What is the best defini o u8g c;faez)3/kh7cition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I n+a. 8nxc*5ku6smfzl taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto )rh0 ww.;xeqer 2;Fact wrh)wx .e0qe;or 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o, qch7esm4bo v2.z:w,g h *ah jon5eb4f a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of + ovvy; (h7gix;d2l cr9pv) qoa Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblynmv;q)p9mrdb8 ,i m 2e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferm b);qmpiv ,m29y8rdnns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsk o,zejl83zj0j:n 3po2,cvnxur f -5k of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cal , w13to6 r,a,hybie5dzpm0onis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolfe3opdbtmahz1r o w,6yil,05 , may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over t)v m+(iia*bzpime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains n0rlb3j*wxe fa3p 90n of dead plants and animalsea pnnblf *39j3w0x 0r.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fi*cxbu** jku,eu)oe -ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and oth8d6qmk:h ftzc5pdio r7d0 2/ter organisms live and interact with each other in the cold water rp:6idk5 2tdfhco87q m0/dzts of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energya ;:.g hntncex i; uqb:+c6v.u is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ6w2 itf2h n dhy9shpo j+,9p dm+6aq5qctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species pq5wjytidnm22,h 6dhh9sf+6pa oq +9 also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a 8xcc6yda* c ,a5pma7cfood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digesqsbt3/x; h+o .dq 0auu2)geqt tive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then q/s)+ gaohu; t .e3bqdq2x0ut absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system *;*nyss-ik h9 lu/9 iibc2uws


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f;9ixo,ehce c3+; v+pwjd4 t oeor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describeliz5d0zn 6 *ff a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fac *fd ziz6f0nl5tor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the e 6 zm0hzaw2iih04ai2rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul9, x;syxs g1.ch/3aj xcmw0g vtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strqso,s2at*u/ z8o s+m1vvre:ws: ur ;cipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring weom v8sssvrw+u* :sta ;qc: 2rzou ,1/hich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.w s5qffq +r)m-

  Figure: A marine food zmp+ 7fp6ka0 e +z a)rbbtv4)vweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live in 1 ah c9jr(-kj*pc+gxwside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wg*pc9a- r wxk cjj+h1(ater, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followigj -huy**omt04elwxipyw 3*y(u0p z 4ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon 4gqmrk7 rgv .)9ul,k9u0 zpt 7t7yijl in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworm 6wm b(zo6xyoe s)wm.4c +,ajg,alg +qs that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m6ab,xj4e6,+sow lmqz.)(o gwamg yc+aterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid oe 4bl5 / urd6n+bu/bkjf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator an1;0qv xpi z f:r2g+ysld its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true 9a bye/z+ lhy*about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mefalzdc5cl+ ;uo *n;e/socosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are t*a5;ll de +n/cuc z;forue?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforo8f8v8 q vdu.+n3yspc0 3qyj umation.

  Figure: A natural energetdn*rkn-( art i9))5-jvl nny conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chabi:5 cb4u 4)5d5 zaxppe fe. fzvw/ml-ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is aijqxjy /r:7 +ehns,/false when discussing a pyramid of bi+iqa e /hjj rs:y/x7,nomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy z.tb/omd7 3ut


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an etyg(gr qk4uq h221r9 b)sjmd (cosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web uvyszdvu0-/ -x s0az7


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soj4 tp-k-kfworp,4- ozil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a45cv v8zpf(gjijg s. a4/xk a8 food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pas rgb5 h4tv 0s/sew-z tfr..6+z:hmb trasites on a 6fz+0stwtm b t/s5s.-g4rh brz.:v heconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and re, abujdpfh;z85gl2 6xy6;jvw spiration correctly from the options below.What i6xfp; a,vg;y 6d zj5hjbw 8lu2s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe themf*hn v,; m4ol use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from jlld:.ad bm9xp:6+ qiecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbkgjq ld t2;o y.2-rt.pon dioxide in the air to carbohydrqj2-t.tk;2rg o dy p.lates.

  There is continuous cycwi5hj 7 p 2z,mxgsf8*gling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.7mf2 xh85,p*w gj gisz
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tdv5h: 5hw0ez t sieqy.m(6wy/ he carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of ener 4yh+ccbxk jfgvhqx8-fe0;il9d q */9 ;wg a+ngy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thy7s174nqhiyo/v 2x au at are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be/crbmj0 klc3 0j/2kjr calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbonl4c400o ti ht q;apvt- cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon+ z 86+5nuemured,oqn through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosoob, yc+dns,+ j:2cyy ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem 4nzgvg 7hhysst+p nh27 : z5b+in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true og3e did t:bwym:d6a :(f denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nom lhsfs1gf,.:5 h 2xgp-rjw r0t a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy2gg rw05frssxh1mph. :-,jlfcle.

  Figure: Average per capityhi v u,*r.f,ua $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession proe(yevr, kev6 1jt12w hgresses from a pvk2 1 6evetjw,yr h1(eioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatij .k3r:9:wg0l iorfsion.

  Figure: Average per capi)inas8pj u8q+2 p jrj(ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Ot garrmi((cp3s 1:+ nx/1o7/qhdwg *h3tx i ngne was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen p/c 71gmxo3ra+*hn xhq:tg t /i (3nd(srgi w1values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowtscqr +e,bb6: dc h9h)mt soxzik,,..s in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-202cnxqtsv90.ud4* qfb.ah g)v a /z:d6r0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected dat( n6 .-.xwgd kek/zmrvltf2 r4a for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita 5-+*o3lahhy6p z na h7q6aaorly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonn9v:xlbs 49qslu-:t9f0e tjw ation’’by choosing one or more statements from the fol-s9njxf0b t:9v: wt el9qsl 4ulowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other phye -ao)a9 lni(jx3h2yx sical variables. List the main factors that characterize then 9oxlhxye2 3)j(-aai terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rain1huza n x:k5*xuh7iygws8i7i n pr3) (forest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related7j(qg5 8a ez91ri a n/ocgm/bh:6n)eoj9 wcpo to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, +87 5ztevvm)bi* gmkcItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores3* ax 48xwbj 3)dmwfpk 2w+dy00kwhmf in different biomkma00fmj kxd3 8w3xhd)f2*+ b pyw4ww es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiveh+nz/a *v* vp9:ezj v,w) ooomrsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cnoo9mzvh v*:op ,+v)jz/ew *a limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha-nt2d gn)puel7qh0v4r2m)o pnges in))p q7u ndho-4ge 2nl0r2mptv productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thatb 7/;7wt5 ty-bf ldnfm can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature pei0, 0z7f,t vq ydcl1on the rate of photosynthesis i vfq,7zy epd01 tl,c0



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a ktz+ (+xh rw la9d8ax;field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A.a+o l*fn uo9;8t/gcdp On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 2 ;pl/o8tgc +9nufa *od1 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to ta:t ccs-, ,ve8l k4b,mt+x rujeke multiple readings of the same factor. r8bec u,x,- cljmt:4, kv+st e
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sa x :uowa:-yepx)zn4 cr8nv;0pmpling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willoc(qdz6g:i; qu w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of l9wy9pt3l m)5h/jt w k.wl( hyWillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samqii c:awp7f 0+pling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp07:+ipia qwf cecimens.