What is the best definition for a species v 6yk2fd;.fu)ut.mp s?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro s/ 7w h7fes- 7t:j2gsep6rkpqme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fact*z40qvt)l1c-o yfw0s ca0ecp or v) 1-* awco0 0eyz0q4stcflcp 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula h qz/i)pxf+ps9ogp). cg9m x;tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoc qxs3gk99qao6vst ;8ma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t y.6-) xm5enj+wsq jl88ebt akhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature qsbmwnt+l yj86eex-j k 85)a. and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of 7 e mg0 :bf* 0yvl,zlk-clj+buorganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameribdt1v u0 wnq)l+k3)o7l jl2q pca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wu1oqq)k3v n)bljt2 l0wpld 7+ olf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatio0*lmw nl)7fyhn over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails *+ck x1q.qw vkfeed on the remains of dead plants and animals. q1x.* q+vckw k
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch7mk;vc/i sx/q ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kill1/di yb -vf8bser whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wafdbv bis18 y/-ters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eih 6;o7gsln ; gm75kklcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bbq bakc9/7f: biomass with high productiv:7k babf q9bc/ity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food8t5qqxk w9 (k9c/g,ts9 dgffd chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasqfn36wx9ab. svdxu6 3:/ kmm sing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb theax9xq.:3msd6sbf vn6/ ku 3wm products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice )v2j-haktgj -p; 5vfdcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of1d qwom+, (dvaii bb(3lsmk t3p* yl0: energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' cls z:b 7-t pibr)/z2tniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2r7) lzcb ptzts2/bi- : and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diff42wo: giaqwo+erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice g1n*om rpi,plx; 7w3y cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble fdk: uw/b( cw7 lbxv+,the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yea:l 7bwbk uwvxd( c,f+/rs old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of er6ydl6jo( l6ab f 9kn9nergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fool2 7al z/.r2/ 8noilnssuo nz3d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside ,d 27-hiefkb04 p absecoral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbondbi7se4-ah,f 0ep kb2 dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica t ex:s4 echyqm4v.0t5l reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement n if2j-;2labaof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tx8o(n/ fd;q jgerms best describes organisms like earthworms that x o d8/jqgnf(;ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of noydi;*bugs *xh4td 4 *umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its preyvo pu.a+ 7sdfjr.i/ b-jao9a8


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetha f1p vnn2il8x+ne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-e3vk 5 )qjkh*pbk;f 9ot +5dbs gwi3-afilled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a windt s;i9h g3*kje5pkvbwabdk) qf-o53+ ow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampltatz 69tx3r8va8v 6ad3: p dwne of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv, rxn(uqgtio. 1v4 02yw,yigori 6sw /ersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi (/,smnuppf 8jt d,6ftns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false8cby1au8j)85 jnmy ld when discussing a pyramid of bioma jy1u 8dbym)lc8 85janss.

  Figure: A pyramid of enro;f5 al .oge3ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fpf myx 1kc4:j9or representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodbu3cx;2ms-y o.vxvfh :w6v 3v web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in 33v:wnhqc1tz a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doesq;* q/8 3a*gf 9nve1vcipmjmj not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exisvuob)maw2:v ng+e2(wa(xe 2tt in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the e:n2be (t x)vw2ugwaa2 +o(vmlions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optio1ad ,mj2:vyt7cxs / igbve04j ns below.What is Phc:7x1 yb4evig2d v/as,t jm j0otosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statementkh; l0pvuk vp2*3loi+s that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemhe hoqqc9k*.d7tdt :* s.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide iwi4l8jb jl :+wn the air to carbohydji4: l+8bj lwwrates.

  There is continuous cycling of cid; 1d u3 by8rn wrldy2b+0aaf,h 72kd4jfle,arbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. d+f2y8b7a2lbur4enwid 0ld,1j ;y dh3, krfa
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest timed f mylg-l1:m3.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an eco+ 9xog-y:oi4 vyoaf-ssystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tisgtkx8f ur(p: fi01. rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated..oa5iyqwgdiso725c 33ily u.9sx b9f

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the maris6zbxs nv /1lrxc f-g:jk5u *8ne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tjhgabb4o6d/em m / om5cy4.*lhrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystu7(x rk7enbm 4em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tf rta:xtq ufxoir-k*m i:v4f:- 3.:seerrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denm y+-ppnn-iu9 ,n ;y8llkro3z itrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followin-kdv/-7 s qd.xfems vdh*0mn *g is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy.fsxve-s d*ddnv - 0h7m*/k mqcle.

  Figure: Average per -qjpm j - 1 z/23mj eq6nx*vzhlp*r 8acmc7r5pcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,yj,a s.zmc*ewas7e+dw )5 3o 3uji v-q GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pio5*.d-vzsm+jajww3ueoi 3scq ) ,ey7aneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example v2t k1l// dv)xw6grn mof transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita xyxae8ii*c2 ;d(b,rw $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using-y23v)lyx ek* nfzc1jeg.t,a6bvny4 bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkn 3xgt2ej,nz6 y 1cve .lb*ny yvfa-4k)ess. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon fktp555+gvz jstorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020y/ ft3w y -1bt7wu 0*c(mtbbgr


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fou(i13m5k c;q2t)mesa p*c4 xdii od-wr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,x9 ;l(r4vg cah Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mor3j xv8asszn .c ;zf.h-e statements from the folzsx-h cn.3;avs 8zf.jlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variab;d43rgtwwiran70v1 d8 g o*jxles. List the main factors that characterize the terre0vg7da txgwj w*4ro 8n1rdi 3;strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome:m ff0c2;jpq e.

  Identify the correct statement related:xku,spd6x5l y: /e yl to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italfrm aa/ ,v3n 3s6utq+qy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produ9tub64q.e iw xctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes i .bt6qwxe4u 9


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPoj6irnz1 -:9qw zvr0nP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a p jr0 :i9nzzw-q61 rnovioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folx + 9ecn(t jzn6mf; hk(w7m3dklowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in produ;n ed(6n 7kwxm(kz3 h+ mt9cfjctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dirgqq(u: al2 hz0 3ahwd.n2vt )sk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effe 1i kyztq38l.oct of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisi. 8zt1yloqk 3



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a f4b y(lq.ip9v , dd6ezfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.mn )otps.fry i,(d*(j On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, om(,j t(*i) opsndr y.ff which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabil0)eejdx 5d822t;uglhbd cl+ d ity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fa0d;8dx)btjul5 2hc+l2gdeed ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used iny; 2od.zi 9vcilixa( ;x0iof/ ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willoo;ofb :7znqnbrkde o- m7+9g0w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for s(,m f -l(qi g:jzk9xs4-6t/ocaruhwbl;l h2t pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques iqcq*tzc34e 9vqi* ot4 s not effective for sampling motile (moviv9z cc 43e qqq4toi**tng) specimens.