What is the best definition for ai)z l5yj4il9w(wmi i3x vy +jq2c2o-vi /spn - species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyf (br-a1xyf+dc *g n;v


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ni b,*v 3jh0is;whd(nkeoa30m -h fm(vrche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;3dw-*so( ;m 0hmf, kn (bae 0hvihjvr3Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula9kf /ajmj m1s;tion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle ocz;d 3y0bd;6osu0w2 8fzxjykf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraff35vjjmk4ys l*dpisld1t40* r e and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are fo0lrdjp4mjd4**i53t vs l1ksyur to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a q c;zgz id9/vpp844;j aijv8cmd 2zl5 population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolve1tn 5y )utghgmz:v vw/ q3 mdh;bv)n:xj0 (jb+s occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now pwm3nt +v 0(v1d)g/)y;ju5 hmb v gn jq:xbzt:hrotect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over t*bp.r q3 mnpz5ime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains5z b: 8m6ffjxm of dead plants and animalf xjmzb6mf:8 5s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxig41(qzp/8hlt z, ilk vns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and ofv9gg8*gfhh3gb0 8p* yj5z nccxs:r 9ther organisms live and interact with each other in the col3f v * gfh9c*y8 5njxg0g 9c8hz:brgpsd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecool7s rhde:/)wc 5ak2lsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tafk0ab9z vm b4ucg*7u9ll trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organi0bc v9*7uu b4z9gmakfsms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cork)u;x:ghn34b rqr7hb rect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nuta )bp t+dgv9l5jxh 4j:rients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying:balp5x)jtj+dv 94hg leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sybgke ufcp:ya /v57s 1gg/9h3gstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids 4+cq3c+zzyb s of energy.

  List three factors thze -xv)fl2zc3 at could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ane2 v3lcxf-)zzd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosibrr, ,.1f aatj5s: g i5iv9huynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system a8i 8(q nwq4fv


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffwjz (,mc:oci,mogs iv.w)) o9 e and has stripes that resemble the zebra.:z,.i )v9w om)wgm jc( coi,os It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description1m z (s//67x- cboyi;c;w m/yworzdmt of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooz p0-6gnd6vqaz;/ dwcd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed o 7 vpwaa0qlsd.m4bks)vh.0.wn the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. a7w0qs)phk.0 bsdm l. wva4v.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionb4g0 7gvt20dae p5fc q:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in thce 15 0jjzx +gq3ae5 cpi3/nww 6lktr;e ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms5ie :z6ruf*sqq mv0pv,fl d69 best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living or*5vum:dq 9rzl f qe 60,vipfs6ganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrwwpfx/ -y/ sx9mmlk/ .amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densi x;.8;py enb/ z47vfjelim-nyties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichl.4xvz)7e.v/xxi j zx4 p pro)loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usingcig3w0)34t/ x 6nwgim ul yk1x a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a ww1)ikx0 wc63 nu lx4tymi /3ggindow to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example on9rr pt5f vu0rv/2w -jza80pkf transformation.

  Figure: A natural enxo 8watc5vvt krckx:dx.;x3 cn6s *:8ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ixn9uzd ):pkf7d4 kpt n rw/-4fn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of th izbj0p;epquus ;-)yto0 s6(u 2k.wsge following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biob(ej6z;i-k.p00o2)suuup;ys t qgw smass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eukr kdu90. 19mue ghc8nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representin hyx6(lp lk ytk59..pfg productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wen* wuadcv6q5, b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 5ic 7dl9ee,q j9 reviqw36wac-8wm i+ soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thdux sao..g7dua 8v4p,usq i:9 at does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numberse ipu0ggd 5(t) that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a cp( e5ggi0 u)dtonsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corlw.j67.gjp)zs3p t 4 mnj0keg rectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratio 6e jwm3z47.ps. )lgkjnpj0t gn?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectziwq5zhe am2u j (wjb) uy 40:x:y3:tiicide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosybo2wc3 qnu )oxv 5w0w+k ,d2jastems.

  State the name of the process tha6 minqhr,v jm19;v; gvt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr v1,;jiq vg6 rm;vn9mhates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbo0c yb( 4u pld5- vcip*4g ix.5nrclef,n from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x0dfp45vyl u,ccc *4lei - b(in .5rgp
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle6esrq(39 qn9e.gepokc pw0 r+ that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per arexg(c paf0avim;5h ir*:fna (/ a per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trud.nnf+x s ) o1ks3hbt,e.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Preeutzu.))hr9uq -u62 . y ghhroductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mam+fhbr0n+puo i/s8 (prine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carboni7qlv0vv+zzp h zmir1tr 2(./ through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an4./ kx/c3 p(q5terc+u whz nmr ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tah.d :o gs 1k.:tjdkw.errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyin 9w7ta9 goayl 9s:z7cgg bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inducec+2zmx:n y ffu8a.+ bdd effect on the nitrogen cyc+xa 2nuf db.zf+y m8:cle.

  Figure: Average per cl h*,nh 3uoa1gapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prizy nv9 c)ecr )tg- lq*eaaz1;8mary succession progresses from a 9tze1 g)zqe8r yl an)av*c;-cpioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a k1 izvmu.(t4i p s) eqtvd2ac*1enj58n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit ah5r4 oau f2+(2*ofsrxunk.3x f)vzna $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usindp5tby4,i as/ g bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept d / yias5,t4bpin light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anj c2rwqtb;n8ajr8w. 6 nual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988:)lc 3fgtg(eofmts5na 3, 5ih-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomq;0 yumwdtrufq o( 53)e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap05 d 1ftd o5,xq;hwpk w1jhw-lh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo lt n5 /+,bxvtp,xw9jlre statements from the following.w5/xpx, 9nbjl l t+tv,
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and othsrhndj6x9ehvl k3 o9;/- 3ysmer physical variables. List the main fa;sos/-6xvn 9 3khj ylrehm9d3 ctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the66qt;b+:c; nxvr*kp gj)b ie a rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in ;w*km 78oz k9e*bggitan ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap5dz g.79 raogyh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of ;3dxqw- lhq1-ru 2 xrxtwo herbivores in different biomes 3; 2xqdr rw q-1lx-uhx


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim+/: qml2bjsm/47ph2j3g7 bpwww,hu e5yp pttary succession progresses from a pioneer community topm be7huq/t/ml :jww,jwy75p pth 3sp22 +g 4b a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemp5vo 9h , 9x(sugd0craents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary d usvgh0oc 9r5a(p,9x succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usinf8 .iyga p7-5lnlf -jdg a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaturr2xc kq7mq0rf6ro .ypyue r7)1a bl64e on the rate of photosynthe2e y rp)fqu 1rl6.o ym 40ka76r7qbrcxsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 6ai,:3, ghsmofv2/b9p oa gva field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inoo z o z6h3vrd6:-x;knsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the fioz6zr :dh6ov okxn3- ;rst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importama rz58v -8vwd5wco( hnt to take multiple readings of the 5awvwr8mzo8-v(d5 c h same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecp(p- zv6j (9oc-(v+aauqaixeological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sa8 h- g v;fxnens7im*tqz/.zb j9n:y(hmples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data lj) *kbch6d; u+c2f4t*vyk4sgj06fg la i 3ihfor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technlpda vcnkkqgnbh9+ujc5u b.-/ w/ +)d; ez6, biques is not effective for sampling m9ck/jcz+u, puvn-k/.e 6a5b)b+wn bdg l;qhd otile (moving) specimens.