What is the best definition for a 5pfm;)a *yq hrspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It rl;ikxwg ql)hiz)0 25aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is *;hw7kmzadq9zjq6t.u je)g 6Factor 1 ;Factor mq;a) 6.qe67z khztuw*9j g dj2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat8xj.0sm 7 4t1fkvjd y(k (xebiion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specieuvro-rg .q.4l s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe:ie6)k, b3tnvvh aix5 and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapi:x) 3biv ,nkehv6 a5tis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a population.+rn 1sr3 -gceq

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturaz)il 3btr h. 8kngh w t(s-odrvx.6;r.lly in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping t th . (z 3tbvihr.6). -lsdkwxg8ronr;heir population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gr/c8h 8tki duw/owth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of de29nxkl (hri 32mptf d3ad plants and animals.(rl 9kxf2ht3d 2ipm3 n
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains r)i 9zqd1 lj8 7i2lbaypbi+3 rvrru)4


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms liv8rgkh 9fqea1g tq4a 2(e and interact with each o1aqt ehf2g(8k4a9rg q ther in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i i hg 9(zws-8w *)ajt)i7(kmi/g pujgcs lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largea x 1ev4cb8f6 ckb2c zw)dnf;u3:i o.y biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they i2f3b4i zxd:fv .nwe81buycc 6koca );nhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementn w983vet 0d;z a1tzwx that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie-,qivix5x q /qnts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the proi qqx,5viq /-xducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system 7mr) llqf hf4)3eq3oc


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en,7k6z2 k l2tsimhpg cy4m, xq8ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a spe izqo c9f9gp22cies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3i9fpc2 q 2zo9g?

  Figure: Graph of the fsju rcf1,4bt4+ v3 lpvgvw 05rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated 1 d1b2/w3q8sphsitkz rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like bukub9hkc(,xt 16 f )xa small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oka(fuxh1xkbub c )9t,k6 pis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrest1 )kbi4e-vs( t dmmy ::jdy.gnn0p3 kyrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food *e3uztyd /* -mmgk x.mweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on th9di8 xru s;w9ne carbon compounds produ8nixw9 r9su; dced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rxm2kvfw.n9h yk *,1zieaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movefkczga.,tlmz4 )0 i;5ee bxzzc4 1lu .ment of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thq .v58 3wchz(swjw+azat ingest and then break down anz38 (vcs w+j .z5hwwaqd digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrn r m8fw9msf8a8)c7 muamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey8(wyzy y0.z5or 3t6r )yxvd9kqr768d yov tva


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trth l((cuh3yyutj2sd jo1h1q+ .d * 9huue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabki 16)aed3zqt f2 pqc k )qd5j+o19q80 pupwttle seawater-filled6jqewqdpz1 9paoq 0t1p38cf2ku )k)qi+5tt d glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr: biq ;h rz1*,yko9mtgq90 eiyansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversionydco uqh-x1 v(/ni 8;/m.o j5 k1msgjv system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ixa k840tw db5s// fzltn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following s d ) 8:duoxt/i)8qislgtatements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioi xt)li 8g/dqus:8o)d mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e 1c f f*z;3t+kquzelt5nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representaixsqkd n(r-daj,: 44irg2f (ing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic margh41d kqy99k6 m x7lehine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilefeh9j e5/x5q ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurathgoqf+oo*p 0 *u+k:zmdw/ah 6ely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could ex8 xx2,.o///lj bgqna hws 8vbd5jcd,sist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like 2s, b 8l5cwaxqxhv,j./ djnd/g8/bso the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.W5at,y )7-v 8mlpsbmcjhat is 8bmc psv)5ja-tm 7,yl Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe tf0nmx 5xaej,s;m+hy /he use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst7kl,)oz,h sq7k 7;1 3,hinpq;ukqofafnx7 wsems.

  State the name of the process that converts caneos4tp2:j1 d rbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratej: dn4epts21o s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othp1s+zp .m-wd/s /o g 4wegfd1f(d*xyzer carbon sinks.o/gs 1pxgm s-*ef (wd.z1yw4zd+pd /f
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carboxarhaz 59 gii)4e ji3(n cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pnn2kzn7-+l22 (qwpv l+qlcs.r:u ov e er area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that-tw+i;t4vm+ rhh coxyn0c 9h3 are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP)xmmed.jn; rv4z/42r n can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbh;*jbdjw-kmn ; x8tk9on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cykel/e zo67y z9c ) o,4t6fdkqacle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in wi) - 0n)pv4sjpswmb1an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste 9ocg3g+qgwd7 m in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyin,5vpuf30 tnit p9 wg6xk r0,iaw/ fr( mujff5-g bacteria.

  Identify which of the followinx09w8 +age +vl khh+iu6jb8q x7pbk;j g is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl 78vhauw9l+ge0 q6xbkj +kpj8;hb+ x ie.

  Figure: Average per capmp2tihj-9+h :7q-szqfag m d7ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresseszg;un: u+dsx; from a pioneer community to a climax czu;g+dn:u;s x ommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f d:r/y7k8n(sh+db z .ah o0h fw; qiiu4be7)isollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per 3lf +of 62yit7vpxf9 zcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usimn/tsis n dumee2r a80fjw. i63)v 62ong bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darknesv2/m farsi06u36e82mt ei) w . ndsjnos. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon s,yku- nv7;cb itorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 19v4,p2:v+v bk g,gwdf r7 ;s;:b hsikkd88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome )6yya1 psarx;z a0j2s

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, xx/*j7 vfac zm* i:8m0ruzi:s Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one hgom; onbfjwi6,o3 f974k7xvor more statements from the following.bkwg ov4 7o,9 fjmhf736;nio x
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other py0t)f)q + kh/nzzzap3hysical variables. List the main factors3/z )tkh zzanp)0q+yf that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of thextea4 q-ez56 h rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related t qevn48:kis, fxjhkuc6,9om,7z w z s1o4tg8oo diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I3 hxuzplxhn1(4k:2+offy*kc.x . i uiom- 8mgtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two her v84hkpm/-6 6 ghc tuxwq:/caebivores in different biomesvq/w4 kgecp -8x/ a6:ch6hum t


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPhg z7pli r4:iko8,u8zP and NPP as primary succession progresses fro hko4l8,r7pzii 8:zugm a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo*d mvkl3d; 4hillowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary svi hmd*d34l;k uccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usf glo, eu/;4,nr:ejdging a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature ui +u -eo/yfekp): q:won the rate of photosynthesis ou)w: y q/epfke:u +-i



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a1ol5o:s 7rlm2 og lpha.w ar*( field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serb1z+ab53h sykies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked.zybsh1+a3 kb 5 The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabim*f/j 6:a s7o +uol- sdjtcd8hlity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings ctoh*d+df8:jj am lus6so /7- of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplinbr3 kh,1- hosgxt zpi,hf+);dg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek g p.4gvpz(*dd




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts h6sccbgvo*bxg 6(z( 8 of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follcpw3: 0;i wuwl3crzv+owing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s;riw0vc:wwu3 +lp 3czpecimens.