What is the best definiti iltb qt422:rson for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itafoiu*2y gtg6i.c ih09 ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that c*k : nvj/g7a/iapnc ,yould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto kajy,p//ni7 :avn cg*r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofj)0l g* (ciblg a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistyvylnn2n:e)4i b)a, cosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strpwbmr2y95xzoev p-p;u*cqo *x9 ,b i)ipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ok wi) xppr,-2yo pv mx9b*uz*oecq;59bapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups +v ilqx:fna8g/ mmi8(of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wol q8+xqphj *volcf i )2peg*)-kf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growt-gk +)2opqle8 ) fjc**vpiqxhh of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best j6av 6uvq g+ +9*j0n6 geayavcx.exo pe a6h49reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on2 22pmvof aq1z the remains of dead plants and animals. mz2af 22op1 qv
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c,q, ka0etv5ubddx49xj ; yrz ;hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wh5d .4lopj cu /*:urvsvale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold watersp5oljvvc.s /4*dru: u of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lonccgz8 e5 6k1l4fxt9 hst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tal:ecegfd0 cl52 l trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdepencl0c2e5: degfdent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food (ex4a yd(i/r/kfdf1 ;zsze) gchain.

  Some fungi obtain nut ny2l*hs ak1nw)ic s*s)26u0zo,ptrorients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prkl*i ) 2*s,o)01sz2y wtason hr upn6coducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati 5-1hu4hu5(3 0qifkcho5t kp8vwz ydfon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for u*h i3bx(mi v7 )n4jdrpyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nidw6c4cks.r 43l lty p)chp:a6che.What is Factor 1; Factorr:. l4dha6tcwk sc6plcy 4 )3p 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pne2a/uj+ t pg2 508mx9aifjwm hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systcrl2 *cwis)6 fem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the :w).57ukv.:garrzi ta5uu mqzebra. It lives in the Ituri g5rtuu rkvwzaq) a.:5:7ui .mForest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a qxymq4x /ak82 terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web .lghem w+ t e5les3c70j8 kev3



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thekykfhg+g 3 9kd.sb5 x5 carbon compounds produced y3dx kg+ 5h5gkf9 skb.by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:byv4zy7 ,c g;i


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moyyp+xne2,zgu(3i+ b + b2f afzcm0c 0uvement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworm n7uiy;k)q2r iu5 c7mms that ingest and then breakir)i2cu5;qmk7um7 n y down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oqan qamam36 ,vibg5 8(n7zqx 9f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesp ktx90 -obvc3 of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements t*8*n z)c*l3g o nytvnshat are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aq 6uzk9z.rs(ojcz:) z buatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included bu6.z )kj:zzocrs(9 zalgae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trans*k6;j alwcno. formation.

  Figure: A natural energy convev +6x-hu+4ywglyt dh3rsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c306ecgliqwyvtbic,m. v q-- 3hains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fals 4qna*4gsq :jwe when discussing a pyramid of bg4qwj* n :q4saiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e rqb74ildx/p.b4 bpb1hk4 p 6bnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in3/f n.u7yqn i we4 yd3q8zkge8 an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marivk*.rz u emqvzr0y1*)ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecor pw c;kfowzrgyg7 ,j3crg5z);s .c ;4system




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thd z (-su5s33vtd 25f nnqkivv3at does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist 3 h08up 9e qi 9c4xatqogq6mjgf5ff:8in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the liona83xo48q5f9jm ice6t uf hfqq90g g p:s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.)da5 h6(ryxc0sha-uiWhat is Photosynthesis i ) ar-u(a5yd06hxshc and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDTtzpq65 zfre 73 as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form exmik+ a)l*q6cnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon diox+mgl6 o+ z,9fslazou *ide in the air to carbohyalo+ 6mszu*9o+fz g ,ldrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the:xyl,bxn8q t1q:per( atmosphere to other carbon sinks. rxlq :exy(b:n8 qtp1 ,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbl iixcjz 751dqg)egm vn)x n,k8 ).m9gon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yp fgpo9qxi+8dw k,4f6m -9pdvear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha g, y;kku*tt 3j+0jojr0)e zgii4fch/t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivh2xwrc; 83z v)6h9 ln1blxnzqity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diaggl6b( k nzyla4-kdq37m9cod8ram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbonsw;.tfj; v 4rrw 3ac3b through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys;9fx8k,i hh a;u 4lehutem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestr//.hwu: yjtvqpmb 2ig5f, )z:xf-mloial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of )yd ef9fb9w2pdenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on t5et.c mw d fze4vo.3z(r,u 7tphe nitrogen cyc t.5u,wr p4f3zdvmt7eozce( . le.

  Figure: Average per capital6w 6- zy5wj(8udqj fy $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f0*r:(bt uswfan 3w9werom a pioneer community to a climax communi:r 9*tbua0w( 3fwnw sety.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ly9arsvwp2za xu2q97de ;7, x example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capijvbuol,t 9jr3j n3.i7vo4:vnta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with 21yza7wlq67 jb2hooof h+- cq an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and afhacw+1h 2l-q7f6o2qj7zboyoter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fgyz-(/epx.ekmw 03 z plows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020+zrqa ; hn48 aq:czvo/


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for+a:rwnhs xu*0 /hx3c 6e4*ktq6x dax f a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph o8xgu8fy+ukn 9e1zf u m4jt70rf Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one orx e.0,g5pugjh more statements from the follow.gu0,gjp 5eh xing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by c.x ;e-itn c-o nwyj/t)u) o8mflimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial b ocxt;f8n) n-jeit.)m/ youw-iomes.

  State which is not a descrip1ed5vqgo2 82l6il/ rvbb e5lption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversiq* fw.1*3rkzdgpr ozy,.kj; qty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, fpey4ee3: da, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw5njv ltr1/pi93s-z zl//z1avgeme+zo herbivores in different biomep/9ar/lvzvi zele135g mz-/ s+ n1tjzs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession 1: b tx;)cf (vg9kfovpprogresses from)pfv9:1tb (;g coxkfv a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describn /gmq +:eix:ning the changes in productivity:m :nngq /ixe+ during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thatu(t *qknqsk:mcbor751q5zyr*p*h 7o can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phottclp6f k;q;i 6osynthesis cqkptf66;i ;l



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielddlt5-*lwg 0 bn



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens;lp /0hqqr bd:i6mkf9gy c0n py g:f8pt42 ,dg of beetle A. Odhf iqt m;c0:pl0 q/682gpgp4,rk nd9ybyg:fn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is im91dtif b0xj+6 ) hvr/ +qap6p-bunab/ny8vx bportant to take multiple readings of the same bv6+t/p6upb)bivx nr +jnbx8-/9 f0yhqa1d a factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eco cu2pk)rgxa/ ,x2yp:c logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowrsv. e(ofabt ,z 6yo(6 Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of9 -fnw5crx6 meolaahw x:.3(f Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques igzh5i/do p7lhqv7l:t7g ut6(s not effective for sampling motigluhvg(l: pqi/t6h7 tz5od7 7le (moving) specimens.