What is the best definition for ajjy/f oq0ihma, b84a( species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,du p(1jkm48n7bqzy4 a8a db s/ Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto6p4e 4 2iwcp)(vwswfrr 2;F(vp sw 6rwce 2wipf)44actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a poz(-xqcjr)pq)2 i lo f)pulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistkt9dli 2bej + wx24;oeosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks liked9l(f kxt h (fywok3/4 a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and fe4ho(3f/ xfkkyt w9(dlrns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popula5 qt(itv*a. bdtion.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natxq7xw/p 9b/p furally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wopxx/9q pw/7fb lves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bestsmu0 (* a)weud(m. ncy reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and 9c2zs+ /drbubanimals zu+ rbbdc9/s2.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i-p05a: rzc;vdf*atx elf3lm2 swd:.cn food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bectfx. c5+:i-ni uw.vlar and other organisms live and interact with each other in the col.cvi wcxnu +:l-f i5t.d waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lostqtge.. ca)9 wf from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and ang ban 6i-0dr i:55smk large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the phyig m6d i:05nrk-sn5a bsical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corr9jc f;q)oxk 1pect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrou1,bqcfx)sdth +k )q)j:aq9 i fndings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaveqi1jbft x adq,cks)f):hq +9)s, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys1qxf d+a+x3gitem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy rssnw +1bb3zj,6kn+l .

  List three factors that could describe a specieu 5amhv1jjc1* s' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an5*v1m1c h jjuad Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differentw *ar7,h 5w;hrp+ l65kxqafvm temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system y78k hk*fo4y1 xvxl+z


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes tha0ehoybfmqe z+ 7 rgr1-87c z0mt resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsp1o07qbee mr gc h-mr8+ zz0f7yring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow jkj(ffjnc1 8lv 99rk;u(v ausz8* 7bpin a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weuh v);/ws6h nr (2gp(hy*ftd eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alppw(fupc*; wo 96ktk6gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoundsf p6;6kwpo *9ucktwp( produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chbhjw*b - 0vol6emical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems dusq(dvknp0-(p pj61 yiagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes 3qtzjha*x3-porganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgpt-a3jq 3 zhx*anic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of neh gwu9,uii* 3.lmk4fumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its(zvlgu;)sjp7 prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (nrlhx8jo);dpo :)w zt nn(7 o4DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticy)np2x9ssn.eqi8 d s: mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The ) ny2s eqp:9ids8.xsn student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an e.lf 2 tietl3ai:g3 a+xxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversioxj/6alvvwj c l ;m*g66l*ygf2n system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of to)p 1vjpl9 ke5jp0* momxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is 6x)cpt; l2b,i on3oo.eerl 1v false when discussing a pyramid of o6nr lbp)t e1oo,xlce3v; 2 i.biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener8ra p/jl i7db*gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst 1 hen3liv5o7x 8msz(v l44snxem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine/ehdj/n5gzotl yzw6)u a 40 i(bv 51qa food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in ;c fv8* al v, gxqtx065w5tznla soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a foo.b- 2::mohqdxvmg d,qm3mom y6 c(,ald web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah -i8 , hwfjago-j/mz* z8tp je5system with parasites on a zj -gawf-om *5ze8hj8,pj/t iconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesist5k-,7xpt rwwu3 r 1vk and respiration correctly from the options below.What is rrtk3 v 7u1 5w,pkx-tw Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of Dc2, r,hlq8glrDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from 9f6*, wxh.eptxjuq 0+wu+ws pecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convert0h2 -gjj9pj5 tf6cyncs carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrt20njp9-f jyg5 ch6j cates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other ca0jy9,yfompl 1 d23c horbon sinks. 3p 290ooj1,f hclymyd
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest timewf2mi uk4zf2-la d436s kzk.r.

  Figure: Flow of energy/pfcnxdi6 a;pl-o2tj1 c a 8y9 in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trujdxh3 h 6;il+xpb.)jke.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (N xlxz t8wk( j/isq;1hw369ww,l( ide sSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagr3ga8sx n re+,p1uy8ea am of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of -dyq jl o)j);rcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a0bgi)w(.q 9j0 fkqsgupv u:a/n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosr h7006)pdu ng+sx6ts3 t vkcqystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of deniti 4agx.6-yl ynrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fzjww u4lu14kv 6m+5p g/loo1 following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy4ljwf 45zuglmoov/6 + 1pu1kw cle.

  Figure: Average per .7:;xdcys.md6t 441wocqz0vrro wbv capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession puwf 53yhm b27jrogresses fromwjym5 b7f32h u a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of t:l wlvzzz+*/:ps25cv. chrsh lwl, n7i7+w mrransformation.

  Figure: Average per capita h /udfq 9x5qu0$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant y 4;aijtr-r8:d bqxn9 in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after twoir ;br ax:jdn89qy 4-t days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbonag68vvhhd0 ;n storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regio sw5*-e yyu2rbn 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data hagmlx8+q/x6ko c/d;ifm k z p6hz7),for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, ycmv:pf+ .p b6a,kg3rItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or a1 as+99ky-(-qs mbpzgf5gj gmore statements from the folpkz gy(a9g-91gfs + q5jb- amslowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patter: 8:jz ma(supyns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terr zm: aysp:u(8jestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ras45fm +lye j(zinforest biome.

  Identify the correct statem:s9c 0x5yza1z1bk kshent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romeze/6xa5-x7 h lpz ) bkbnl34el, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differelpd +tpsd/m* 1f ah85tnt biomes td/f8 *lp+ 1tdspa5 mh


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodivtczu71 d n fe9gkel+b4l c3q+8ersity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community.+cezle4nbl87+fqu 1 dct 9 g3k
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is notud5tt h; (cj23v 8yqx /d +u,)wuhcjyg correct in describing the changes in productivity during;(5gj,vch 3+x twc yt jqdd hu)y82/uu primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor tc 5jfvv mh4)v4hat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of m akux2 mfugp: k *+jz;ab+p.0photosynthesis mpap xm0*au ;k+j+f.zg2: ubk



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 96zam8egwgtt2 -1xzt a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sex1ma6n a,da k*ries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the mkaa*,nx1da 6 traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the(x6l /ze kc:gx data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor/l6 e(zxxc:kg .
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol6ak9 d.s/yo1 7lrls u.kgbo 0sogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two m96jc0 cicickqzl; ) 9samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampp f zt0*; t/bc07sb rnwqdvp49led in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniquesdp82kr0texl + is not effective for sampling motile (moving) skxp rld 02t8+epecimens.