What is the best definition5jt61iqj q, j.:umtvf for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, 7 ;+ulze.mr1y,pe (ust8vv,eb6c b3ltjyc3 m Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nich-d 3 wowa,z(qhe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor w-(zoq, 3wdah 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul ht8;./ hqrzz-ka8 knoation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp68lfksn,ht:fnf8 6lvg6 e k4y ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res* m n/ /y0h.a8:2pjde nybwyxqemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend toa.nm 0y p2 dyy:n/eh*/x bjqw8 be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popu f8e /wm(omkdnz- ,5pfvb3 pi4lation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupu isr,sus5m(- *ra1lnls)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a sl nr 5smi,(1-s*aul rsmall, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatiolu *aux ;. +ugs1o+emfn over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the3rih 20 ex5;ws:r r(c rdnoh72az-qi m remains of dead plants and animals.32 h 2 m;ni 5hxaro0i-7dc(wzeqsrrr:
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins*tn cgrv8u3d 4 in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal,30r 3*u/ gde 6g vv0rk gzcmw-2hxamf, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of th3cag0 egh*-drv x2v6m fgm3k rzu0,/ we Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is 9 l h10hozalj0lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high pro q,otnpph a92,ductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These specieqoh, a2 9,ppnts also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptio3ax *t0n9ui)c-jk ag jn of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by re;zs *mod1pd r4msr jxh( 8szd1z.2o9gleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fund 8m.s9 1zm;psz dgrh xsor1oj*d4z2(gi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sy a7fn0fnb cnh i (f9gc.+kux+qo-31yqstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram:b(3tgmw9 6ftose sc)9)cn b cids of energy.

  List three factors that couldmlyigg0 2k1c*zyx-k4/ bf dn; describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and -nfyxi lkczb*mgg12 4dk/0 y;Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temp*67h4+;7 kzt0:cw3auszmb twm otapa eratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation i4 k63rcpj:bo xo l(z)roeng:/:gxn3nn4 y )qsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rese r9 8shkjy: *+tpzsn1bmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in th tkhsb:*j 8 nry+91szpe Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow g fc9 yzb94z e6csse9:awv*i*in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we7rr8mtja9j5 c zb++ oib



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comp42e2lhbu s7th g utd*:ounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wate tghsl7th*2uedu4:2br, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactpam:j8(0bi a2 : ttiepion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the 9j. + h)yqfjehocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organis6to pz83pge r4hn/)dgms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic e8gop pdn)gz6r3t4/h materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers 7 63lpvmcoz)s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator +ig(r/bq6 9d g 3atkgvand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (7y gu83fbtyodv+,sjdjl l2 4-DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercb xn8i9.xu7y/zu( zkx3sis qk*/m(ohially available seawater-filled glass oriux/*k/msbx(zy(uh ksoz 7x8iqn3 9.b, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformationj4vcz(;4ur bc .

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systts)sc q es26-vem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in e)7eg3m ;*dkkgqp8tgp-e,hfi *p hp tk) j 3(wfood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the folb1uk8-zg t fdxf5fr;/lowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomafbfx5k fg;-/ z8du 1trss.

  Figure: A pyramid of p,an3d:x( bv o;n:wc)ic wkw 6energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repr gt7 (;z1kxx/so rcb(g yzp.)iesenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foz mbic1 my32t4od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in atq/ mo2-q(odt.y 2( i./ pgwl;lv pzgw soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not acc3mbafq-06awl urately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system witehzy4y3 ke3jpp*62h t h parasites on a consumer lik2ykthy34e6 jp*z phe3e the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options beh*-)n0aq(myj e k ,hlio jew.9rl+b v7low.What is he-ro ymllj n.bih*q9a(vk),0 w7 + je Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thazzl2wpgu) g( ;t describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from p9p*uz3 ap i7oecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts caoq*jl (sw; v,trbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat, j *s;qtlowv(es.

  There is continuous cyc4) w ,jvwl3z4qk+.u)wx*bv dxyn mg) aling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. )lx3w4vwub,av q.d j +g*)yx)4kmnzw
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tt-n24j fr)cfo1m 3ll-;kcctehat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an a*4a .vc c1(ivr nuxc8eok2g+ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thapx6jyrr8a +v p pf32y7t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculateduk:j62jq4p ic.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the 1 zjxc9c *ufz2, 3ffgh1l5osh marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tgzruq1,r f0 4:zo4 3ym eip.qlt1d iw5hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystzj gn2 b1ke,kcpd:0 axi;rpa7,0irr, em


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a mse:c0s3xn ez9y2s9 m terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is +adv6qx /rjh9bz jq2 1ltww-3not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following 50hofo:y u (p.xc+kcqtis3u3 is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyqocy3c5sft u p o+u.k hi3:x0(cle.

  Figure: Average per capb38vua xlj3 a1ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodived fzcx)i * cd6*fmw:w0 1itsl4rsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.c0fil4dc61w )z*i w:x dts*fm
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fbmpnv * 36 p9xnu;bg26lelr z4ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per mtx88oqgux0wg h. s34capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elod+(f65 yuvh gni3 ric.pea plant in water. One was kept in light and thvgu+ 3r6yfc.nh p (ii5e other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual v(8(fli2akkjflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by h /cy5d-l9,pvtn5 o fgregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a/cg o9 dc(wvocme,sfz ),y,)ta pu:d : biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italywok.+v :6 - dbm:elcji



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemeyruqz 9; 50 zmawaz7 ut+hik1:nts from the followa7hatz q:z;wu1rm 5k09+iz y uing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatlo.dvt- 3s p+mic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestris o+3ld-m.v ptal biomes.

  State which is not a description of the r 2zm6pxpxb n/ys h.ut :e.a8a.ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rit0xs tc25f(belated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It+f sx()dzpx8 aaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity anqp.gwm 2prw4 4km(r3ck(f t5k3x 6fc ud biomass of two herbivores in different biomesqm4fw 3kt wc3(xr4p 2ukp6krgm.(fc5


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primacz 5n0v*jzr+ rry succession progresses from a pioneer commvj0rr+ z5cn* zunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stamka+he:1 (ovin: *vaktements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary successionv*(:nvh iam ae+k1ok:.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can0:1) /hmnop y,vkydxm be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate tg2h9mf)v kzq r;5 hsc5he effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthemrzs; h)kcv f5gh2 95qsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a foor; ;v:ja.3o 7u4uf*4jej noa*zu zg08 dtvxield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insem.q wk):fu/fx ct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and)mwfq . x/kf:u were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is u dzt;4qcf)*9spao *i,nm5 qi important to take multiple readings of the same fin;ip c *q5otqmu,9sz d4)f* aactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecoloc5 d(a4(d/nuyunm ph1gical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cr ,vwmw7nsy ( c 4s5gpo2,lk9o5*bpxeeeek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled;;g ijf /dsur32mxo:i in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effeck9op xz,k)37jlzb bn 1tive for sampling motile (moving) spe kzp3j zb19x7bl ,k)oncimens.