What is the best definition 80+lw 9yub;-lqe lumg for a species?

  igure: Climate graph cp +8uit h18ekof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could d zdqytvty;6c bn(;(no)9g d d,escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factoz(,;y g(t tnoybnvq d69;d)cdr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pohh:g4(bc6kc krbx3 . spulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sr x* fjj;skn96 6zugu:u* bq3echistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble*omu:znt8fmb1qu 2 h: the zebrbu:m182 f *mtnh:zuqoa. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups owag9 p3s0 t6mhju o6u(f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North :l1qj4kibj5; dsxu +c America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their packqi1kuj4x+; cd:jsb5 l .Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time.z;no8s(iw 1;r isl9 y qh85zpn

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails few f *+/hxla yk93r(mpued on the remains of dead plants and animalu*hwpxly(f+3 k9/a rm s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins do9+2c m(mthvk -owrxp66 p6jin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kily c 7abk 3gz,y+)wew276zlkcwler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other web 7cakzk6lwcg7 w+32z,)yyin the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemnw9s/l/ k y7kqb5c dzu6fg6d 0s.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wtqa2e nt59 zhqds*g z7qv .yt s3t)2+wzqd 2n+ith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Theztq5 dtz2n vqq92+wzh)s7 +an g sed.ytq*23tse species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descripti;pofo0h lr gq1g2m; r4qex *k7on of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive ew36: ,8irw4m jivsya5 kob e,enzymes into their surroundings. 3s6jk,5er 8:amw, i4 woevbyiThe enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiyxz, )gt4:vd(5iwy13uim oa bon system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ6d0fymc1 n7*uez1q bty.

  List three factors that could describe a spe625myv eg7gn ucies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 6 egu7g 5m2ynv2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photo.zit4-u8zx p2n enm tb7(6tkcqbd x;8synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricee j zk6jtk0nk**gy1w:w6aa6-f. epl p cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripo8-p7( befpysdqby2fp6s 0wm ;1u i8 (s5derdes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be de (bipe(0; bwspmey- dr8fds5fd8squy6po27 1pendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energee 0 g5dz. qdkjwpvu487iw/e .y flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web 5/y/l a1hil bo



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that hfrro:o8f, w-3 v xs8llive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon d-sr 8xohlf,v: f r83owioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: dp:2:ux ss54p1pgr8oj zlho6


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocepzs(x(uj2og 0 an


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followinu fi,nb1+rah bhii u/6,i:u8ug terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mater1uuuii nu,b8:+r/hba6 fh,i iials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid 1)oa86rag w omfr4ozh 2ecd+/ 8asbq )of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiti2yoxn57s ks+y es of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorolzj bvp mwlb *;q9z:1-ethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an + 9t bcnzfv3 i.t/tno1aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whit+t139 .nocn/vtfzi bch of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatd6:; r4kxp(lvyvv i-cion.

  Figure: A natural energy 6y 8e6oz ho3af1af/gi conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains aog(,+uo;38 tbhns ah




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follow) ww ry dlu85mg+.a/hk0smx.jing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaswr g lx5mwk+)/js.ahdy 80mu. s.

  Figure: A pyramid of e *4f0 a7.zvvyp2zb qdr5 yg)ginergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity ik6h o*8;7 efczhtzms jvj(q(jp k,t56 n an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wbq 3vx.j dr+2r hj5 ml.:se:w 2jzvo8ieb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in kidwk ())o/ phph9ga9a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does ner5 n2ruzk6 ;nv3iz5tot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cozp*lq zn2 x6 ;rwyraql6n8x16uld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lik n6q;xn6xzy8 zrplq al *2r61we the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis ay;.e9 d n+ig. y9e+ojnj;) ;xp ezxyrond respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and n i y9z+xnxogd; e.o+ e9pjye;y;r. )jRespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an rqchf6b y jnl/.1) n/igs /eu4insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e*exh .qtepd17 ;x;ad*;ymwcsdbc1d3 .. cjrl nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon d0bfrl oq 5 -pwed/;t:pioxide in the air to carbohydrates. pfp :-w/ t5berqdol;0

  There is continuous cyclijg6 fke echak +2qy)1,ng of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 1,)hgej2qykkf+6ce a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longes +:af* r4cylnrt time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per05 xo / o0vil0fcc2l uf3)arcruy,p ;s year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trkb22 91b ixpomue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculag.8 r2-n cxsu+zujww+ted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyclkhtw *q+,c9z fe



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca(nqg7i pzx o5 6p6y3lvrbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in3r6 up4g ;s4jufeijl(qfam 45 an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ5 8sltcvq37m 71omev 9*coub k $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement eh3/ arzoo u/sg tn)1a )bp57sthat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nor q7 6nwq hqi6+(k/p*vevja;ft a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycqkj (7vqeav *pw6n ;+h6iq r/fle.

  Figure: Average per j 0ygi )r*zdo,capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary ss.8axm9 kypy* ;w9iehuccession progresses from a pioneer communitsmi*kp ;aw. ey98y9hx y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatirweo :;ds5q;ndhlp/ * l- h-gjon.

  Figure: Average per capitahnjv/. -sp6 zs $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One5o7-vrcda9cdq8s( lw was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at tdd578 ra-lo(c sq v9wche beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annoe igc k59gzim-na5* w r1;r+oual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198zv+ 8rd/u 7sje8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bia.a61;m xw6.bzrngps ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom d:a ckamx+ho:lcr/r 77p4ga6e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stateph7+ax x6flf0 ments from the followingxa pl x+76fhf0.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other ph.h r:y5san-e sysical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesn hsya5 .-sre:.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bv7l**k,3 b)g kbpgk vbiome.

  Identify the correct statement related iss9(yh/cv2u to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itagwf- x e.jf)dpe5)t7cy2 q yybs0d-4ily


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biom.1jk qrb 4k*laass of two herbivores in different biom qbr*l1.kj ak4es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary rt tz8q0 /-uqs,pa6 iysuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxtu,z8t0i /q6-s praqy community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descel c(r snvtgc:o8g 5)7ribing the changes in productivity during primary succ5ncslcr v 78(g:)tegoession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi v .pe;h,1g g1q cea;g +d4oljxdisk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temt:g5j/zorbkeq mv62 )perature on the rate of photosynthr/gq jmeo2 :tv z)6k5besis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a gn (q*wzi9; k32 gk;o,6x yqf,dqqtazfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to :--+ h takdszb- 87faa,3ciwfcq7cms capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species. ,fk-a qcmis:cf h8+-3ab-tw 77dc sza
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, itaq+jyzki1q. b9c f/1h is important to take multiple readings of the same factorbqy1.f ac9 j i1h/zq+k.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling (/v,jsrq(aome/k s d/


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow ntop0d x6. +piCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek kobl.s89 oek)




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is 1i e- s:77rnozwqu*uqnot effective for sampling m n soqwiu1r7u:-*z7eq otile (moving) specimens.