What is the best defi-5sci3,:7aimp7pm7hs nl 7spq 4gqywnition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, kr(sdl ;y9d:8ayc ch:- fpc-pItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facvnm w2kp8:i p)tor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3:2ppv8k )nw mi?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu1-c+b-qvmcyc lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle o2p4 ;kwr vltcd8cs /5ff a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that +2m,-tjk voq/j9 gqmcresemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they 29q jco/ t-mqgmv,kj +are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of thb k2z+0gy(spee groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occ+7 qrv ccs+bsnf25: d1onuc .fur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for tf: cc r+s1 co.nsu527fvqnd+ bheir pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that b+ue4u87);1ft1zvriizk zhjz est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mn9it wv e40ge4twpqx/lvt7wyl1*/1n ites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.9ypl w1g1i* /nl 4 xe7/4v0tvwtqwten
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins p;;s (z2j(j4bb zi nn(.sqexzin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear3wqtvz:q ,f1 n and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wat q3f t:q,wznv1ers of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enexfa)bylx5 q0,ct9go (, xmc vw7m/t9p rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producucbvbj: 9:+ lctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical env:j9:u blvc+cb ironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that:jfyi; t; hpcg +*t9zn is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrie -5o3sqffzv: cnts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The e:fsqczfv o-3 5nzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice xp ;:tx6zq q-uf:,tadcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used foo y)plk8 wt3h(r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that c0z9p ksf *;lv +cin*ceould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and vif*+ le*0ck;pnszc9 Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures 5q6hktv9; d- lvy0jmqf9n,5p knuiy 3

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system df586bvq.yno jqyin2 a 7c n:;


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a 7a 9sx j 295phwymf8b,-7l zqqca.mau small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It li27 7m95w9fhqucq.j,lpzaa am xys8- bves in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripldnxjabj9 ,l )*a i8o2tion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webqpw qbi h7wfkn 8o+624



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thq0:5j xqc7r rnl0npx 7e carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon d qjcrqnp 0n5xr770 :xlioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea qb(qrdki /fk7pk+,t. ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocijnbd-sv*i6 l7cn9y gpt*x:ptx9p (- ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bm 8 r(yq,jea.efgwh5; +l-e pzest describes organisms like earthworms that j 8h,y5geep mw (;- af+z.erlqingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid +5lfop.rktlkf/58ok of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey af,dw+1jx;dsfac 9 ,kd jhk3s1j:d1 m


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tr2l0q np*;-vfl atcv5sue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic meso(tgmh7s 2aggh77m pw3cosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statemen77w32g amphs(m7 ggthts are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.y-,d( vdb.n cw

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system :y;c- y,lltx8ox i,yg


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodnjusu u+c(c,x 5tx2r6w(o k 1vbn4m 1m chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discus 3qf+gb9agv g:lq.8nbn -3 ghtsing a pyramid of biobql nh:3+b-gqnv.3ftag9 gg8 mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ ,xafwdmko8iua9, .r,m t .ik.y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyjftb :l2;ozw7bfbkrzmh5bl7+ i-ur;xi 8 2w 6 stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wecg fyj*-+ 2uatb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem k-hvw:a8q,a fs 5 fldunp+/: f




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura se(j :k zlptve)7h+v,tely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sav,lb2 5kjo(w hmannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsm(ol kjb5w h2,

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options uj8 v mftwg097below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration? t 978jf0gwmvu

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDTw sxb h 6i7xdck s4-)ekd37(zo as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e oz6elvw/n wh.+-+,g ewp lv n1.3jufunergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carb(frjxcz mp -1bh.t:k+ohydj t1m-b .(czxkfprh :+rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to oto0 u.+bzkmeo 5u(- 6kl5b elaeher carbon sinks.e5z6o+um(l.5ubal eb e0k-ok
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that bph3 qye ,z;es/s)vuhvy 6 x*)d7d/qzrequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per aq *zbtm-p+55ld sd91rnkwz3urea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen,7iho hdy)a /dts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (N+joui sv;tx)az0* o/ al31qsz SP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagrdu7w*t+vz/h np,k ps k*;2khpam of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cv ,p8y2vw; .qp((w;;dxfxrimwyqr( zarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow n 7(gs l0q6cbgin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri1y9d3y/8 cdafbs+6brmyo2i c . 49v ybaq-apjal ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true-u:mp+t yxw 1mi:xu*hfea iky;lz +zn8o3,f9 of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a 6l-(x vvylkw. human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.x.ylwlv6 -kv(

  Figure: Average per capita : vj*t+z icwiy/fl6nc 4.0iq jcfn4y8 $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPPt g(e65: :iawdl1ze4w7jed:mi )jxpa and NPP as primary succession progresses from wg1al6teip :j7()d j:4:xz eid wea5ma pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fogb:*e(m 0hu /amld bf:llowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per u95susq eco u6,jbt)0j 6k6bscapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wate,dn/2 gcmt-aor. One wa ad2omt c,-g/ns kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual f( /p owq/; 3w9jbbb-ug9t qgqmlows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiop9tn kwwm92;ff5pnlr 5f jo-3n 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a oybrh0,cpuhn a/ 1svge +8z :*biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I,o .jnd5 ds8s06 - thyx)vddk0 rk7nyztaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemw9h*pbb/ n b:d:zvd q3ents from the following:bzv p39n d/dbhbqw: *.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns anj3rrhr 9(tucs- .oy9mcd +g-nd other physical variables. List the main factors that 9cr 9gyjrhst.m-u(-rc+dno3characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descri.zicg8gt73kx k :n8bs ption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement r.+1sgph uersh p*) ze4+mpw n5elated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom m s1:u .3ke-pdjet qfgt qq7g//6p1zde, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary producti7,oij3j )xly dvity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes ojx, i3yj7 d)l


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiveri(hys/zyaih f21pyp4 :k7.hof6i c;ssity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pi yy f y;p1o ph6shi2:4(kfascih.zi/7oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followid (;jcw:rch 9m. jg .*n sa3ftvh1z5hbng statements is not correct in describing the changes in prg b:hc jd. 5a h tcz*v(3m9wrj;.n1sfhoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured 0ts8gz1 xf:rpusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate2qiz(zjn dwks6 f-w,9 of photosynth(z6sw,- z 29iwnfdjqk esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a5 axsmp1b-s 5gr9,zno field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle,5tec pdcx;s: o5py3n A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next dapp s;,5xcyt5:edn3o c y the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is cn 6vrogant;;oz2d7 / important to take multiple readings vdoortcn;/ 2a6n; 7zgof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use9y)qtz0 d/k* lzmv-alcu fwsq di)4pc6 5;f2zd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two tjflqt;0 g0 6w2q t1a6oan 7e0mqx8sdsamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specieskj4eg*(sfa t) sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques6a 7z:)obh.opj3kvhpxh y(7 w is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.:3ho x)(k.vwazjb6h7 7o ph py