What is the best definition fok, d(odd 23ka4tenr9 hf jb.ha7 lf:m5r a species?

  igure: Climate graphjukamnjdv*:4 83 ys h+ of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesze u s1p4+bh+joc7 dbqs/v ,lfb-9j3l' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Faqj hzbs/jpbflv-eo1u, +b 7ld+9 34scctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatio5bhng qx .f7zt6w056x(ljrqn 6(kk pen


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci9 -6m0ijhd k.* jvezul4ne) hwes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girand4lt, ,haxs05x dp j+ffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with othe5pn+xas hdt, xdlj0,4r okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g5sivqd:lt 1 fl smmdxn 2gn2*al.t:9; roups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolo1(-rzf)elv +5ncqvf+d r0kv ves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in T -qreocl)r1+nv+ z(0v vkd5ff he Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popuo6rsurv;t) jd7of c 4b5:aokriv( p25lation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animwnu32jcetlf-j 3 . ia8ajc8unfi33. aej lw-2tls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofoinzg z5s 0ad-f)) *o t36nvmc toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear andna 3m;d p+wcl8 other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcticm a+pd;w8 nl3c Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from e vh2utn31e-p, )w:inf wbz+ vacosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall treiapmp2v 60xy; es and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependy xv62;m ipap0ent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a coant3)ya5ilei * g,n .trrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestivi(:0o gj9z;. rvatq,p;ciz hte enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and de a,hic.;:;(9i oz vtqzjgtr0pcaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culm lglayf)8,o-8wez d5gfg2g /tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.fvprmu(du57+

  List three factors that could describe a species' nick:m 007d wyc ,eimfir2he.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor0 0i7k,my m:2difwcer 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differen6f hxdv,aqd08g8fm 5lst d:h 5t temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst 4k/u7(spk n ksxsqh ,j343 t//yqydeoem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-size m*9b6xigcuq0d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk uq0cmgx9i b*6 for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy/fdr5r5*-gau z + dtfe flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web1hecr *k.8qyu x*xr7 z



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae h-,8fesu +lrss j12vv that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, watuss1- r8vfh+ve2sl ,jer, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following qfhan 5 cuxhsh c475,1chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement o5 z 4alguei3g00y 2 crln/)ynaf carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms 9zvm -prgw. ,dp7kr4mavt5s ;that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic matespr .kwz4m-r7d pgav9v5; , mtrials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of number: rvp2 di:0aoes


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predz:54v evf 1sy lhxs8k i vnqao/.c(:n8ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abou v4j dst5p6fobu,hx,.t Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticdv ,sw;j x,gy9jz8m g2 mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The s,vg 2gwjxjy8z9 sm,; dtudent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example o(shvwzfh k+2) f transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerji1 2w2h3z ( nzg-qz.fof/ho pgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins e9b/.,czdvupin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stme2xhga7ral19,a s l)i27 dtvatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassde9 x a,hl)airt7vs22lag m1 7.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneab q) 4c bmn:hm(4l0k m.kp1tmrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for o +5-,4mcnskpmt km*nrepresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mar 8t-gyug* rc1bine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sog,)0(lyb f( uub gke6;zxeo )iil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura x4pvyt+x.0ea6urt *bu 3c86tte)jeytely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers t+lylza91 - xu83miegdhat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer+zelm93lx- au1i y dg8 like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corre lsax,1 m((kohctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis anol ksamx((,h1 d Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT+* t 7wwq90en(odxro c as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enek gxn7z(z: 2jldhe. n1rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxidc,pxxu8zirb y /w r 6bp7u6 .im7n8ik-e in the air to carbohyd8/x c 7 i ixpz6umr.kwypi,8b rbnu-76rates.

  There is continuous cyclingl 5f)ikc2vzzz /x*s p) of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x*l z siz)c52/z)kpfv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in 2bdw*h ;a5kvd x,;bmn the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per,rqop u:4cz3-knsv)9yee1 6 wtea/f d area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha 8xz3momk *n6dt are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary o:q7+h+ixgqzr k(v 4gProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon sx yn*7xicd5qt :-s:hcycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb urk7jsl// to ,k rb/ zkt3r*eo)x,n*won through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemyi69zk2tm:gje )g;ze


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow dd9 rn7y3o h 5 icyh74v(:ddvkin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thc5;8/vgwm2ww1q,l wiw: bl ycat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humanq dw6.3 (lylng-induced effect on the nitrogen cycln ld(q.ywg 63le.

  Figure: Average per cx5 y:jny.45.s fyh8abn o76 f;yerf6mrypuo7apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pr 8ete a;y/ig2 ;-mad62n.qo)phjc ay rogresses from a pioneer commueo gci8n2r;e apy /;d)6ay.mahjq2-tnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinkd51b6 v(cm wf:-l bdag is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caapwqrp)h6y7 v d,(lz4pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using botlmkdn p+uvsw/ gx:(29 tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and afs9:+l ux dpv(2mw nk/gter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages zo ,xpg h7; (d2dkg(w33djhew& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishe ,xypqj,d*qq r pv /6 :i)tzdmu8qi61bdf8+os ries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for l)+s)eu ec. .5dvul zha biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rh:k+ -j ti)3salh2jf(,omg4 lh) osbvome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing zpgiwkv)e6zd(j /j su/; /fi4one or more statements from the f4g6( evi; //fsiukwdjzjzp)/ ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lisdg 8ws)xrh6w/i8 yi v5t the main factors that charact hw i8d/g8w5)r6iv xyserize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptioj8bvp8 utg:o x9igb82 n of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco1o e6p9mw(besvtc1)dsystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ik.o2ho fsb;z06oelob q. ; b1ztaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bio8, q.ge)vwmk )wugs4emass of two herbivores in different biome )wqmku)s8.w4 egegv ,s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GP9u,iulj62 n opvq ndj473pv9 m6uw4ir v8dp 8vP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community tj3 i r j,4od49 vw6dup8nvviml6vpn2 u8qp 79uo a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements 7m7ok(d ls,udis not correct in describing the changes in productl,dm 7s7d( oukivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchtu l4tq5 icv;wf1j9xsg ,p,p: i disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynttn3o j-ysux f4b2g88mhesisty xf-go42mu8 83bnjs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field764k/ 7jhay,bjnxgm g6h oau(



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beet ki( h+oubme+.vkz f5*le A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total o5kue .+m b (vo+k*hfzif 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is import69c 43xlmrl:a1 h gappant to take multiple readings o1g3a4p:px l c l9ha6rmf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s dq3 zkp3:2 ktf28caqiampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for twom*cv)tpbva a(,i yt+* samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species vrzx: ,)pw4gphcq:f 0sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo 6fhylb7;wcw)ixp 3x7 r sampling motile (moving) sp73c f xlwh6piw;y 7)xbecimens.