What is the best definition eqo8 (sywq 5 3+eax z2 + g-ge/i,hfbr-ya0vgxfor a species?

  igure: Climate graphfo skqh hzn ;+4,5z: o-ig 6iu+rpgk5n of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 a7 e4t lwe19rq5, iedg;Factor 2;Factor7adt r5,lie1w4 qg 9ee 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p xbvkqo. k-r6 h7mn85copulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch* yi- aao)ey 29om0ghjistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb9y wrx-tbmvz la,0 6)tle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds)6trxl b9vy0,zt -wam of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups off1+1rre bbvg/ -viv8is2 tzr8 organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturall6 ,rrw.lmlxi268s0u4pmuznjh 0 y y0 my in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, worup . u46ylz6,x00 j imnhly0 sm2wmr8lves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populationuil wk,-n0:pwpts6 *t over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites an2 2/3z5wy 0n5*eozn pmv gu/yib,arotd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsgzt0nne5 w2/ y * v,o mib/2zru3ypoa5.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foi.(eli:m9e: nk+7zmv:p9hda 0 used wod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wham2bqxn16:lvt ib4b 9cle, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each v q4 l1t9:b2n6xmcbibother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst d g-9izx4q vesg/(wok*1 xvw kyo88)uems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall )e 6n9g )(darprsi8zw trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the prese ni6er)(wz)a9g8rp dsnce of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correc9y akm; )(agfet description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surr2a,jrjl2; bjee6o,pg 7xay c4oundings. The enzyme aecpa, lbj62jrxy;gj 274oe,s break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation :hkb bfdlb;-- system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fol(us7 5in1us*d1 smq br pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.eb5:w.al ff7x What is Factor 1; Factor 2 b:w a.x75felfand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis 8 uh,wmav)) 8ltsejh0 at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatioqmw5b t43i 08+ubigbzk1e o 9zn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tbde.ryh+ )+(cg:nl7ki qn w/ ehe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animw(lc7:+ebqyn)ki+g/n edrh. als and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description 9zvs,/c/tc bk of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web fc /jyxr )ax3, 5oxief2n);ja



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that l- jk0,zn xahpvr8s) lm;3/d njive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, 0,sax3j- dh)l;nmv 8/j nrpzkwater, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinghi tqf v1z**thdf2b8* chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t3 pj-dbs td xj1m)hp6t6 lkw2kkr87.nhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms 6.;bxtj+ a.m *te,deiv9pumgthat ingest and the;pxt+mgvbam *e j.u, .6e9tdin break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py( lz 6aikyrumlg -:ni 6;uyh*,ramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of al zvd-7xq+y*:pt* piz1l u wa2;ho( gu predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphz9 f7tcm:c qawfkb6+d,(c + rmenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquate 0 .upp.yizj*5ar-rmic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which r*a-eur5p .jy. mp z0iincluded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o6oz9w-3(l tlhy nahz(av:x puzyd (, 8f transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syr s* g)ucw,dw)stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food h q-3bmm1qa)d:rf. rtchains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falzl)pk: ohu1i* huz;-ruf jj,4se when discussing a pyramid of biomassk jzijfl4 u;) h-hp,or*: z1uu.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerfv(n2d i4p5juj9m1,un 6qtbqjq m;9 egy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprw3wsk n;,tq7 be4j f8ir32dryesenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maxlz u*6 g2-mljjhk-+;xh u/ylw nb5j,rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil +l 1d e r*s.p)tqbzjx)ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wezfe l 8fv7)9fq5 n*gljb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that co t1,n fe,zd t2v8ngfm/ jis-/gb-2o esuld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumere s/,8-d-e ggn2tzv s/jbtff1 m,i2no like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from -j7h;vhg* jdp cy3l/sthe options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respicsyj/7-;vdhph l* j3 gration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as anish.i3xbmre m:nx g(6 i9m)cj5: ty 7y insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is loswr x3lv5f 9f*iu q:r7a9hp l:et from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that co/n odgda((x gtta7x4qu/a736 nkj6q c nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.n (6(q /6gtcko jaau47a x7gt3ndqdx/

  There is continuous cycling of chgx,8-cws6xp w lb*h5 arbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.-8wbx, ph5w*lxhcs g6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest t 5gxaulq z6s//ime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in anqag.t g0 .d0zo 4rf4:qke0rf d ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are r )k)s vrvxo8pacox +56a x/v3true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivi1a33i *;pr8gow 1gyjbql iw rqac7+o(ty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclevod w vs32v7y .,w8obg0 lp)vo8e4,gqogxbv7



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throughk;a (ex0,slon y4gkk: the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an 3rvrl-1 gy c6pecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a teja wwcgs,vx.o ki4 .ievn/ .;-rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is42*jw;l;urfv 6ua utjxw8ej6 not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on i4vah,jl; - 6knue(pgthe nitrogen cycljpi ale uv; n-hk,6g4(e.

  Figure: Average per ix(eg adu(2+/bd o9ng capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succ x0/ ) luh7zub7telxw1ession progresses from a lwe)/ hx1t z7xlbu0 7upioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is rbg7g zv4.y 2can example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca*d5m+wy9 um,g;)xj2ftir hd3u pks , jpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w; a 7vio1l14denr e8xdas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after twodd xal;vi8re 14oe1 n7 days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages ee q6+lu,;q rx6v(jshjf w2 )l& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988xoaff 3d03*x g-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a )k .l xlbdp5 /g.5dmy:n e6,kye fzvr*biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph 5mi0okv.n nb23vd j+atgyq46 of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from tmgoje*3x 78h qhe following.3jqh 8ge7 mox*
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatq+pvvwtx0:h -;pid opb08f9blk o(d*ic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteri fbp+q w hvdx0 (:l8d;o9*po0v-pkbtize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of,gmvzpetf mui+r0 1u*ai88y * the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rela0t0src nn6kx;,r5p xy ted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph r,b3)y/q qtse of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass 7yr i;*)imq8wn rlsjx y;4se 6. mh0azof two herbivores in different biomeqehs6ym8wiji*ry ;n s4m. 7lx)0az r;s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP anqdt (zihg*97 dd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climqh *9i7tddzg(ax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statem8fssc5 6j 4p;a4p/jv-lfr swsents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successirj4/j;wv p- l8c4s5pffa 6ssson.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can 3ok rxq0wsq 39be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on th a q:nbig2p 04x9zmg(qe rate of photosynthes qzp g(bqx9:4a0ni gm2is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in n,-l2y ), ivoo.nwqg fa field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. ,m /m7m.bpe)z3dwa kfOn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total bpm73a.)mmd f,/zwe kof 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multvst ac3ahjc8y ,o-jl6i4 t8.diple readings of the sajtoi ,c3v6tsl8 cj4d. ayh8-ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplik u g7vo-1s1btng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samp ywn)cn y6 s lfh9) cl4sh1116,hwhjfqles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow9 x/y7j v dlqfsos7am,kq0s.)j *yds/ Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniiullv8tnc wgc5.t ner 61,( xe:,y-auques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spe,twx (cl8ey,v-t ng1 ie:ru.lcu65n acimens.