c6oz4web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exisy fr2y)l *qp /z o1rpn*qx;z8lt in a savannah system with parasiqz* zxyqf p1ll*r)p82r; n/o ytes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthes.vt(/ii (fup9p5 yxqc i *c(jgis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Pc5pf j(cv( gx u(i.pi 9qy/t*ihotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT / i1nctk6g ,yyas an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys6c4smyz8 xs7leb1kf (tems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diox1)s4*kdmtr rlide in the air to carbohydrates.rls41rmt k)*d

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fk swdrdh,*7,vy88 m-jlsm -rvxc nr0* rom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. skj w7r -y 8ldvm0m,scr n-xh*d* vr,8
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cy tv0aeh79jz s)cle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per aru d9nt/)igmr) ea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ( e0oldrgz:l (hnx/j1are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bee k rtxf)i:+h1 calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagvvfjj 3 2qnm3f5x9zl5 ram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through theovl0rj -q+rm)ir o-g: carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy fdg3o7k w9p*ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre;g(4cvs+py4kvhmw9* 3 km nyestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not t3wfhukgy/gp.,si8esh7(q e-vl hq 6*rue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on tp93,yah x6hbe7e3d prhe nitrogen cycrd3y,37h bexpa 9h 6pele.

  Figure: Average per capita j4h. g+wtd-j t c,mfe-$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pmy zy 5f,;x*nem6f(djrogresses from a pio,f5nze6j y f *ymxm(d;neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an enq(u7 rtbw vp)a(nm-( 3esg+cxample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitk-ft)s yz:- ,:b,m7bxgkrs3 s7gybqha $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One wkfraz8.vm0 -z2(vi xuvt: (b/ r7czhoas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experizcm h0r 2z-:fa ( xz(v.ituork78bv v/ment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows if q8- ajozky6*n GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1(yvr ba,m+k8 j988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fotl* fudgnz( (/r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofw5toiwrh7i6ibw uiwsj )4( 1) Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonat6rur vit( *m m484yyelion’’by choosing one or more statements from the follrt8e *(r4 iv6m4ul myyowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patte9xawpgu) b/f/w8zu -t rns and other physical variables. List the main faw/tpwg8fz/-)9bux u actors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description m(vkvdby 5x/ x/g ko5h+*ls8e of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to divlmj/lo obp3+b0b / )isersity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rg r2ygp 6qm2wk.: q/phome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bion ;h7.d 17pxqr 7etgctmes pe t hgn77cdt;rq .7x1


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and gv e*e9z /:ymbNPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climav 9m egyebz:*/x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following ss3b2o 8 9u m+lvrtgqgp lf93i*tatements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary success*rqsfpv u2 l ioglgt3 3m9b+98ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thato5eurls+ :b 8oh,u kwe:6f9 rm can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effeci ,4uv kho8 tx3po8x;kt of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis 8uo4xx;kh 3kv,t opi8



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in abfz/3m)*q6f h mer,b bw 2rs)b.ds;bi field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a ser.qxm-: c6 yx+5zcvpar 5 nv+eeies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked in 5e.axyc epq v+5v+rcnm6 :-xzdividuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important k 0*;hg4plnh bto take multiple readings of the same facb;hnhl 4k 0gp*tor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usekpuos g: : oj;1-q,eamd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sam)6zxvs vow)n/ ples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partsh+f-42 sjjqgxlhq prf :98-ah of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling fz 0(+yzvnazmznc 9tj/e- f7: motile (moving) speci/:jacf+ m7zz e(z v-9ntfzn y0mens.