What is the best definition n5c,cvt.vybav *nml9gai 5a(pfo4 ; 9 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Roer+lb /t 2zdz3me, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nf8ubewrsyh f6h71joc/ u/ ,3eiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;hu c3 eh 8/er,ubfswjo/y7 f16Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula cljrug/,sp qke4r;f7 -sv ,q7tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specielim.aee4 +ugedn7h4 ;52v sacs



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe qjay5t54m c clh1ca1+and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s am 151jcy+5c ql4ah tcmilk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org( 9eafw xqs,)eanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americk 3 h,/acx41j+gw9,nibqd f9slv*vnoa and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.W1* 3cdq osf/ n,iv bwx vk4jgl99a+nh,olves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatio8dnk.j: / :fbnst5;jol* key s4 cd*vkn over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and q3)7ad5gwl6da cs.hasnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.365acaqhadl)g d7 ws .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsh.d vz*fjr;7l in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms./)r 6fjq/0uhq a-r :oohv tig live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcticuoq/ort /h-h j6 ig:av ).f0qr Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy i-(auk ncogf*bx5 * c:zs lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to h q+c0 ryjr 3gs4h.jg(iave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been knog30 c+ji yq(rj.rhsg4 wn to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correp :gdh5mz/vq8o2b kn 5rue3j1ct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasingpkbmz-3e s 3*5lt)imc digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fune 3zlks-)*mi tp5bmc 3gi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated b u--w m rsn5m1jka,o)rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of endy8g2 - -d6.tjen;y2e qan fogergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factorhyv2zrl 016joyv7 b :e 1; Factor 2 and0:vohe 76z vj1yl2byr Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthe)-nxge1 2+ky6ehb4 qc( dx*g)bg uu s0x,ewmrsis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation synu c4c 3(qul5(dc n2castem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a sm +;qxp+28rena pl *ndfall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It liv;pnx+l8n2df*p + qe ares in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptionl og (walfnr3u5ue (k 0z(u+2y of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food)+ s bty3lei*r x5gba5 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae 9x* +7l ozo:ffp.vgqa that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water: q 7+f*.z ofaolpx9gv, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio2h q-t rned8ks59bnx0n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systk.8pyq4 h n;-bab;s35.pk kwe8qx khqems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best desx sf/ smoy3 j9p;5ze9 0h)az)y 0xflsccribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mat5jy/zzoa)ces p x;)fl039 x9s symf0 herials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid :haieamd:e o;q4f:; h of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denfbv7w*wzu+) xpee/irs6k :f3sities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane0,o :u-qat)ol ye x 5xcmifn h2;rf*(olqb ;b8 (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usi /me1ykzsadt 7- m2jk6ng a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrt2a mj mszkk/1e6d- y7imp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplef4jb9t q/c sk: it)ei; of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion dm.kr kf/or -x/b: 1 6swy0iztsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toul iv ai9u,z2)xins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p + fw h0hm o.gn7; lutsii4dx/t/8av/iyramid of biomas4h om;i ui.xaih/dt08t7f/lv+/wgnss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energpap2zl 4orepa(: wuf a31q-l 5y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for rep(/v7xnjzi2jj +i./ u dejsr, bresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mamv3 v)cnj wl),rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystema/ kd/tghla7 6b4xs) nz7*cd f




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurn1 u:5 rfm:p/vy *ucudately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system d.)7w66combw kz q h0rwith parasites on a consumer likeqwom)rwk6 c 7hz.60bd the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tho3t)l ,uqb1h ge options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respil t1qhu)b 3,goration?

  Identify the statements that describe dra1+5 ,il wx01 3d ndojalje/the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is l-w:v b3.zdlha7 )pust ost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxi51 ce+osa:liede in the air to carbohydrates.ol +sie1 5c:ae

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to u+k vd.bd-,j cother carbon sinks.jb ,c- u+v.ddk
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires,;;;4h ousl j(eckmiu the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pe(svw e,s; jrb-aef ;f7 v:ill0r year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thasfbr6;s2rw6sytk gpqa .-4 t /t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (qtwfm+o j g45kg9- fm.NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbo+h.(n-rat p zxsb,p+wn cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon +b 8cw8sj/q(l 2x xka5y d(ooocycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem b;bwi; 9fw:hy


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecbxmc99,gizckn1 y d76osystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyix0 /4y xlbkgp406y2 kjrgg ;mn;wory3 ng bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inducg:)l,nw09siyu (z s dmtvv+g(ed effect on the nitrogen cycnlv0gm)twdi,z sg :(u s 9+(vyle.

  Figure: Average per capiq(q82.t k ifrtta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary p 6albi74ypv5+a2 (wr)c h wzwk 1y;jqsuccession progresses from a pioneer community h)c+ka 4vr1ap76 jz w(yiplwq b w52;yto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trty2.xwd8 77gyj3l-rgb .7 h-gpzs ant ansformation.

  Figure: Average per capit-g+ emk8qmwh 6a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carritqpvjn,:( hk 5ed out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in dark:j(thkpvq 5n, ness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annuau7;xb*7cx*7obfdm8 z 5udfa 2 co5bgk l flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries 1 r-l3fg hmnbdd (3jc-by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b(ipaeiag f ljwprzr-8 r455(tm xk9:)2aaza 6iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy)3(2jn5v,4q 2tjq ahhevge6 +s/a 7tet jafkj



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept y)0l8qoq4qhdf : 2seb of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followis0l qo:dy q8)2hbf4qeng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Li05pu q usw-wv1st the main factors that characterize the terrestri1vwp u- 0s5qwual biomes.

  State which is not a descriptioiorc8 e52tqo(l:v og n23ia4 bn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eco+ dnx t6neeoc7ha/5 /ytv, rm.system.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itai ndn -u-2-kr lb+fos1ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivoreszh vl-exw9ju a-.6v w( in different biomesaxvv w9wzh6l.eu- -j(


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in b*8leagn 1uk4 7cq 8) cq-fxsoiiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pi*o7l )4xa 8-kqu8sqeng1ifcc oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stateme3q syuhoul46:4 l5ib0e byf -snts is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession6sly 3:bl5ify4hq0 u-u4b eso.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factoahk xenst :d5/;1,jng r that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat7na*hm dcfd*:e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesi*f nmhc7 dd*a:s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in l49jxn gq7ws-t4vfs 1a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of tjkif;s;n tw 9/4v *t7umrloodrm2)*insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The nm*24;v r;9 j mk/s*dio)u ntolrtw7tfext day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the3mo t+y-qxku 4sb n1-l data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factky34 ouq+1b tn sxml--or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling ;kjh0umi4 + ;l,um h9nu1t rb0nuxx6 f


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek ,8lrzv;h nf;ezun m)6




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willowk.aa e.ptn5jpqcu9 . 9 Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplvd g5kg.- :hy,de*h rjing motile (movinr.vh *j,hyd:ekgg-d5g) specimens.