What is the best definition for a species(pngk v) - 5h6pfj)zsk?

  igure: Climate graph ofhyc +;vq. 0jhdk,z.zo Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factbaif2 0h oj 6j0)j vf2w5pix;bor 2;Facxi6; 22ofwha5jpb jf )i0v0jbtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatioc et; u .cin0g2y (l8g:,ctnkvn


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist g2lj0v,x *v/t(za*5yfpd m bkosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a s7*zyp 0rgyy b3mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old,7byy*r3yz p0 g they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is ms hf 8v )w(x.bfw.f8pa population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur /ipok j*iy wrridf52( 1 7tne6naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European cour1tef7 iipko5/i6r 2 d*j ywn(ntry.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population+- of/cvvja4+f vmgcf91)deb over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and s qsf1chznu j5 s:f-9 :e3bng07exrot6nails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. 1f5 jh:og n-sn3s:t f6uc7e9exr bz q0
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaiisl;;v 7g 6asdns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear / w*.wq :fgrj-r.6wd n fj4yo+/s ugeyand other organisms live and inqjgy /* +4fw:.goruy-srfj ndew6 ./wteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l0bg(;zvir do,s( wadd2 (0msdost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a ,)xmri bs s:) u2x7j5 tvql)0nq;bbjnj( g5 hylarge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the pb) gxjsn7)iv)jrmjbbt(;y25u l,x 50s: nqq hresence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is cpbda lt+;jqf6 656jj8 pia3t/khx0ma correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrijohrh/w-g) *d7v5f( c6 bwwd kzgz(p4 ents by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzzf(przc4d6w )wbg5( 7v o*wd j-kh/ghymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys8;lh 0)hywf9.tvhlb u tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of 2wb672n bcdg x w do18mj6hxz:energy.

  List three factors that could describe a sped*alqf) rb 0y(cies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F )rldb0q*y(f aactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of thel k5pjwag7-n v1os+fq 1)( md:ug8tmf rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric-fh t2y(yhl.he cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl*c ux;)by nev )ghi 416m1vkvww5gv+ we the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the De6w4*v1 gy bgm); vck)vixh wu v1w+5nemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptio4n,* o ehtflkhcvg:1c 8r ;779 qrhuldn of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we6 u; ic2ikkto,zv)a7yb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals ead,f h d6k3ehq874zs feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunligheh6z 8 ak,4esqf d3d7ht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiocgd 8lqp0)u dw1kr9:k4c l ld5n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram ofdsw-ux w)/74bhy s-a f the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followi)n+hr+19f nq iwkon4q ng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgo r1q wq+nn+h4fn9k)i anic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of k dbba,+u7zg0msd6d: numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its ew(7-j+)z wfh0 obcye c/f)yj prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are spbszsyg*m7.y1hd3 ; true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filsw99z fm7vv rtwq1vvi /4o: :lled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a wiv9vio s:v/:qwrzt9w7m1lvf 4 ndow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example )*1h)0x rbnt s1ntn mbof transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversionl w4(qwyn hq32 system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaicl51c* jdm14k gx bnf3ns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuss.f p 0w9nf/vai /f t4x3s6auviing a pyramid of biomaunv3 .v pfa4axwf0s//9 f iit6ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of.gp +(xv5 sv7ck7xocz iccfv:t*v6/j energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivuh+ .d 5hc3grrity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mats52au(yo7fd +cf( vbrine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi .xfahd87)rvbvk zw9 tcq7x *4vf.uk8l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately des9b gggr g fr;9h ip(q8jaz8(x6cribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers t tldpos28 2g)yhat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumertp s 8dlgo)22y like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whaacv)7qmdt) 2 xq.tw5v7 s ;qq+zeag+at is amt)wvqgea2.aq 7s5z;d )tvq++xq7c Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.1o m,e, j.zodn
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from52qu- +tpce kglu)yz * ecosystems.

  State the name of the pro:ge00yn0z3 ne6h t zolcess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy 36 lg0n zot0y:h0eezndrates.

  There is continuous cycling of ca99 jgqdjn8j o.rbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.8q9nj j .j9ogd
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in wa )7u.eld7 25 x4wsbgxis.u5fy o9tb the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area q*87hf i5t ,blm m*eou e5gqg9per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements v fc7;)xagl0i that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSPtu )r kp-uft s4:xa fmr3hp k17a:j-;p) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagra )nty0 v26irf6ia: e2:zi ntcvm of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbgmjcs8 mjy nq mt;p7yubqeye0 x1o .5 )3k;0y/on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystiq j+ay b(xd s;1 88ouzn4n*ilem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrest s0d/hb.m u)oorial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denid l r+93 kaq,md+c,jnitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nseybh9vn sea(48g5 s; fj.zg,ot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl(egaf ;y4sh 8ze,bnj 95v sg.se.

  Figure: Average per capit7e0 os3h jl;e 4-lugnha $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession p hoxxo h b/v/s6t i+k fl/bhmaa*zj7,h+k)61irogresses from a pioneer com mh6bkkfh1a)+ihh 7o sitz6 /,x /l+bjo vx*/amunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follow 245qzgqd k pikph66afdd0,/ bing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit*c0 u;0z5iri6msn-v n6hkuc f a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elod/ w79 nhy25xsdm rn;bzea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness7x/ ydn 59n; whrsm2zb. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor*t r-guxqqxwj74, zm 2ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by)e m+(xmjzks(e bt8a1 region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom// z+r hc9ifeyux m*e4r v4c3 xr(wwf2e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph k / lmdhw6bm30of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemenbv5k;a is6i 8eybg +t8ts from the following+g5tki;v8b8besa6 yi .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Listr.5.q3tk44 qlgdal4+ yr hexm the main factors that characterize..4h4mqa4qg5x tdrlk3 +e yrl the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description d lf9od-/2x 5gq. kmzmof the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverdf-cofy3; cc plq(9).nsfr3 lhl6 z*g sity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italysc.hzj 0 (3i zufup:f v;t0qs.


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in difcaw(18 y2sa vdferent biomes d2y8a vcw1s(a


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, n 6k 1/nig*dsh 43zggmGPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. sgkgdihn1n3z* /46mg
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the so 4y3zx:tgn2yal 6j5 following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity duzt yl3 ajyno52s:4x6gring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Segu)hxa: a 20xmcchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempe:;5;hkddgoiu rature on the rate of photosynthesis i ;ou;k5:dghd



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldub e/dsrcseur 9*oe01*vr: emi ; ;,xx



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captureycu)otid uq21+qc 4ew5dd *1 u specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1oi )ct1du41qd2qude y* +uc5w185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it ist /dedi cwhs9hhr*)6 (n u+o-v important to take multiple readings of the same factor. u+oh9v 6 c*e/di)hsn(htwd r-
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used xt q fpspkm4uts0*b( s.gr3re)r9k/ 0in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forgaa2 /pqgs z-ars)g11 two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplepn8 imvo.42h id in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is notx e2gz 6 y+n3mbwvq37o effective for sampling motile ge3vq7m2yzb 3wxo +n 6(moving) specimens.