What is the best definition for a sp61o))fp oa:(1 1bedacz xez fwecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romeq+srw6,gy dz2sg.ju 2 , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ; a .dbed sff:/xn1ok,5Facto5o eds:fdx /,n k1bf.ar 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p9;+ azi xiu+zpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle o 1jmtx *w,f4rmf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smallt 1(+rfnq* fpe-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat e*rt+pq(1 f nfthe leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms isq ;6v48r/4gp um qn ksve- (:kmj+xrzv a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natuhhj5(lb 48 zporally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans ha5z4(p 8lohhb jve hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popuvpposu7z7a1 pg- p*5olation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites ay +2k9z,wj+ 0wtkracjmtgve++-8 fe dnd snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals0ajk-f,zrtj+c mtkg+dw2ew v+ 8+y 9 e.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food58u kh+wdxf d8 chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,-qf: f+ r9b-upy 3b6 f1yd*wt+pzbfhu polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th9py3+1f u dzy-+ 6t f:wbb-fhfu bprq*e cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enery8wa k+1 a:-rox v.zuagy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to-xp xclnu j:0+x15zfo have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organixxuz5ocf x+ 0pjn: l1-sms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tbcf) a2rb 6yfr;dkp pp0 ;0sd)hat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sur-k 4x9 a)ywa 2h,opfgjroundingko ,w-92 yxhjpg faa)4s. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivar f*7dnn; x j(x4y9epp2( xfjotion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami:.doa eql*7 mu m0 ak/m7db1byds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nicu9pwgsn6 te ;6g o xtn;/m(ip7he.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorose9gw p;6mtu(nn 6git x;/p7 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthe /gkr36vvlyq4sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy cliz)zg1t -:k;jdt8m/ h+yinstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girdm,8q 7moch.t affe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest it,md8. q ch7mon the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descri6a/eijkl 4*st 0jp )xuption of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food r:mg( p9kl1 )*n6 fz/atbkon*lc; xzd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed onb,vhu h jz+b 0 l8,r/jj1:rwmt the carbon compounds producejrrh b1mv:jh+ l,jt/,bw8zu0d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionqjnz2+ iwn-hn:5g b( k:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of t33rx1ob9 ltmymtw bcqm76: n) ti: f6the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms6xe1)nmxnk di. y c0-q that ingest and then break down and digest non-livx q6n1d0-cm )x .kenyiing organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbersq30s0havua )krwn) 7b


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its pre1 i oimsk;+)io( ws:m tv cns0)q-z8dny


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroeth6vfp1 44shp: s swbyjrw*e ek6k189lbane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic me*jq6c ;exq1kt socosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statx1jec*kq;qt6 ements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an ek(tw8g*zf k;yhlh/ ,hk j0f k3xample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion svwl tj,2*u7xy ystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains u3rlc c,+ta3s m;nt,zf+ /(qwo) adwq




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discue0ij s7p )jf3 .md*jve 4yb6dhssing a pyramid of biv 7j03espj*deb )6ijd fh4.m yomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e pdq,b(ffxcfo7ydj9 7wvo -* 9nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi 9bbz4dh(7ns3r;w mmbty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinu nzotb) 00p3te4r.s t,n +j b,dbqhp9e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem)+ exu7ietlc 5ls) he r,r73ry




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not m8/vq 7xl (phtaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exq6dr:)ev es.s6 2+znkh 9tbtt ist in a savannah system with parasites on a con9)nrde+k 6tess.q 6thb tv2 z:sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options belownj2f5p a,,tgay 9)lwz .What is Photowzpt, af jn9y,5)a2gl synthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statement/w qkfw0f* 8cqs that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en fj 3bm9vef9a.)l1lp nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the p z:f vx2lwb;c0rocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrzfwlcv;0 2:xb ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphea/ysfrek/z ux7f/* q9y9iq y, re to other carbon sinks. r/k/f/xu*yeq9qs79, yia yfz
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.lo/e9 4 ldcnbbp (:sz 6b2+mir

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pybut8c12w h-) nmenv *er year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tru iaq4o5 4j;lqqe.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitqj,qbz2z -du7fki-s 5 y (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified6+ulu+p j(xuh+s 3 keb diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thec4zhr8i)o .i5qso k+q carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow ic*wftfcu 05an v(tp 7b;. 1cwln an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestw zm/i/ 5x)/4iik ro ;yhi*ucirial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacm) 6)apezcldd,ccrg e1 e0,h8 teria.

  Identify which of the following is not akl)2bu8/6wr6t ngn qt z+mu- d human-induced effect on the nitrogen cybdknulr- g zm )ut+ q86/wnt62cle.

  Figure: Average per capizjn0na 2v;j ioyrzfpy99j+st4 e728v ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiv k7ea .1el:z:1e hm-ir m-fntxersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxtz-m 1fe1l:xrkn m-e i.ae h:7 community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforcv(xcbwninb.n ); u (/mation.

  Figure: Average per capita z7nyh 4 l2j.k*+ocq zo$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usin ufyh; o3k.kfv 1xl3c18vkx (pg bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and uf1cyx1p3kfox;kl .k(8hvv3 after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualyh6 r d+uf2s+d flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 194 x4u2iw /c.uz)fdof*qwh9 ow88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f fq0m)y fryi(z .ysr1x/-w*c for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy vfm-fk j;0vdwd p52cm5b+ p-j



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’xqsoh( (ofb5yjc 3:4nby choosing one or more statements from the follf: b(( oqocsj5yn 4hx3owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pattern1g(c/ v je*)mb ill(qjs and other physical variables. List the main factors that g(v 1lb/cjiljqe(m) *characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfos.r /)j:cgn73kbhcc: 0ztv vm6kp)pgrest biome.

  Identify the correct statement reljs62 n b6rzawb)jb5 z8ated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grapg 9+gx.gukb1lg,3h dqh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of twm/ (di +jk6 rfyktft/5x 8(zi3g /lwobo herbivores in different biome6 5(/gjit bd ky //kor8zmlfi 3xw+ft(s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPn s40; oqb(frrP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm4oq0(bs;f r nrunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the mkqc c5 u(+trsf4.4.b6ynl pw following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succet4bkp m .lyn5wc4sc +qr( 6.fussion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can beoe9n .m(et+7;mxlrr p measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigq3-e och g0y76zew. eoate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntz70eqc6 e -hy.eo3ow ghesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 2wuxhyj1rwn u486yu;r q5yz :



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of2awi,y1yjcd 4wc9m w9 insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were mamwwa,yw4c i 2j9y91cd rked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impornzn8cqm *4l je /z/b,atant to take multiple readings ,zb/ qjmze /*4nalcn8of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp. 5fa r(zeotb:0yna -dling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two s) 7wikikhit1,e u7h3z amples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Will2m :rl ;t7padtow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not 3;-*zh lz7n-p y qnjebeffective for sampling motile (mo ;7yzen- pq3jlb*z- hnving) specimens.