What is the best definition for a species?p.xqimk. (:jx

  igure: Climate graph of l.edk 8 qgxz.mf08um+Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specieyqae: nm*einss :98w1s' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto:si:q wesym1en9 na*8r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati7aaykjc o-y yd4,/zs-+ d 7rqlon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schixj2 4uj kvozk;enr.t b*qfns-u,y1(4 stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizedfn: uf4qbci350j7cnqi ;:u lp k8in4i giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratiip 0n;kn ubqn :c jic8:3qlu4i5f74f ic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgaqe(5:or yd,ho p g:b1anisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (o v.m; a:+bnoiCanis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wavo.;+: mbi onolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time+ rt-*jve hzx64gsog(op5r1 v .

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snaiv 9pm 46kje y4m0t49h)xmv ohzls feed on the remains of dead plants and animal 90mzyk vetvj6mh 44xo)9phm4s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of to-.b3d lp-snv;kja.ly;yc1yw o k) . oaxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seaskc)sx :e.r/ dl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in th) xce/:.krssd e cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ene)5pvjah ww0y7rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall wama-e p; .isfm+mt;9 trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known tsp;+ f9-aim .;aemmwto nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement 59blzfbzx7 ,bris/ yh;8s b 0rthat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digesmuok5 y 3li.u)k /(rk/oc9 hwitive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead aniuoki k/./)o (ly9r3 hkmwuc5 d decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratejfswfs8df 4q;: qm9+yd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of envds 7wqx8h: cxy420a fergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nhhfa9vq *w:w-ysrz)z69v6b; wp 3l wmiche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factovww;l 6m rqvb9)fw pz 6hzw39*-:syahr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ratkjta afy*nz:l +6l:/gn z+sse( q.3dpe of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivara5r )p bh gua-1jm:n 90emfwi6qti (;tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizr-w +8p,tts iimr1(nu ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat frui1t +urn-r,8wp(isimt t. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow+ l0+qhlbdix*+uq2amno-if 3 in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo ajkre6n9u5yofx3 -1p d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live zg+ .mk gc(j*cinside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds pz kc(g*j. cmg+roduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: 7h*r3 wqv:+wf jj i3tznxs0+p


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified syst;g+kukse:95lfcs;ar n,t)r fems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followi j1is5/,gn 4iwhnp 7lwng terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-nj, pi54wgl17h/ wn siliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramy6vmn 9 p5ojyvc s;tzw co*9+(id of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofvk(mm9n.w:.b8lg87wmv/r b w d4q dml a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethangkskjy 8bx9*.e (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic2leo7w i+:2fawz(q y h-)ahqz mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to prov7ai)e(woqw+zq2 afz l:- 2yhhide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfoq lce.7)8 jbjrrmation.

  Figure: A natural energy x*(r;v gv29mng lvc+ vconversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsf3gbah.sq.qoh p;*q+t k, g(t0)xysd




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statez0 uo/kbzcuh7taitn:, ; f3w3ments is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass z3 bu:ti /hw;f70a3,ozkntuc.

  Figure: A pyramid of c+x+ cx x )er2rj8a ctvhndn.z:(x s(+energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repres:mc68 ydp:oho enting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mah uqmlz1z-2*c4b,(cwnjpr hi. ew ;n3rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a ssxv9rqta*e y84jw) t y k8+4zeoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately des,iwr um-lz5 9g18aouwcribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i,rs 2m.g vuf1; 9 yeuaupp9l0un a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lfm0; ,u1apgu9e9sy r.2puluvike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bexx+4ad.m 8 /mv 2y:hjzphh:qvlow.What is Photosynthesihyxhp vdhx2j8.mv mq:/a4 +z:s and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe - 1o;qt7idm7w 8xmtgithe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost froy1t5bcr pta0v :1rm.fm ecosystems.

  State the name of the process-pqiisui9(y ymu xk(; ad;+h. that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydhu;(sy.-(axp ; 9qdy i+iumikrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frhyx. 0er0ruryq 8mha.e ep- *9(.tr aqom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.hep.a.r.*0 rq9eu rqr ( -hytyme80xa
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in t:8(3fmh ava1a+3* yojm hlj.as urxt)he carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy ihpl cyw xacc,f 24q.g/16e 4dwn an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements s2ksk72h+xf:. ke8rwg eo v 5sthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary jal4z: x z*:dfProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of theo8fl:ehcka )93ns0vaq+ n, 2* onuhkj marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t jc--r/+ tarp0z(bix4tqgz8whe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystfxsb*cpu9 33gem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tee8po. l 1;thw7rclox8rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying r6gpmuarx) .rf ydo7 +1e -;o 3zj,sewbacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyuj3+s8pojp 9(t b;g ahcle.p3 hsg(jto8 +9u ;pbaj

  Figure: Average per capita hn 4honj4)a 9*jfs2fe*,r04 rt k kksb$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP aes hrkc+1uf /:s primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to +h1:erfkc su/a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exampleathy fb;+ gt---r) .jd;okafy3 xo:yk of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitaf gs 1pq:xh )3(efetsk2d8x y/ $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodesiyi2gau+ ekouz 7 .ylb7r:6/kfk ,a3a plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the7ik 7 f6l aakyb3kz+2.os:yig uure/, experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stog qn7 ,a0la/i d zw,(cz:q,xsy y+nz9orages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionns6 r5f ,0up f9e/wmzjud6c;f 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a 9rldk+ gi yz9ae-f3vve98.r vbiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro*lenf :*nwac ,me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemx4x 8 ff /djqp-xek:h04 d5ksdents from the followin4f:d/-sxq f 50ex4hk8xkdpd jg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lii-b qk35t 0zfvst the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biom z3f5bq0tv- ikes.

  State which is not a description of ao*l0 mzr;cy6kv; 8jk the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stateme6dz5cu7sj3 1lc con a0i)gs 3ynt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ip7aosd sh:qz4roi+h ,b*z6l1 taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivqyd3m r:2if)7-ndxi rores in different biomi:mq 3y drd7rx )-2fnies


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession p15 5j b)tpm6jo.v(ezkmkr-tt rogresses from a pioneer community6btt ojm kp-ejr.15z) t m5k(v to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementsi l d3clu ;)s(o75zhut is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. o7;uzs( 3clidhl)5tu

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cak +243t; mah,icyfpcl9hyc6w n be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on txm 66 zvp,8wwahe rate of photosynthesisx66w m8,vaz pw



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aogg 6d3ct( y,h field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series w (o 1qvit6r.mof insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a totawt1.o rmvq6 (il of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabjbw /pe -5bag2r/)mrbility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of th /wr5mpbbg)ae- /b2j re same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used invd6/zql 7cqh/kp 7n.eq lki/9 ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two gjo 9 .:7ozra*uothf*samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for srs9zvaym +-thy we:l,l13 ke4pecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effeap,f9uokibd 1vh7z/e9,4 p7l ffhn+jctive for sampling motlj4aod f hipfb 9e 797npf,uh/zv ,k1+ile (moving) specimens.