What is the best definition for a speci3xzh30 ar:2vef dc:nm2pm 0 ises?

  igure: Climate graph of Romii df; 40beou.e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fac 4 vnlh3l 150ykjofbfzr40v p6tor 2;1b6lf4 vjzl40 fv0 nrpo 53hkyFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population t+l ffjyd eq z21(-/xc


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species :v im*.+h-j9ywsi eaa4 u2pe j



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hab d+qslx9/f) 9zhjxss9f w7g 9s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which/glsxs d 9 9xw7+f9z hfqj)s9b continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g3 c4ed-oj :xcwr+cd sj0i9xa7 roups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the gren 2rf ozgu:8)wy wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have r)8w :o2 rgfzuneturned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth ofko:bvjkhu 5y (6r 5a/r .*pnog a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r ltr6 ux aq6 92)au (edbgjg1-zu8k6zkemains of dead plants and animals. a )r2-tk6zu6ka1uuz dlg (9q 6eg xbj8
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo7,er ewpz3go:2o kr-fod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polandlfj (l 4)4ho.evd 6cr bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in j6l4v (onlfec) .4d dhthe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro10+xb6u wukykc, 1fsem ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lakm f,s)* c3yakq *nrw+rge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physicqcr *3skayfw)n,+ m* kal environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foo(x2h1aj; moe7 *cp b7,rinwdrd chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestiv3tomwvhhta/ ud- ,+*me enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as mhv,u *h-+tomt3/d awdead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culu9xaubi:u;jn1)9ni9c tgm *stivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids j(do: kiw2 jx1bo.)fsof energy.

  List three factors tom+sz)p99 tg1j sqau0hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor pjstgm19 sou)9q+ a0z3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatu,80 zf -fd8 unbx(vap .c8trjvtplxc-1f7.d fres

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systeqdwl3fy:a, ,f m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sib+ zfh o28j:fhzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which c +8jh2zhofbf :ontinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in 7nsac/x2o wj *a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web :uuwo:uk r5sxz(/ .ef



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algh9x6am lu p jyfs543-lae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxylxfshp9 6 l3-4u5j amide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingij+eilcq 5w0r ;:9 eltg 9y9id chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dia )jme1frpi m,(yg/s;xgram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms i49zgrj td6z3best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living tzd4z3ij 96g rorganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramin pp28bwas*o6f/ 5qma6 2 rrjbd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a1vgxrk ;x.z-d ctx/1g predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboud* 64i+ta*cavhtt w)tt Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawm4 ox69x3fw4w mxmdubyd9g( 4 ater-filled glass orb, which included alga u9x m9x ybo4d3fm wdm4gx(w64e, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa-my)vg9v r1gsx z;/tfmple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion 28lakb)5j;u h - rwvtk4fa*ijsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo/*wrpp yl.6g:t 9yk h ,k /qt1m/ool1l7mqdrmd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p h43a)d-q,mal rzgh-/b+ dwcqyramid ofr34+/g , z -adhmlqq -d)ahbwc biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerv,r,p,(kpttayy no*z s:2h : ngy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an eyp8(0yz edan;cosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wri ovd85zbyhn4)6 r4z eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil yhjj/xi. isv8 (p:y m4qtc 4,secosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descrirhm -q/ cu :-)ekjgwxhud )1y(be a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with para, jo,hay:zhzi*l7jk7ibf--x s-baxk o:77 *,hlj, -ifyj zzihites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whatc6cw hlvt,l-g pmkx8g 479w .y is pmhx.ylkwvt96 8cwgl4gc 7,- Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statement5dx pwet nye qu,w7,42s that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from lxw prsl/02 p4ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohhfx g6;1qjq;h;i zj h7ydrates.1 7hj6 ;ghijqf;xh; qz

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othert.3m qomdt9y +qy; 8pd carbon sinks.;qq. d tt ymy8o9+dm3p
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiresrr08vhl pyk l;h (zs96 the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energkz-ui 7 *z-ktey in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements tha3pv +w: idck/ut are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cal9 skf wqd5kx rmi21),uculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram m j/f6 -3y7hvrg awd;uzy,yw685clcdof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caj;au daxi+ 1+3scwr3nu(/fyi rbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco4c. j7hy+rcvh6pa9nxsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyst.b:q;o uf po 3jmf3n0qem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrif v6x,yfgx35y82f d /f ;kjsavzying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effeq)jed26z objhpua5 71ct on the nitrogen cyc a z52ju7jo1b eqh6dp)le.

  Figure: Average per capita 6e1(p+hl: x q nahc4lw$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,pwp,tl ozn*)uc3g83 w7 ;d yiq GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pionynzq3 g8,p c t3*)ow; i7ludwpeer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example w.js/y kz*bj1of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capivq4 n39+fy phhz*doqqb(8 sc( ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles -o-i5le ; mgmd+u5okj7 xf)yjpmu:q +with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolvd5omujioe+7-):- mfpgqm+u; xkjl 5yed oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual m-: snm m)ptyv7lhdi-t/e1f. ;g4wnwflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 r*r altht3z/+t r/ze6s3 ze 0g


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a 0 gd41, rd0q2yjqszgvbiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphpfzh82jbp n;p9g :ql ab./7 ps of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsj 7 8.rlieqo-nxv)/zg from the follro/-ejgxv lnzqi) .87owing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climdc1vl + ryj nje,,iln+49(-+h 4iqj e r.qenvbatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chrvnn+1-ij+,er qv ,ncejjib (+9 q4 dlehy.4laracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descri.h :4fxn db ya3+4pjwzption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosyb;8a pkh13 corstem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romhc;r6 h w7 /rz-,qrblehtgl/8e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw zk6p+kj. nuav/ ff, ;ffr/ta6o herbivores in different biomtk/rkpzjf .vu+n;f/6 f a 6a,fes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G;mrnul, m:iz w78 tp)i ajjit2z(2i) dPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax i8)dw;jj7 i ztm,(altuz)i2:i 2nr p mcommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin(kub+a a;9:a3fchvj r g the changes in productivity during p fv (+:r9 3achjbaua;krimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can as* *fbtu1 s.ybe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tukw -:,1zkio iemperature on the rate of photosynthwo:-i kz1i k,uesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in: msir+y4 nti0 a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of bbmac-gq:j s xjeo 67:8eetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this specie6:a qx-co bj8j7:g smes.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dalz37l a+znneb:*p+ jdta, it is important to take multiple readings of the same eblnza n+lj d3pz+*:7factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi*b pahbr *(z4ical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creekztrxn v76:hj:nq uhk-t7q(7ul n7 n4h




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samplnb 6+ylh+b+(bxx 8ya aed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not ef hy,193ye4dzd ,pcrl ifective for sampling motile (movinled ri 9 1p,4chyy3zd,g) specimens.