What is the best definition for a specie9on w/rc3 k,gns?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro wft -lml,ey9c.e,c5bsc4 -eome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descr b(fon0e /ktw8zvt)p /ibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2pt8)/ke(wt fzon/b v0;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o5sk 3ql6ad) x-w0mtmxf a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie.kmnl23*:xn1p zd60j ev qxcq s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-s8 s8 xm5 fevlns6h; epoh1v1 y9yl8lz)ized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and 9 sepnlzl 18y65sl1v8;vmfey)oh 8hx ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of tph;f0 ,/ah:+f kc3ab: xiu; gmhpshx)he groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally,c v+, udodt3o u(ntaf6o6tr1 in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the lar1fdt,3(o d6uon catv, 6tu+ond area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the+f ;-forzpcv * growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of t)l1s usd::eq(5.qp9kqo ,8akuju b u dead plants and animals.9dqs1s k bkequp.u(at)uol q ju 58,::
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f+ju 9y .b;enwsood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l i6fflmys n23;2r8btl,y-t t aive and interact with each othe 3-t;f82r6,n2ttba sym fliyl r in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystem ewl /1ro;kok9 ,n)okps.

  Rainforests are known to hy6n()z2;hnwu vb qx9have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they q zh;n9yvnwxh6 2) bu(inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct 1m/g t* jx l7p8uy9vucqnm66bdescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive ensa/w tcu4lnm( wh l(( zxj+9f,zymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorc/j fwu,h lzwna( +ml( s4x9(tb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemsx.aa j2lqf6c 8;auu +


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of cvi*(o vg8nc (s2r; orenergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 0 q6f--umha3t;qx iy 62biziu1; Factor 2 and Factouqt 3uif-26y 0qam6 hz; bi-xir 3?

  Figure: Graph of thejdrii:-)qj 6v+e) zrp rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate4osm0(xad,g8j)wv+tw4x p garzi8rk pat+0 5d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like6nil v uom1--x a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the m6 ux1l- o-nviIturi Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descoz+qntmj6/e : ription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web nd qpt pz cpj(2.9 j07euz9cq/ws+6uq



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feejjk)c mc1z3( cd on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae f 13jckc()mj czrom carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemz6hy 80oll4 itfjif *:ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of hj,e5 j jv0edtl(*)kothe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best de,d-7vu +,+zqu : ,b f)iuzne +ea okfzha:zj)gscribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and theouqf+u,,be-nf ,j:azega:z +iu+zk vh dz7))n break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numvv2q:c3( orq : i)v;ixeiyf*x bers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator cr7j:3vpm.rpnmpay-q +h:a7 and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodipiq co97 9v4zjc;ss ns5)c5vrshenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticn9l6w 8 mc85oxwzt4pm mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae,m64t8wxnlo p wm9c5z8 shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.6ihjfv/g/3 zl2kzj 8 t9zl+fc

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sys+aye;8awopm 5 ozt ;(x j3r6i:hztq-e tem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooz3v. z8jd5ppzr9s ie9dgca /u1 c:j,p d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing ary:q)a,e36t 7ph jtff pyramid of bt:ef7htqj f6 yp) 3r,aiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ev )5vwa ri,k(mnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for refdizp g; . 3tum 3s8wx9g6xss+presenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic ma 2 01ietln;fpao.wu8wrine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecos9z l2kfr f/ou*ystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descriag ns7;taq7ygpe+eci (z3) 0fbe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could a7ga(l otq 0e9y1/o zsexist in a savannah system with parasites on a consums1a t(yo0q/97gl z aoeer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correc;bzudtsncd 7ywo65( .tly from the options below.What is c7 6ub toy s.zd5;wd(n Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describebaldt0;r/wg6 18o cz n the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromguii, w 08g+v,if(i63h dojrbj5 )cec ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conv1y,blkbd7 :n7r ;qqbuerts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy7ql qr7n by1ubk;, d:bdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sink*jz*o8p;u o scfhwjlb.+e 1ln fm)22gs.jlo* pozglu;c wf+1h)b *s 2m2enj f8.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyc1 ub1gzq,c zqxfj9/: yle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of ener2 eus:g8hua*ggy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements z9zu+ o m(, 2nc;dpcbdthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (zdt;a 1dm knr26mxz/wsa 9:4 hNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mari oc4u lr;x/vjqe9-lkoin4-l)ne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of c/f i,c l6ec2p:kdmd/aarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec90kw) /rfuh dxosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecs 0ycw +m s;mhs,ku(h5osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrihlm.w y*:tir z081n;8g 1 qhszih6sbw fying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma bda-p c/ts a;;:9mxmpn-induced effect on the nitrogen cyct -c;xp sdb;ap /a:mm9le.

  Figure: Average per capital 15,,d 4rgntgje4voi $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPuwjx:rtj6 -)nP as primary succession progresses from a 6rxu:nt w)j- jpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.zyp3y smii9saq 6wzr4p),; d )

  Figure: Average per capita m esob7sq-ztpz i nvl0x sop3dtw06; 5**3xo;$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodeaul.. ej-p hxk)gjrzrh- u3a9/ plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved /u).. -rh9ljx-puz rj egka3h oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows+dxu;np, *v/+ msphux9v8tag in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-0 vti8ku6lz w;a+ -ygh/:yaip 2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for aah u 2frq*p;9zvgc( z, biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Roox9 -6d9sfva bme, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cho0m5x,p7c+to 2w wsf wqiv r8/hosing one or more statements from the folqpw+8hw2i tcs0o r v 5mw7/fx,lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othar7avxek/ -q:b xq(4wer physical variables. List tkex7bqr-xw(aa 4 v:/qhe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rai+i tl8t-sveni pk3 v+(nforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecotoy uf/0 ev qvh4(i5:csystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Robg3a b4 ;v::h 049ffqt ltot-jpsiig 2me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two (;f 8nsxq:.aunjvpu)herbivores in different biom :(ua q fn8u).;xsnvjpes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrrj ,w3fnu/l 6 5dssl1cesses from a pioneer community to a clima,n5 s/rswfjudl lc 361x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is nggl/ ba.e 6hp,qkt nx64)9kav ot correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successlgbpaeq4,6 nv hx.)t/ 6a9kkgion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factrkol r uh)gsq(::9j4bm4n b2xor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature .tkexy: (( rlyon the rate of photosyntk(yrl:(e .yx thesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in q. h0e1 l-o,ihp6tix ka field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of g(8mtw,5o ahfwiz6 j )beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 inseh(giwftwm6z85o )a, jcts, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is imporj v:mq4tnad+1 gg5,hstant to take multiple readings of the same facgd s+4mja,nq1:gh v5 ttor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in e* rj0yfrt(/ftvvan2 u- r5 vt,cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willobk)r:j5puf-x /i/w omw Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in teh ne tpe,ag)e4idgb , 6+5*qrwo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effec -zhw+-fba54clqd1gl +r, zfvtive for sampling motile (moving)dvg1z 4lbrlc wzq+-,f5hf+-a specimens.