What is the best definitaownx9 vxr+fem/3 :2cion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,ap r0 q(b-jm3u Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n l70 (jem+cpbjiche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;F0j7ec+b pmj (lactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popz1 l6f11byf rrya7u n+ro:r-gulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesf8ev / c2.bwxfyb7 9mi



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafzt)dhe qmb.t7c.n5l2em9 d7)vinx k5u+ 1b c mfe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis xbe7+ n9hk5mt2 )m7b.tcn)e.dqiu vc5zld m1 tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organo sba+wyq.u yz+0,5o cisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey8pdaicv/r 7m3 wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern Eurrdp78i /am3vc opean country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth o5gz g :bzt25 c2x89p/u zxzwmzf a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead lk1j 69bnx zl*plants and animals.z l6lxnb*9j1k
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofsh1z(qm5 c(lllip1g 1 toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polhp/br. 77wkb nx1 w8bpar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oce pxbn78w 71hbb.rpkw /an.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost *uah /td7w000z xlh,emfsbr+i /a- fvfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivum ,z ;hv6ivv)ity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Thevz 6ivm)vu,h; se species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iav71t -vqd(tye z; y2vs a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin ch 13uuznwq(s4ge,-z g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorqn1-ewh43, zsz( ucu gb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system jt7 tvth 8z9* uu8,udc


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fosyri ;5 mizg93r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a specie+b( l h 7it)mt3l;hsgss' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 andt)s bm t(ills;37hg+ h Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at did: :lp n;ww 5q;apvht(fferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation :hzaa y*+mhq c5xn ks)6ud/a6 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized z dw5i +x1akhp2:jg5;k7vsgk giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When tz sixv 5 1h:a;dkj57gk2+wkp ghey are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in uo vo:(lm44tva terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foos9 /50m(vilw) rgbxy od web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbonfw+h k,7h t2izr7 yn)t;s pchs )1,tie compounds produced by zoot hh i721 iets,k+); rc,nfytz)wp7 hsxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:+cvn/mh+d 6bi


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocvnntg4z e(f y,tg x3-,ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw cs4ruuzpfm3fc.h( 4-gs4 j 8aorms that i84u pa3c- g .hr4fmusfs(z4 cjngest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of a+psjmpdu(cp+)ra -+m8-d sl numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsfzb: uz(p;u0z prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichloro6)tcymv .; 5ytvb09qto6mc4nkb hov0 diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawakvih81; wf, 1zw rb6k hm5mr-v5szq)nter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student pwzzbmkvh,nv); sh65-r qwmf 15 1ik8rlaced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following ij3o8l4ptt7 fs ok.6zds an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conve eyw3u ,ty2;5 b kvui t;y)cagwf)1+vbrsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chof:n+l/ u; wrnh(rrd5ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thepr-hw ,w0z2f s*gypm d.s*y8y following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassd yzs*w g fr20w8-,*hp m.ypsy.

  Figure: A pyramid of eivh:y 2.ym atomk-1 d4nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for ref0o.o;vvs t z*,*fseipmjlh .d16 s,ppresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food ixmjl;e )m6ree4d/:m web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil er o1mwi ef;nv29jaw(4cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does nx;(ucl xe4dwa:p 2q x7ot accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coulooh. qi) 4c8kjd exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likoki 4o)q .h8jce the lions

  Distinguish photosynpp tbg4uiut0qd636 w;thesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respir6;uwg3btit64uq p dp 0ation?

  Identify the statements that describer60k*y pb6j uu the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frou;1ja idp4 sl0m ecosystems.

  State the name of the-5*v-xb 1us0 . qj2yg,q g5pf hie c9kikfy(lm process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd ejbf1y59. 0 l5sgkf2,qk vgyxmcu p(ihiq*--rates.

  There is continuous cycling o kv22ixstq:9:oj8 n * j9 kmszly8dmr/f carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.k m2oml ty8z j2ni/v8xqsk99r :d:js*
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requirw njcbex2hc6v 9 .iex*dj1 2e)es the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy ks5 :zgb-q clx1g 8ck+in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are truebi, 03 ah+nrrq.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSh(oyqfau ;1/zP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the h jr0pzzqj91.marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyxkradt 1 wdn1 ,ujthf;4f1,;icle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eyu m4e6tr4 ov h80-rqolav9f1cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter,p+,uz cggp7grestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacterw( dki9: q3pcmko7h: bfr(jn:a) h0mria.

  Identify which of the following is ndn.c)fvn8bb ; p-fom8 ot a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyvdnbof. bpc 8 )m-8fn;cle.

  Figure: Average per cm l-j z /ulnrhzc583kgfi+u,/apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession 4xu +c,vuu7b sprogresses from a pioneer communityvx uu, 7cbu+s4 to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatioc(yc4cq8yk y1 vuf) 2zn.

  Figure: Average per 3f qriuo3 4t,bcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with anv:79sy8v nvjc g 3gjs3 Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginnic38 snvgs gjj7y:v3 9vng of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon9otjtv)r -f m6 storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheri(bl0l+mihz, mx2+uing d ) x79tfwa)qes by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a r;3:ej+nnd5l.jebzc -l4ov.5 dmifsbiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy c 77blsk;qpot:bqv::



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos3n7:rv( tnpf65 reh ezing one or more statements from the fvh5tr6e nfr zn73e p(:ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variablcp6+z wk.q +wgn x(9ifes. List the main factors that characterize the terrestriazn9c6k fw(gw x+q i.p+l biomes.

  State which is not a description of the l:cnc3e (d;zp/nk9 xdrainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statv c2z l89, nv9sn(oyabement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, edu rdn/d 1 w)*.twk*cItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produc:2y d1c.at7h7jxyanz y4kmm4 +3m, qadlazj3tivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomlz7 3j ,dqj14 : dmhat ycmanx2.a ay3y+zk47mes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G cy9ikv*n)lwj e1 t01 ya*f0ckPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community. kny*) c kvt1i0efj*9 wcy0l1a
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describixbob9huv/ou*1e w+(gng the changes in productivity during primary succbe9uwo1+*xh (o u/ bgvession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure6x4 dd anod1.td using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the s rxbkq6376nxnl e *w.effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis kqsn6*63.b7ex wrlx n



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielh)-2p; naf gikd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimew7/5 ; 4rtchj)nzx)w pc6n kcans of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a w 5j4 kx/ h6;)pwrn7ntzc)c catotal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important x v2j uj00gdq/3pm 93bjzq/into take multiple readings of the same fam uj/3z /jp0xn 2db30qj9qvigctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment uslqxuis650 p 4fed in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cree)/swiv i4 0 s ej;5nm1vk4fkwuk




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data vvi6c)l b)k (vfor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techn++q ;z z,zatoudk5 ze 1hy97ngiques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens dzza,7un o1 +;9qtezyhgzk5+.