What is the best definitionrvf4t 6h z:n*ko0.rln for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of 7o.dst 114t5fs/6r, bl l zrjwrpd3ofRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descndi ckypf+ ,ky (- x7agg+k-d2ribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor -+ -pykknf+k c 2y7,dxgdai g(2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula w2y .ioc-b-p)f zmu)dtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosogyj /7w,g oaf,ma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a s/yyh :a e .na ,97e1tc3 kewlgmvc;6vkk+k0 lrmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for 7 3y;nktv wvy+e kckalke0l.argc,:/1 9hme6 six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a 7 j 9(jg dfi38houtqs3population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americ;;a /m *5cf aq6wnlg f5utbhz0a and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pa;*b uzmwf;5f/ct6 l ag 0hq5nack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects tin.+,n/ :/k jezkwszzhe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants utbznw )( pmaemt cwby 1q9(,6+05cck and animals. u1e,)ca(m9c05mty6(bcqk+w p tnbzw
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo skbrk /h6qg-0n fh/l/)l3akr od chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kitwpw) 1ugwy-;16zu ,orl7 bonller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other i1zu-wopuwbl6 g w t)r7,o n;y1n the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energ7sjj,9kk8o wawg /o/t9 s 39j 4ltalizy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomassc.+rmd g5oej61k*63 s0ib xq8su cfry with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These d1iuo + gkmsr scfby*5e.63 0cq rj6x8species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correcjp+;j4qfal f. t description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing 2 jo(el83, b,sdc+bcg fka0 nwdigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prg lk+n,cf cas ,djw20b 8eo(b3oducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiqu( nv kuj )jo+fk3bq y0d)j,5vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofn1gw jcq(at3 q au901e energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i62 3f3zd5e amzbn0fmys Factor 1; Factoren63 ydmz23 0azb5fmf 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rateq lr2g8)*h cz2z)y zfb of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culf/py3wii q/ 43 -;opw /tq4ksqwt -qettivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th,p kp+92h pg70 d+i1khdpgxtd81u(im,mwfwkat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continu92w1 t1+,f igwkhmmppxd + g dih87pkkd0pu(,es to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripti5dazkr5 q0g,h on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodsla36q7w6kgtvi6s o9s, z;1wi axxy2 web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insiew) yoa3y0.w bde coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produy 0y. web)3oawced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react 39ep*(8n5fjjp ux8 xg gxbme1ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon is:u w9*,ui3 t jpnwgp+n the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwors9 3ni(u/dek.h vjn9 wms that ingest and then break dowk snv.3nuwi ed 99/jh(n and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbnsl33ykt 7-8ak/p d iem ar,i9..iq dcers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its+ lvnoej y z:eh/m7p57 prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abou/h tbwge7e)m ,8v7qts t Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially apjw+dxt jg175vailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel1wpg t7 xj+5dj. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of them63et)u v il9by2ov.t following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systup.e4mlctn vwkbw )-x w9; (p/l-fe+c em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup 4yn7 -qd,loes of toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrambel l- 5bzl*5tjr2 r0jid of blzr5bjl-b2 * rlejt5 0iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerlf . btc)xkgp7/xr5y4dlln 88gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prv)(00pxn+ ww s 6w6omvpzlr ;woductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 3-hwht 4pt t f+f)pavlx6q zu(e,jdi;-v( ,pafood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi48s0acvarf6 h:o8d d ,z4 venxl ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurapgo zh+-/ j+zxl l3wy9tely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with z.n vb(93i5zga6 olp0 cnp4 jkparasitjz bog z( cil.30p4n nv9kap65es on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirationq/h03ar, j ojg 8qcgo8t3l pf4 correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratgr34 o t,lao8g3qhc fq8j/j0pion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of b * hi4a7h(bzl08 oemx)ht8qxDDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost *ny.yy- aspeo7+jh: ) lh8m8w t k a/e6gw)ptrfrom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide eif7 8 ijb.wci :-fzb3in the air to carbohydratesibz.eiijwb -f3 f78: c.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinksql /.3tdt gy1waf bur1ddc *hgh4q 3:z q6ve2/.q// u3q4cld3:d hgzvr qta6.1 2t fbd*wgyeh1
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti u9f4* byd/1 6uzz3k+h3hm -x vrthxmkme.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeasvkm54n 1wdsrm:y.w 1 r


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are +rtz+ms 0nzp: h(2r1*eohusetrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produov+6zk2p 8 nx x4vkh dcp sun)s::65tectivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine car) ve585p0 vd +l0jaflrbjir 7k4aasz.bon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cy7+ae r am(h6pzhlnf:y + xs(1kcle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco. 7 jmi ll5u10muq1q.wi sthinu3/i-ysystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyster aq*son..:bam in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying69 4wfu4wa fc-iz;lw u bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effec:f fhwh i.mf+2t on the nitrogen cycle+ fh :im.fwhf2.

  Figure: Average per ca+rc)*fnqick*r+*p mjl-igte 6;0u by pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in b26 gf.x6vt +jcfvs x4oiodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionee2x .ot 4x6f6vc+vsjgf r community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinrn /7)w xgpbr.. hg78y.n poeyg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita/7a /hwa.n-p vtyn:nt $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Oflvh gcw4dr h 4oz(.qp3:k+u3ne was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen (fw pl4z3kg:qvh o+r3.hu 4cdvalues were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storat7im e9fp::qnu0f +idges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regiln t0 o ew 2i/)/j;f6fdbxtw:jon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b 2(ybyw u( .hqyjb5x1miome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itg7fyk*6- dsndb og1;f aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mor4gdnn (u amss8xcy:78oz 2b a7e statements from the followio8nzd4b g xs:2cn a8u7a (smy7ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climaticdlz- nfug58+w patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biome +fn-5lw ud8gzs.

  State which is not a description of the ra(0 nm3ug9x:kzujz . o 74cfbhwinforest biome.

  Identify the correct ses(7bii, si3kq: be,y.c ge36s/gs setatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R k;se)uq/f1 bkome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary :jb;jo k(w*p tm0 .lu3dsv2t yproductivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes jsydtopm(jvu. l;3kw0*: 2bt


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primazc2gzx)0,z / x zs.vusry succession progresses from a pioneer community xzv)u2zss ./, z0xgcz to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing th l mpao+skq,d7wls 09i7*f k4k w6q8xre changes in productivity during primary succesr+q sw6*a8s70qk, dmoxp wl kf i79k4lsion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usinho 39 a+iwafbym t5k9tegb5 8jv0/az+g a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the ),ed3;wd pjgveffect of temperature on the rate of photosynthed,e dwj) g;3vpsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ft9*ju;h m4 jzlield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used av)tlas(j1j s4 kw6 jg+ series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and wws( gjaj+v4 )s ljt1k6ere marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multipw:on+kzh *6u3bg jh9qle readings of tn jh36 kb g+qz9:o*huwhe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in 5lwi.(tqrs:t ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplesvv r3(;ufr,h4r +fj1r9oa g8puf)qe x of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specl7a* g.x. zf(4mksdqaies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampl1qjlfo0g, 7kbud*s+ iing motile (moving) 7ds+ig,0b*u kl q1 jfospecimens.