What is the best definition for a speciqxmkemh9- 6 ztk5f7njlx k..3es?

  igure: Climate graph os,zx y n fwjs7 5f*( bgovpd/+wny94j/-vl6cff Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a 9v3ir)7ea ezz/x/jcjspecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fae3/a)7j z vzxri9c /jector 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationfroab2rv*e lga (pwc/*8h9 h 4


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specy-+1bj5mk-oddtz r nub,*o 7uies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has.cyx5e-h )wyr stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspxywcy-)5.re h ring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatiolo5ep8av/u1nkfazu m :,3(p5nhyi/d n.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis l 43vy ;bey,xo( icje0pupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to Tiepy0ev(y b43;c,x j ohe Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thbu .ustr-;ad3at best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails n ve(rv mo+ic z;e mvx3t+k)m:3r9ia 7feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsvivmmacom rzn:i;x(t) e e7 ++3r3v 9k.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c. v.hwndxvy:un*q j: ;hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kil x. y (-ooeqzmj4jrb lv+663tjler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Obj q(6-zteo3j4y6.r xj +mvlo cean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frmxym2d 3)h0c 12 mkdu qgkx/7qom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trodk wc9nfito:4 6o 7k/ees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also inte7ofow i:k k96 notd/c4ract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio6easyd xrh n-+ a-ea t1)csy.8ut px-8 v7(yurn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymkd*kua.ey s 8rke:3 r b-w76( mup/shhes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead syma:hrps*(kh68e- du/ wrekb.u37 kand decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culxu(o3v ln,1umx :yct 8tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used foyni6lu :0 v8ktr pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that.+zd r1/lvvt rf 2+joc could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fr/j+2r .f cvol d1z+vtactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffeu k,rxl0/ im+grent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatv /:6klwl :swtbm9rk2 ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes 7x, u 1:yd xowk;nxi2zthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns anduxz2w x;n io 1:ky7,xd eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect de(zcu- v wqmn9fx0(aw0 scription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food3q ffka:0tggft+ q(n6 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae t22 .naz vfazip9wz 2p5hat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxan9i.zvpf2 az a2pwz5 2nthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following che7f.: xa orv admn+es;9mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag;p;tlxt au1p+ws: lu0 4szdn,ram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms(0m fsqedy y8 .w;qo8e like earthworms that m8yeq.8(qd;e w 0 soyfingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramr6te7c ,pdmixac a(55id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a /yh 92bm.r+ -wnpdfhxpredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethp 2d,t l:4scwvane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqugd n4-h9:yb,mjlo*a 3 6qrvd oatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which ofmya:r 49 ,g b qlvodn3o-6hd*j the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampleabm +b*1z,qx b of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy we 9mpiwrwwc uzwwa pcwp9u49s49m1+5+ :3w o conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of9f8hvjok1 y;qt :f j g7m1bpp5 toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following staty79wrg 4i;k m vn0 f8pxqjvjbg+c+71lh*an:tements is false when discussing a pyramid of biom pw1rf7x+8j q7vi9m ; tbl4+: ghjvc g0nk*anyass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneoh3h t+ubpw:6avd0lf.v m4b 7 rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystejcqj. gc8(6uj mx *,t:qgynz4 m.

  Figure: an Arctic mar-82i*si) nylph96qxum sl ry7ine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy-p8 zs uqne.:,qa+eu lstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that d2t be 9 qz:13qm6knqmaoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with +lfc7z ) xv :ahf1abbj*e*2dvjk4bu* paras v7hz*fa kj 1jdbulx4+bcbvf2 *)a*:eites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly frn:0ug0r66jd+uhtya zf . j m/nom the options below.What utd0hjmjg n 0:/f 6n.ruy 6za+is Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statementsarbtp ):ezn:4ut0* i32 vf 3gqbi d bu1d26hgl that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosc78i mbvg;,z6l bubcsdi-:ju8 -)7yc q wzv6aystems.

  State the name of the process th;e1sisiq*i vn5 at7kdq)9 /rpat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrt/ knas5drv i1 *;7ipqqs)i e9ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from t4kk,1dgzbuto w0mox7d .a2g 6g bug9,he atmosphere to other carbon sinks.a,7 dwgd kux0gu, 9g. o4tzb1m2 6gbko
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tha0z82kb8 qeprv,rh6q e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in ah w,ky3 7csexx,hs2 poce36n8n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that s+eo9urg3:co are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bew17 6yfat;xg,bt ;a lbx: x)cp calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagramxyfb08ei(di+f 3:rk xi fb/kk3 ba --tdi 4iv* of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the jzb4l7zrlyt: .nfg, +jl3x si**a c m)carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyst7zxaivm +1bk *em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow drpa5h5tvja7tb8;,t**x kq min a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of v)q00 v0zn zeydenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced -2fak(lj x,kkeffect on the nitrogen cycl f(-2,j klkxake.

  Figure: Average per c+zx ukandn.12d tt+ l7apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession p-c7f ch9v rb+yrogresses from a pioneer community tyv9 chbr-7 +cfo a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ey9bdpoqf:a (w z+*p:3 bglpb 9xample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita.hstarsz ) yko(8-;uvpf -6qz $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an ltn)zvp,v3 7, 6/o eckgd(ihrElodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. de c6o(h l/7 t ,zv3,pnrkgi)vThe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualf+dbd9 71gh( n nyqbp. flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by i9r m*qni7fw-region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomx 8c1qluzq+7 ve

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romel kd 2p3dwo)j(aox4w 7, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosin8aab6 u g 8:r bh8g(*zd uszr5q,,ifn1cudt ;tg one or more statements from the folloi h8d5tacufb 1u8g zgrz, b: ,ud6arsq *t(8n;wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables.c-*3rbcw kfq9;i:bh)l,tf u p List the main factors that characterize the terrekuiql c3h -:)*w, fpb9tbfr; cstrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest e- (1c mc/:mbc+ fug olbb65pwbiome.

  Identify the correct statement relatedctvf+nu v3, v;ydz50 d to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of *-drs.sh)r liwv l 9o4Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen3w pj89 pb9/gndxcov+g7s o i0kk0(z kt biomes +dj30 n 8icbkok7s/wg 99g k z(p0xpov


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP ah(a2r g69*u-gca3aqtn 0bre lnd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comar qc-nbg 62u(ra39h *geta0lmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folll4m 8k/y3vrhac rer;6 owing statements is not correct in describing the changyl8ck;6 hrev3 rr4/ ames in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facvtll-x 6fyqaju;e.6wl*;s:6voc / hz tor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate odqefd :(jr;+gv-+ jpzf photosynt gezjj+ +qfr(-d;pvd: hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieq po*9oj+.b9wp v evf((c:btcld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of p+ek:d 5b/afe:5 :9gspvvemginsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of ts:5p:5+m vfggeeab/e :pv 9kd his species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tob 2m zb1gijp agz(on8(2hhi4:bqa,f 0 take multiple readings of the same f:a hz1(i2ngjzf, b8 amb0p2 o b4(hgiqactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samyppr mv57x)lsn (()nx pling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for 7gp/m hhe .oo-e5hw 0ctwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sc /an+tyatnmid0+7-f ampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingc7mmnf1 ayy ,. techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimeay fy,cnmm71. ns.