What is the best definition for dd 6 u4vvw2u7sa species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romy)n) 6ujxkss5 6u :roke, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fe)+cd0s6nos9e dt ud) actor ) 0ecdd 6)9d t+onsuse2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population z+zct0n t: hqdv4/k +k


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specn1-u1: 7 ; lci fnc/yjktty3enies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble th *fwkhz h)p9f6e zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach)p9wk6zfh f *h. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is axkh+av :11 ek46 xixjs population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in N8y -9 :dborcyuorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protecteduoc-9 drbyy8: in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growpu msf 8+vvpy g:ulwh7/q; ;n:th of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rema2o i,z-cdw96ml.a yh5jh1 cjm ins of dead plants and animaajj,c6d59 y 2.cl-hw1m zmhoils.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains.esc hcc al30:) tei+s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whal2*h2mgm )zrwh4 p3g nhe o2ds4e, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.)m3 nzh rg2m 4ohhwgesd2*p42
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.k y,es-4iu,ga

  Rainforests are known to rcyoitfh-2bp/q8 /a ,z- *f dghave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environmeg tza28h/pfq -/ *od-ifyrb c,nt they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corr 0l x9:;+gy q,oczvcwgect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surro (x.-awj0 kwmo p.)ebjundings. The enzymes break down things suc .o 0mjj(w-.awxebkp)h as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system ova:w+dmr /.mt1e. w2zyr)rq


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for vh4)8mydal5n y tc;)r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatkd qjti5cr6jt54 /ck d)kf*t+ is Factor 1; Factor 2 ani+ ddcqt tc6f5kk4)tj5k*/rjd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phot:s3k u f,,yu 9(gbfiszosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated spjbd bfg3x:m y )i.+9-cn7i frice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip cz 3xgzu4z*c8es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republcczu*g xz84 z3ic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enfs4(uc gd4 (:1+n zgxpry6d cmergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w fc(wdg1;df*8hn oojkw 57rt8eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral1y6j pz-d/kyzrmdc.b27n4 z. :t nvub. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wat dnbzbtr.6yckz z djvmy41.u:p72n / -er, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction0guxxwt z4s/::


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of zh744i/d7 ;:zw avamahrzas/carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followintg3r s,ttid tjfok6sawi*1s8s n2ci: *,8h q*g terms best describes organisms like earthworms that , hrin*t23j6sswds: o*,8iq iftg1t c ka*s8tingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numuazzrb- 6ddf s1cl(h2fv/ * )lbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predataxjh3h h8qc /.or and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrich2k.kf : ncpd78q:k 75zlfd)4gd usara loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sq m q a,s+;ke3gn(1s k;jl,fgteawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements; sg1qt;qsfgm+a3(kjl kn, e, are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of thtcf 7p4ele5*ge following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiorn2;t8gc+n d3xbbtwowt85am9/ hnd3 n system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo ezz wg1e4d/i*; gsdb6od chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following staxhbbs9h9vl9x-vpmn shvp f yq*+4*7)tements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomas7)hbsmhvx 9v-94vbfyl n9ppq +*h s*xs.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener sgpssn 69),fogy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unir0i62nvmgoax* 1o j4qn2ti q.ts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fohs,-rcvs b6ag-por n i9 g42x:od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi2, :c e(l6dpn 8fepezpl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food w lt(9silwri vzopj 97wc wstp446v92/eb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coun;+1nv: lr me9nu8 nixld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thev +xlneinnn 18:r;u9m lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from )0j) lrwg90af qevne,p+,0t b rk-du,do1qhhthe options below.What is hd qrrh jt0nb0 wu90k v o1ae ld,))pqefg-+,, Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the usvk8z(a(jlq5(gb9 w8rwkjs( fe of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecbxjt59 jye ,q5osystems.

  State the name of the proo3t x8os73o pgcess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat73so3g8 oo txpes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbonu +.eokkl -f+l sinks.+fll +k-uk.eo
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbo ug3dqy :x06rtxxlo 3cq,.7 x1tah5 zwn cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an tn7auby* :7w decosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tcr/ll 2yjt s9-i8+ajjhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be uc-r0cd6z gehrd n4bz8b*w6. calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the2 en lo9d36rix marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle oa( b2p y1ldk-.cgo3r


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in -l+q:b6oakm *9(eejzu .izl(fq i2ha an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a oav0wdxniu0m j6qs 6 2-m .0llterrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyxn 379iekoy8sing bacteria.

  Identify which of the fol zzp7602kcmiblowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclkz0 pi67c z2bme.

  Figure: Average per capita )/ziahb jt+s 7ziwc)6$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiv *7a1yov8 a12lpsvetwersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from 1*12t7ya8a lveop swv a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatiofefpo-.y8wv9g. fa 4w -a7an cn.

  Figure: Average per capit3q jc.f: g ;gzbtw -objlz /*a0kvt+h1a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water+ogq9 j38c gatpmxzdvi.4g5xq :m-a ). One was kept gmpagx8 x:o gtd 9q3 c5jmz+)va- 4q.iin light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annux ix)x/g 5gg7qal flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020)z*, bui.iz( tvecyh4toz a8(


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foreq+ldx(s, +m(pkfe i)4df-i v a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ia-6dd g9pl-xvvwo0 8 ftaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonataw,ksj/xyw4(p d()e d oq4uxy9 .d8do ion’’by choosing one or more statements from the followop8/sd 9.y(uwda doyk )j e (x4d4xq,wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. L3nhvce(b c6-x5p9:e h j2t jgjist the main factors that characterize the terrh-235ge9:b(tn ex h vjjcj6pc estrial biomes.

  State which is not a.hlqa7+8ezaoab x6 x: description of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystemnndoc73o1jibhu jrx88 p36n2 .

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,cbyidz/8z:be) ; f 7o4x4 uhsdh.ex 9b Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary pv*5xatwv u;) tvtg;t 24 dw-adroductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biom) 4dadttuat;25tgvv; xw vw-* es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodi:oe zs+ q,f)w/0fkpkvversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comkkq/o ,ewf svp:+0 z)fmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing.ap(wjc n8z1:h g9sl c the changes in productivity during primary ( gaj 8p:szn9wclh .c1succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be me;(: lwj :auqefasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature oyrmiwmsd8(6 p :5jw.s zst;u(n the rate of photosynthj s5.s :8m6 zwmi(uw(pr;dst yesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiego* xjkmn z)+5w60szjld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.bfgjg tlx r*(i /u3c)p7y 7a3k On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of thj3kri 77* (cgx/ lftpu a)b3gyis species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ofoa c *2uqge8e,5 e3bn9i7qbdz the data, it is important to take multiple readings75i93 qbd 2czqo,geee*nba8 u of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sa48hu cw+ .jhfkh/0odsen : d)xmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data,4 nn;i7; wp 0l hqw1.9bqoocectenn: for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow yq 18qm;ch5whvq/o6g Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques b:hh; sa- mba3is not effective for sampling motile (movi : ;hambashb3-ng) specimens.