What is the best definit8q 2iewh+j8 iyion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itariht-nxxjp 02:vvjg5 s4px2 i87w35.eo zwe bly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whr7kcfmo/ s.4x at is Factor 1 ;Factom .f/ xsc7okr4r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population : a4niy83q7mo.crey7q wy7ae


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec,bh0+eaaxvnu xaw9x775 n:ps ies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thaz)dbwr9q cq/joaj z9 .g sd053t resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Dedc3gqbz99 qjaw/dr 0o.) z 5sjmocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the 7qyb4p5uu r 0:bk 3w;ix3 wjzzgroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canijow n q,)u72ou-k h4mls lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domesououh,-l47j w) 2mnqktic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growt)-pxnztt)z p ;h of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed 4tqq7g8 u2 3zw ndg124bwwiks on the remains of dead plants and animaltgg47 1 wzqb4w 2u8s2kw inq3ds.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins1s(utp :sgy afi ;:eb;x2xgehjof0 wk4f-1o / in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orvdg y6d +77zmyganisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of tdyzmgv6+ 7 dy7he Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energml- b9bm *4ysxy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass wi 7nrw5eh/wk /ith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of mank/ne 75wr/ whiy interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a (r+ uau *2: n4 xrr(1cbq,ppvirmmnx8 correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sur 8hp1bzk0:u akvmqb1sr4vu3 ;t: b ys-roundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and th1k3 ta0zp;u:rybu-8vh1:kb bvssm4q e fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste,az,gdu6c(nl f og5 +wm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forc vsupm6j( .-a nuzhl(tmp(6: pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specimoh e69( f717d,uf9x.n8 dfrzbzmikj es' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor m 9zj9 drke7bfh i67f1xz(.o n ufmd8,2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthe qjz8/i vrt;d h(df2h4sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system 5c7 j9iwzyky n3 crm5/


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe a*cx jhabg w3/zg9)7e ,;mrwzw nd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years 7jrx *)b;gwac/e93,mwhz z wgold, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ehf.yq7x f9zx;zx1 s9 vnergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wsyc ;*w dw1t495njg* hp3lrqxeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cora* +oa.dmhjqi5l. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, a5ih md+oa*q. jnd sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cheiidmiuwpa: 6 ) fh9w.90m cs;fmical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movementet4a/h/fgf4c bdvh 1 +f44 jwo of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earw e3j jbe 6+ce.a 3oiq0dfwv(b2qc9 otfw:5 ;rthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic q2w0 .ejwbfq;rccvwj3bif5(+e ood 69a3e: t materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrarbqvo)gnc5 zt;9* m /amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predaojs a3al/)9fig fqh(h :ze ;)ttor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloraidob*8/i,w y oethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available 9) b41ziftrio9w9j ge2sog5aseawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide b1 2aig gi9 )s9zjtr ooe549wfa light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followigzfpsx+ (n0eq0vj8 g ,ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversg0a vrz/nk.lkngw5zr q);qp4 sj8 g5 +ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in (n l+.l8j l8jozpi5vjfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is a6b1gejo9 p (ofalse when discussing a pyramid of bi196jp(g eob aoomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enes0 ne5* *ap sd2iiwd7srgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivitls8ktchsp (f9e.wda1 rx26 z .)tfn)wy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maoa8ek-g3 .xa j:m *wperine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys.8*h8zr cpzadtem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that dh;shy9,u2w1otz ; njy0lus i5oes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syst en(hab b5 6/puvsyb7f yt6v;b f1:rq3em with parasites on aqb :f5;vebbh n( 3bpuf ya7s/ry6t6v1 consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from t m6n;p2iqvrg1xhjin66rwu- :he options below.What is Photosniq1 jgr virwn-6 ;6m:ph2x6uynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use f81 oh5qk h2zyof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste2y36c:gs /+p0hlxy z+fvi9bak t*oy jms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxid54pvi4 -yqp9d0vk*fk h mz3q ee in the air to carbohydpqy ikz-v50p4d4fv m3 qh e9k*rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carboncsm: ;sf(t aqtf,k6 nj.1:n wiw1cte* from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. n j 1mn1tw:c.qetc:(6 sk,i;f f*s twa
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the me e,19svjvs, trpo ayt(94.z longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energe,vs(br l/su; y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsclfj3- x 8qel*(p/ vmd that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti0bnu od0/:.nly0 qrkgvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine car1*.zvg em;xkly o2k *sld5jeo5n68 vb bon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throv;wo kod: 9xq0ugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosy ,ic oe-92qgfqstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem i-wclzibck0;: n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tha3 exsoi4jmo5 04eo+x (a-hb9eua0k obt is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not(r,2 fwgdx fy+g.lh,i:q;jkz a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyr(k +2wyf,.qdg:h zf;g xl ,jicle.

  Figure: Average per ca -1vsq d7;o r1*ja6rcq qb4/wlniooc .pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPn/l5/ )snca eu8ylvj9h .vp1z P and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a e lh/)ju5l c. ypn8/n1sv9zva climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the follof3:dinc-um6 3.vwi dtwing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capilzi886ubamh 7ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.rp,ld4c 9x j0t One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and al0crx4t pd9j, fter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuaafnxox dq2y)f; * di(4l flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020f qf+(9cqogw.


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for aiow tqa s27mq / yu3zvp/pju +33ob3i. biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita69yu6eiu /b u qszs0om 2,qn1nly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more u:t nlkh7(h 3 gzix b-38*g/eruhmq m-statements from the following. iumz(3qlr8em-kn -b h:*th3ux g7hg/
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizedz ytuj0ywgy -j*a :7voy4:wf2 by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characte4j7-ogtf:yya*vw y 0jzu2y w :rize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforestu61nw0nckf 0 2i:a mid biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in a gnh5h2 jdc k*-7 45okap-qavan ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ity56ytd(zfov -aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivm6j/g )7gl-k. ds pla/i car:qity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes .sg q76/gl)ljaad/r cp-ik m:


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pr,knl; hrzk )r 1b4q.lrbu-gf/ogresses from a pioneer community -z nqk;)1hbgu f .kr 4rll,b/rto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo3sonax-q ++8v kcps7pp. qmz) llowing statements is not correct in describing the chanxqm vo) pk+8sa. q pz+s37nc-pges in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mea-eree h2g. m2tsured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inv9r55v)obkjq /og x(f;4eyt yqestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisg ;9orv5ob 5tqx)f kq y(e4yj/



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel9ub8 + njc)be 0ekudnhnzp/w s:9a(m*d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of ba w.7vbziql 4am)8-udeetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The z4-. baq 7 lid8)wuavmnext day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data,7qcbtun 49/w f it is important to take multiple readings of tc7f nb4q 9w/uthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolold383 4jjczj7h8djnl1r1rgbgical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crhq ujz6yz1ho+4vsn 6lvwr-/1 eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts ofug0* qc(ilq(l5u ra2 m Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for s yrfc3lks.y2y1 7bvdk s*.b;nampling motile (moving) 2l3*n.f b vbysy1.kd k;7y srcspecimens.