What is the best definition for a tsa2:4k 1dv2vfbem :nspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I 9mjlr,sd(aa,gy56gah c o0eh; 6 dr1otaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;9gbv(7l zfg v) p;i9abFactor i(fba)ggvzl p7 9;vb92;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of -p2sx8 oca tblqrv: :5a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistdu; gm5axnge32/bf:j a t:xz; osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the jiy8ngnmvd ylwof5/op8+btjq7 0:71zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring bj7yn:mvl8/8tqj7f 5n0og1dwpo iy+ which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is u/ , wod: jb8w3suc.una population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natuy3+f n x16 l0mckomifi9:.kilrally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.ffxml 9n36.1iimk:0yi col+kIdentify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popux/61(/wtbjh3refs6 hu( ckqk lation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feedtc lptxx38f1 4 on the remains of dead plants and animals. t3xl4txfc 18p
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains)5+ f;s 6a re bd16cxxv rw*4io/kvvhr


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organ x.fp.cl9xe u:isms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceu. l9p:.cxxefan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ,5pg vs.3 jmwznfe1+hecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biom,0te:x /c wzroaf ai3g1((sviv x+bu.ass with high productivity, despite infe3/easac+:ur ivtxgw,( 1 xof(zv.ib0rtile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemenf trkunysiib,6 m.o3o;,9 zi ( gdm*-lt that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releaf p4h(jg2 9hay:yjb )asing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as:4j2bpj ghha(a)yf9 y dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syssgy59va/4 9eqs9nq kqtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fogn5m lkcd0m q,-i 4*vcr pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specieybhm8y )*jcmrex 81f;s' niche.What is Factor 1; Facto8j yecym1h r*bmfx 8;)r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesi7nyw9l70d zxn-sz 6 /imdijniu:x q).s at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv+h x ,b1h0mziu ;)1dcwt,p kapation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-size:b yss;v4z8os ,r h1wxjdn;j1d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary anh4 w1 jbrzssx ,;:yn v8soj1;dimals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrwanvxaw*)9schr -v, m,cb05j estrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weyl ih-q31h5wb vpmis: 4poxx my+49.dd8ql c+b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae tlcq vht/ (h2(bc*: eyphat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produhl:cv/q yt(c(p*be 2 hced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react;5)s-pr(nejcz c8gc,mwor t 6 ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dia(3c2 zgjem0cwa* q*cqgram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms osv c b)mxy4.*best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialsbxm)s.cy4*o v.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o r(op2k)egbtw/ 3 aas+f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its p)kpxrm-koh z/ 1u 4g4d 1ny)knrey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that/uaggn er d5 l67j7/pk are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using aiyjq7 j)l bjpb.s jefr.-07h , commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The jy7s,jijrl hb b7.- fe )qpj0.student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followinn) : i+9cabj/vyen +meg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conve2ioc2)hus5kkt3 5 nbarsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins6z) e y,m1,zgv nv.mgf in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st qp7v*. 2evgy-k 9eisdatements is false when discussing a pyramid of7*sdpk y2.i-e q9 gevv biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyjj;yiza3 3y+59k4l j1kpyqub


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units f9 rujped.ud c00 n+p8tor representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food +b 6+c(oforf-ayzmh, t,o4bcq fd h ;+web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem w 20 nkb21laocesl ,t1




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does3bl9 pmbcwukz hfs2he fbl60/- o3(2;y ky1 yb not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid ofhr7ek3o mx(j 1 hh.fi wn59y6t numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasn .6( 3kyo h1tmj97hriwef5h xites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wh hde:o.5fs6dvg f/y (wat is Photoded (5f:vgwo /.f6hyssynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements 3z 6ujm4uobj: that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form e50s;x fk3- tc-r ju xfge)f(c +ic0dpsnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pr :gjv,u*o: jtt nt qw.q48 0i(ebwp:fvocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrateteq:,:(wjj v0guwt 8qi.t4fpb :v n*os.

  There is continuous cyclingsp48;7x. g/0 f(7w j;hzjwhj1 k3hnttikg lay of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. h /tp 3y(w4 0ks.j k7n 7zah;g 81tijxflhwjg;
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requr 7 hzk+/ zumo kwk/qc+d-/pk:ires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pt 7rivuw7h3l.er area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that wjg0 8p-+pizkyx3. kaare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivizrvs p668q,:1fjq hyj,p f4hdnz0 )hvty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of jny6be - z8-t / ;yscsci4xo;pthe marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carb9 0l l a:y5pcnx 1ezd6+hmpoc t(lh/m2on through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eca v c(jvwa,s,3osystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in -9rz rggrin+5v ,(b xia terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacte.7 t0 (kpvlcu6ej*zknria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nld-gxpi 261n le 1t8h8 flha2nitrogen cy-n1 h8nhalt81g xl p fie22d6lcle.

  Figure: Average per uw77y 2ad*tyhirv e*9 capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bi/ mz*maucl;4h odiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer zm;u4/l c*mahcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an eh,w;2ip0kf0bd mc 8m,3ikc k hxample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitb0.e0mtgy m )bsysbei1*. pm3ef 2ad*a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using 1zy3ajmp( y mehb+v; 3bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolvea 1yb+( jy pvzem;hm33d oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowsah *ba-85grv2 oqi :e-6xdwvwc n)8ty in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by reg65lcvz3o9ft zion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a )f-)mzv4ax tb biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romem n k8) oyfaz kc324ef;c.+jxz, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of r 9rhq6/xm3b n(tu pwj9m:3zz"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.r69zmujq 3(t/xm hr pwzn 3b9:
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizgi ro5oxzy +.;pv ed49ed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that cgxypodo vze9;r+i4 . 5haracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a dez1wvz il8 d4nkm :h9py -qc(p6scription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecdd/n 5qi(ce /, jokr7josystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R; q tota*nkc02ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andndh ut*51y : 5cqyc+ee-yavh7 biomass of two herbivores in different biomecc-51d 5vuh+:heqtnyy e7 *yas


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivu(zj8azwl)8b,d a:m2 m 1n jiqersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses frnlbaj m1w8d, u8z ( q):azji2mom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of theua+ :f1sk n5wi following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary sucn5iu fa:k1sw+ cession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured h-cf8bzih6 ( 2b)lcvqusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect nyx8)u 3o; z sik3edin3 3qks4of temperature on the rate of photosyntos n8keszi3 dnuy433)xk i;q3hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldce yya-*waki nt0k 3(ym/x4t;



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a s9h,3 yzm1 rba d0ztt;heries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked indivz0tz1d y39mht,bah r;iduals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mula;r9jra 6w0 yx;fm4trii fx :/tiple readings of the smarx tf09;6/ w y4afr xir;ji:ame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec9b ev3o cq60ltological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two saf7 l*q 3ebk;;ag2jydamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species5 c ix-pukp: g4t7a pkt2qc*2n sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplinz n-,1pj19mo7wwix ib g techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimen71i m1ob-jxn,iw9pwz s.