What is the best definition forexiw),, bjyvx8k/:fr; ep j/s a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italym m *xxf3/- (anppqiq7


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe v5+z1uf1uw zw a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;fuwwz+15vuz1 Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p r)ax f.ezq)fa 6z/7dwopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma p90 tt(ft83+ duiek. aik0loy species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraf:ufv+ dwje2 *yfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congowy j:v*e +u2fd. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popula5arj+qxru je fqr9 ;9hw2. ,wption.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally ifnfpf8 +n/z2+j wdld5n1k 6cv n North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolvekn6 z2+n pd l/d58vj+nffwc1f s may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth o s6m m y.o(:,kyhxgtfaf98+oof a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mi-;g s0nz vf1yqtes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalsgq0 n1;vzs -fy.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha)r .a vz4cc 7ki-u:kjhins


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed se *djbl6woy19txu f5o 4al, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oce9o1 lo5w xjufb6ytd4*an.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosmxt/j,zt a igc:96s9qeu9 kx+ystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and avxt4/rgj x43 j +gm6tp large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envirr tj3/t+p 6g44jvxx mgonment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct de e1hrm9z8fs n-scription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutr,00a(ll yxrx qients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the produyq0r(al0x,l x cts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culemaqil:g 6fq .kuv;7sw4) r ,ka 0sbn0tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of z*m d8w ds7rm:energy.

  List three factors that co4x)p)tv nd ,w .gyk+cpuld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and ygnp k . xw4,d)p+v)ctFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthety2 h b,auskv :bus+d.:k j5n9sis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul5 )i6d/kni9lkgdc-zxtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafh ugf(0q:g .un4tzd e3fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic 0g:.e hdqu z gtn4f(u3of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descript4 9dc,a ;bpwndion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo cyi76o3n/giri 1 tb9g6a8ulhd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carppf2kz hddbz; 3.cqoe yu/.0-bon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, 2qy;p.3 -/h zfpzo cbk eud.d0and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: l,i2ysq:8j o 8ymag5-.ur ytg


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagrr//kv yriu6 +zam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes org(5bt d18kf ucbfc 2a;aanisms like earthworms that ingest and then b8ftc5; ub1f ak( cda2break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o.8z0gz7el.kvzy k,t de hb3d-f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and ,cxb,v cl) rb 2cgu9s,its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that a005g2thr t 6sd tuaewzc qu2.:re true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a comm a5b.wal+f,)s0ueck:a8n urj ercially available seawater-filled +8.na elacufwua,bj 5 ks0r :)glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tbnq4, us n(6my5 zja+xransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy con ,mvw -ox()ksrversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo0mf/4vqztq/a od chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussin2jej/eiovql9(t j 7q- g a pyramid of biomat j(q/e q7ej2i-9v oljss.

  Figure: A pyramid of enevb b,hxlvm019f )yht9 * dv*hvrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing po o;l; 7pj0qzgroductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine vr 7 tn 0dwfe1li9z+ +-feo*slfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecozpwi;h3 qo sud /46hsn 6hu(xt5kz2)ssystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describu pia(:d/ha :5ym i4;qby gg2z0a.plde a food web.

  Identify the pyramidc5l,+.y 0gipy;kir:p4)s nyo rg a x,d of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras ,p i5,g k a)rogr: 0yin4;.spcx+ydylites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirata58hgs r/ 1vof;pp a.dmejk7/ion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and 7s8 phg5 d/m1eka;f.vo/prjaRespiration?

  Identify the statements that ;2 pmlokl mtq,p ;0er6describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from 1;h x6hc6 zjtrjo/g7 becosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbo eba/oe36dc4ka (c,xswov4;in dioxide in the air to carbohyc/ei(x 36oa vdas,wek 4; 4cobdrates.

  There is continuous c8kr/ e. 4vk9qbpo,kqoycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.p, b98 kk.e4oo/qrkqv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lo2mvc8 b6k 7b*q rx(jb g0ozmn m5e1dm*ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy g( dp4gy8.q mwwib/:b fcs1a+ in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are o+d,c n k0+g*ik2 +9ndx1eqfqflyly 7 true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pro 2meg;h+2ckf 4lg1kukductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine ce: (f951,hxxqhjvg n zarbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carmv6)vm5ug ga .*qkjy)bon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco3f f 7 chkci3kq:-t6+v3mb.lyn a k/issystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy3tmhsi 9 *c3;zkmpo c/stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that t8e7 .,evsxygq a g45qis not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fob. + jyeanf 7.)o8wjipc izf)6llowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclcof.) az.+y ijbepni )78f6wj e.

  Figure: Average per capita ;sc;o6,k0v6 qupbyy:lo uf (n$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as /pgx)l4s f j5dprimary succession progresses from a pioneer communi/4lsd j p5fgx)ty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiisk :r 4vk6*vys e8i.yon.

  Figure: Average per capi9faeyh/ rdf;b 9p kt;8zrv+ (mta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pla.l ans)p 7rjom*+ml p,nt in water. One was kept in,a l ln*r7s o)pm+jp.m light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in d6 wze)*r:iv iGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries zrh m8igy1cel0wdge;( q9:zkc7 s; 4hby region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a 3 w b)uy 7l5u7rce;syibiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itnbo+ucfk x z,,x/ /84*pipshbaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsj/tip(,qp djpk,z/kso *e2 5 v from the folkv5 sp2*kjip q,/,/epzd o(t jlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. 74h27r: o zlsjztfx,vList the main factors that characterize the terrestrial b x ztz s747ho,rlj:vf2iomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bink1ctwjr 4o/9i/ mg:d*m d1s /5ntk rlome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem. n r6mim q4iq; ke; *3iab17xcalw3s,g

  Figure: Climate graph of Romex qqjsy l8bzp7i43h) 3, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivore w44kibc.;sqas in different biomi.kws4;b q4c aes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP an/uyfd zppuxuc -7 (r0/d NPP as primary succession progresses from -d xuz7yf0pc (r/u/upa pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the puq 0hm0- ;dg;7u3gb,k otshxchanges in productivity du3 x;b,- mk 0qgdsgtu7h;p 0uohring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dij cq , kwk-2cv0*jm8losk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynt**m4 h eh39zjc 1xcgcg4 h93zxc*cmcgge j*h1hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in gyo4ml2y ,i ,dodo) a;+g*ybx dtcm 2)a3 ur+va field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimn6 4:jf/6d.wb; glu *a y l2v4 tvpstx:1kobyiens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 wf oua: :/ysv12.lb6ldkn;itbvy* 4j g6x tp4of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the ;v5o) slx/ dledata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same se) dv;/5lxlofactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used inivbj2v - 9vu0o ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willoei9 6dq-iiqlgqc6l aax 23uy*,i y)w ;w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cree 6zv th 7* xumvyq;q1xz+c)(rak




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective f6 z0xc m8epe11*ut xkoor sampling motile (moving) specimensz x0ucok1 e8xm ep6t*1.