What is the best definition 7e;ka4qs0b+r nmk /i9oriw v;ko s4d7 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph tx+j:h;cr6; jt c0(4tygptph5g e q5kof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What i-(c 8)wytdt8yx hard1s Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Far t8xcd-(w)1 yhda8ytctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p5(skn ky5i-v5td h .f 3jludrhrb3-pu z5n6-e opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of uyo1)z vsfx+9jsk( .i a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-.1,a vfs:v9 suietbi8 sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and satb, .:isvv iue819fthe mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pop*li x l/t)ac7i-.fs w hede6+nulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally ini t81orc fua 9q)u3;lp North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way)31 utoqil c;pfu98ar or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a p /bpdc1t6n fu;gq:ua1opulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mita85s4)i iek o4) jgvq)f ls,lres and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.ljoksse vi)4g5qr8f) ,4)ail
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains vn 4,f;q)o dsx


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live av5p yxuf-5yp5vz 16k:vo9 qfand interact with each other in the cvoapky-55p9uv1: y 5z6 ffvqx old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy08 xcoo c.dhm4 is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produuf(xdb8(57hgrptn2iksz7e ljs0 w 6 )ctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also intek7u)f(wgp(72sde6hx0r8il 5 tnsj bz ract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.q;fwt wi*+: ss

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive ezpms 8pd0)v/k y)6 lkinzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down tsykp)i v z/ mklpd680)hings such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syo0zkd p+wk /ejt91chz(z :ih3stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami0xk/geqd3jb - ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wha etvjuqh /sg635a1ur9t is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fac 5us6vur 9/g3j1qha tetor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentwygjvu39u51 t temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riaj+.q ri/ -ooice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strilee . sbgji87 0 pdj2ryu;,bl6pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent , i8l2e7;pryub. jgle6sj0bdon the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of en/5(tslf,t ,j0vroq) 4rql jyz ergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webs(oi9crqy )3(8zko.bi g , )np;slr hb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the 4izh5ax; -rjq5 ljh 9ncarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlig5n9zlh; 4i-hr5 xjqajht.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re,tuj4 m( 7gwivaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement g 2( k.6ql 8)xfm5xt vtalik:uof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descrivo 9eqy-fgvj -6 dog*9tt1l7 ybes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living org9yotvvd7 l91-o6g j f-qg*y teanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid6f0,syn uy /kpf/9 i5npde0j z of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator anai2v 9-3m4c.(9krho*bkyc9zon kf x b d its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abztr g d8g md7k1ly,b8+*kk vk6out Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosuv)1 fnf- d-spm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The stude- fvu)fpd1- snnt placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is y69y)ss pa-aa+;rvez rs 3vmmq rk3(;an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convercb964n 85 nctnip-zh1nm8ordsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inj)7n7mo* m kf0z oux1a food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is faltiozi3 :olt 3foz+f,3se when discussing a pyramid of biomoz ifi3tf:3ol+ t 3oz,ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy r dbh .:x(si63mu 0)gxx-wpyv


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosytbh;0s sf nf:2stem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foyge9m e4 b2sgxea5y;bd - ;ue*od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sor2 1jfpj hi-o z1m87icx: *smdil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tc7 a6caoxb/c (hat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savasctn)n1s rtj//j4:u l nnah system with parasites on a n ns4)u/jtlrt sj1c:/consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration*uvrh)7e -akshao+3 y correctly from the options below.What is Ph7 ov-a)reah+ky* hus 3otosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an i d7qw97tipo;qk,nc :u nsecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enebjmm72 ij57mu rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converz*p(y m7sox1 dxo3i94qfi 2nr ts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate7yfxiz 9dm2in spoo*r x14 (q3s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atm4dx:plmu3 pwsy062. ezg v nl)osphere to other carbon sinks. p puz 3y gd0xll6.nw:ve4s)2m
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tim i u9t6/fw /xdq xs5;penx24tue.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ar x+0:kmt86ssundb qo 2ea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.q(vjswn 5f5m.ui 4/ ua
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (zv z 4(,dg k9t+n-su6sdqsek *NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb;f, iia .ed6aoxhq h;tjt96 z/on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through/b2b vx 9icpm( qyhzv 7cce (lhm737q7 the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ey.kwwwo:d l0i*s)q7zcosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ h* 2agm: y8fxi hx*u2x$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrify 52dn5cp (pxy(m*t.bjx41fdg)m xf x cing bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on tbwy/tj v; 7v+j0wv n8ohe nitrogen cyclejo0vywn wj;7 b+v/tv 8.

  Figure: Average per c;f6h hlq5w u4 p/0knioapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary success.wetsr **rf j7 qac5p1ion progresses from a pioneer commu.*rr1a c sfpet7*5 qwjnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trr9x tk mn,q1l2mr.i )iansformation.

  Figure: Average per capita af 5z13t4 vd q1xyjv7 b ;j;5shsc4asp$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using botxr/o.r xz1ipuasl5y* sg3 g: .tles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in lisl /a*:1i .g3xrz.5gypxour s ght and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows indj:7vqke 6d b+.yk tf/ GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198ry)p,d .tqjy:8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f:kdx 8dpl77cl;l;5qcpzgpr: o;s t .lor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romr4 jgoh sowu (2tw:e-ecmuv n3be7t8/4g:2bie, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zow2payl ;9 2agonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followig2pa 92lyo wa;ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oepwv-hdj9m6dh) - rw lc v1z/d)j9 ll9ther physical variables. List the main ph6 hlv - we9j 9wv/1jzr)l-)mldcd9dfactors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforep(6;gf wnsw3-+gxy q ast biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversitjkk-4hrj)ax; cgo j )1y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph f.iku njevdi*.,rn(. ;gsf r: of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differe*-hl)c 3cast4an0 xuq1 4thwm nt biomes aq)snt*clc4m- 3w hx4 htua10


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biocw8io:3 8 3c;xb7lj6d jwysmo(5 bduodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fro8myuwc 738ojcb63b5 l;o dxjsiw (:dom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following st-:xgrh)av 8u1h9ljh /d8owu natements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. : 9vx8nrd h-a81 h/huo)w lgju

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure/8fsv -v)ult9z 2mpdml3w *rgd using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temky/)wd blhu14(dlked 20 ef,eperature on the rate of photosynthesi/el)0k ,ddf byu2 dw(k4 le1ehs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat injsd4f*ufef.0mx* h m, a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sperqfe2 g3;hu:di4oxb;- 8 jcytcimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The2yb-q jco 4t:83;dr i;f gxuhe next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of tt (;x:ibsn.c quh 5kz1)- l*kyagoj/vhe data, it is important to take multiple readings of the samej h*k;x -gqv/cioz15: latb)yukn(.s factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in-4s5 . vej3jfg 5uoy, ,sjurbkst2*jl ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fo*slru gyx1 8w8t3wxm y+/f*vd;f8yd or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specingz:v 1i ;gts:7a,ajd es sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqu+,xy- k p tcralaz91hic(+my1es is not effective for sampling motile (movini ,zc1aa1hcm9pl yt y-++k rx(g) specimens.