What is the best definition fornhri 6 /wi,(mm a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,bxq hr2) 1pr zaam5z,0 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a-.hubzrdjtq+e gkw+4;g13fwh .t5v d species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facto3bdhw g.+dfu k -t+hzejw rv4;15tgq .r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a lx t4.hwh;,oi population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sncm+3b0 6uz 3tvgldi, pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like d*ksm7s viy2 7zkav0/ a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years ol/as*vvz 2kds7kim 7y 0d, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups ohu9 1dg)fu+6hn. tgzi*u,ls oh.cw:z f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturall1yz: ;ort( kbvy in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approxima1(kovr;t:zb ytely 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population ovm:+2 awbyo z3iyd27u hqyf2p3er time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plan0av j 1eiijhn0g 9,o1fy+v 3bpts and animals.p0 1+of,gjyiei n 93b0ajvv1h
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of len/v- mx75 fzvl1xj8toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orga4ic8fw8eb. zgx+;2uj mp 5sfanisms live and intera8fifs4b25azc.w +8gpj x; ume ct with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoomj8typr :s4/systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largeot8xg; zv7mjc)z2 d9z biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the phy2v)xz togm8;dz 97zjcsical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementhrj-) ka.na6; leem 4h that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrm lb1,8zvvry,opgjgce ;tk7 4a 9k 3f)oundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products. yo),f a 81bckmpz9,ev;gjg7lv t3k4r
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricsgpua ,(x2t4 mt94+6mm tslbme cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py;y) 5vq .hmosy)y8ak uramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact zg/h47 hagph9or 1; Factor 2 andgz/h4g79p hah Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis rft58j*:a,gc uin 3hnat different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuj yh pjiq6s)il5.(f 7le w)q56k no(ggltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resn dy.3t 7b kdmd0c1bbf4204outn ix9femble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring wh 1bkbi9x42mundob4 fy730tc t. df dn0ich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in v:1zfw n3*v 9q/eukxg a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webnn h+)2n;ipy2wf ucu7



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbbkur0ux-m4msf 86(e mon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from4 -umr(fmx 0s68bukem carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi +pb j b0;2s-drgiwyk+ng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement ojdeb+qxm 6c+ 4f carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thainlvzx9bv5 m3m67+v d t ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials. v36bd+vi xvm5m9n7zl

  Figure: Ecological pyr sw: qjw/fg9oz1uh8 l(amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator an39.ij nuwj )mzd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlp,iv)i: onm8voroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic2 a rdpjb fxy/sn1:c), mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. Th: ) j,br/2fpdcn1 axsye student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transwlx9ap0h, s r5 3po kxq0e:0yvformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver(z lo2 y;:fn/cqk y4kqsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains hkqrmz6m(d0+ko .p7 o




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when dis/k p q,akx4b(ui-,o9g fk5hm zcussing a pyramid of biom kqb, 5kgx ho/f ku-a(zip,94mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of -xqvb(exh 1zx3 e ,lv+1gume wkc o;m 63l*op4energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosy y81dlww; fauw/x34 listem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinqge6l pn .k03gaok7p u.pp 9,ae food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilm3yia:j //yba ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that domi h37 late;+zd zcm*1es not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savy6 //bndo tl. dt1ud;oannah system with parasites on a cony1/d6ntod. ot; l /udbsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly e1 * m4e1sot hg31bcamk4wzl7from the options below.What is Phochk7bm31*soz m lt 14aee1wg4 tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide 2pqvdg.z4 3zxss,wzog5v o9 nm t-d/+.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eneobwpm4p 9p9aidoid8,: g ej0-rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air;v+ *2:7,91 skjqtosjcbqnkj; .ay8 ienycvy to carbohydratei,1+j*a nqoc bc79:y;njkv.setkvy2qsj ; 8 y s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon frofxghcnt +znlriht:9(7 r l2,3m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. :z72gri+ t9rxhlt3 (cl ,h fnn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time ep;8d:q k3-r pp1uk5x4; a*jlmqrwbv.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ye) wzl cw.)m.6 3nkcqcoar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatb +-dle1hpt4g are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondanqjp/(5* 2liw*l zt cfc9t8ne ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyci q1:h7jgmyv. le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon 64cwhu owct22 through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an e49xysp8wvw 9x cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a1 p6q t-o-mfixc-8fl:ycgntcu z6y 73 terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is notp7vwpre9/vx-h01 acbp1. xzf true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a hl6uq wzqm3az*,zk w1 1uman-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.*qz3 luqzw 1k z6m,wa1

  Figure: Average per cap7q9dvh9 ygvd2+ajjhj c /(c7zita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses hwm4c: m28.rv sle9vs from a pioneer comwsr98 h:ve2 v mlc.s4mmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an je /cf:fuwb:e,7 ap(nexample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per c1+jjmhvscj 5 rid 68p7apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plabwtt+5p.x0klw 0ln )wnt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen valu )k0 wwt wn0l+txbp.5les were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor8zjiwnw* 2etj)jx5 in;/p6 okages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 194+*t3/*h 9mxn)fwggbt n mvrx88-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f q5ok lec8)ur8or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofb m r07ot4hhb.95 u8q9hlkeio Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from w,n -x07ehg 1h7tyo7x;sl+xdoonq)mthe following.7xyo) w;ment q-7+sxlhgnh o1,ox7 d0
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patteb rn2i; ,uad2hrns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ter2 2 ubnra,hid;restrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip)6nr hkc5a i2ua(u9iy8 :seu0b4dxpption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct g4-*yr ekg4:sc. paczstatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 2m2 evp z-*iuf/*h0*k rdoaacn9gq,wof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivore / ic:uvvpwy9+s in different biomes9 yc +/pvv:uiw


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succesgv 8vyp+t ,jz77 ri)uby-rr9 nsion progresses from a pioneer community to a climabz7y7-prgjrv,+r v)n y 9t8ui x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fi56asykm(t2 hollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity ds 5a62(yt ikhmuring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured us.mu df/ k3.cucs9 xxo.ing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of an9t-)+)4 w9km v3zh,et efusv /kqzuphotosynt4t-svzq+9efet nw vu)mk, k )u/9a 3hzhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldchyqcj7c/ q9h;4lz 75n8.nq bx 5yea p



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sp*g8 c+, w)rqb yhs*g6mdz c-mzecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a tomz*gws rz)6c+h8d mbqc*g,-y tal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the relia(5 zokt m/hqo(mp4jg9bility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fac mj9 (ogt( 5opkmz/q4htor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecg)yoc/irn *+p.druq +ological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Will. m ,x nksls(oyu:f.v+ow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of ;o zjixy5gtf2-5lto( / g4 lpg)9udbyWillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplin0oa7s qs 6*ofoj:y9dx(v6oxf g techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) speq *svo xxo:do6ys 0f6f7aoj(9cimens.