What is the best defin gsgbbbld -(h1,r8i.y ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, cy 3i. kw czdqb1c* )no3zs2t4w7p)neItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' *lwu fsirhe.j7,47 wy niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factofw7r*e7u. ,lsij ywh 4r 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population -j p6*:m(g xkf0i xhgwtr(q /e


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of -l-azp opb8( .rr-enj a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girafni0 .d:arvf6q fe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat.0a vqrd:nfi6 fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pfpj ,y1od *9(digd : ;rkflau7opulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North 6b7csu4j5gd6+ 8 he6xat 56nozrhx mhAmerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorc5 867gu6jsba6h5 oenhxhxtr6 zd+4 mial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best re7 qo hl1uqoheco5r zq4:(( 8ng cxli(.flects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sna2f pems+)x-*ffxj t;kils feed on the remains of dead plants and animalj) *-s;fe xk f+ftpmx2s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsfw-fpm() roj ) zsi)y,


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seald s4x1 4cp ejg(cw2m*u, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arcticp *ec42ug 1xdwm4jcs ( Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoyx; oeq4v+o5yl, tb99l(k efvsystems.

  Rainforests are known to hav cmsw oml(xfdm n/xzi98+ 2:c4e a8v/ke tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, de4mv8 wc o+n/ z9ad /(l8 mfms:xec2xikspite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desc s-m1gv.e.ji jription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundodh k.cw8 c,i3)/osirings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, a d c i8)r.so,ik3/whcond the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivm fesiyh 4u+8md( oc/54nsg)vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyxgrd 9se+ip8m 0z/ 4 4h;kvvynramids of energy.

  List three factors that could des/w y. w:awn.in5bye 5icribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 a/w wy. y5.:bei5ian wnnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthepp,o ua 9297gkfowe;lvir,7msis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu1kpd ev /)-up*akrofq7 i 8xk(ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has2bdb2 8g *a q9 n eh)comwv-wv:*e w8qibjeh., stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graee) 2j2:wm wa -b bhdcwh, . qqb8g*9*ovnv8ieze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of e 4xgsuxwkes)6qd, 1 ,b* v3vfla/ne(h nergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wegkty n1knoa, u;2 +k*ib



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae t3z8pk6zp7p3mr r e y)h k.p,aqhat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, 6p,p pkrrkz3 8h3z.)qe7pyma water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemo3,o s:sucgn7ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon inluof8: ae+va /v j0c4kkv w(b7 the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms tx 2ezo,km0)9 xoogy+bhne+ l4 hat ingest and then break down and dig,+oeb4oo) ng 0mheyz x2x+l9k est non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers+ xknb5lb e;t-


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dens* lpf+sub ,:bs .:tnclities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichn;dmamu-mn kgfsk5 +rgq l w6l1-**g/lorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mese)uw+yv3 /ud (lin rx0ocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lighel /dr30()ywv +nxiuut source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.0yvk9mcv2; p uu69xsa

  Figure: A natural energy conversion ika/(8ku +20 iplhzcpsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxingyz8bum jauj+qw76k 7rmb76o/i3c0 z s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fo*gc- z ho/lw,yllowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of gzlyw-c/h*o, biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eo8t0 gk8 d l;hph(6mkgjefg)(nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in 1f2(d xa5ghp/vx)doh an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foome237 gzvbiv(y/f k :op8h r*gd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a44b/f0yjkijm4sqs3jf y gb +( soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not fwairz;em5m ;8l:9on5sx*nda v;jm -accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thatx 7.klyko:un) could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likxuo ynlk.7 )k:e the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly froula-7n )bab9qm the options below.What is Photosynthesis)9bal-un q7b a and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as x(wq.zxibog 4et8 7c; an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is l)63x;h wqomp x-(bu li4h7bwnost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to9urncfg;l +q ; carbohydrf9g+lrc qu;n;ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphe.336dur gdsq9rs6vcsi nq8d4sw -i1 rre to other carbon sinks. d w8g siqcrr3nui36qsd 6-v s1.9rd4 s
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest di n fhvs )0f9jz +0s+0uzj2jb/svce.time.

  Figure: Flow of energwmga3m c6b2.n y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementdcy 6wu/-zyv2 s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calcul su:htom -*p28;mrwu qated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyczl 79 .d00q2ehd h2b awd7dnxole



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through t8 t+r+55d x 4qtu5augetyy u*khe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ar9qd/w sr5n 3wje.( u(ksop :an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow 3 w(-uucdg4p*vz ewa; in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bac43hkz*k h+gx ateria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect99c8ie ia6 .k)aezhnq9j) y : ab0vzrm on the nitrogen cya 9b)a.aqinz: 8)ei9y90 mr6jz c hkevcle.

  Figure: Average per capit7rb-- k i0;q zqeh)yow+i6d lma $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primax3anqfk- girce2 ra55 ln*ge 2)c +b5iry succession progresses from a pioneer com r3 i2cl2-gxefeb5 iqakn acn5r)+*5gmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folnb z*)1kw(mp xlowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca2)h)6ka malpyu 0 onf5+ pl/dypita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. jm9rjo-zc e(me u eqia1:5/z*One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained /er9( qmu:jce5iezz1a*j-m o at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon p*mw e) 3)u)7jh uewbcstorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020(m108jpwk *b nlf* uj)e 6rdj:o6ctop


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data *dwqly3e */bf for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,vhp, bztxy6fspd 84q53 k(+nc Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one t*6nug1g e6o cor more statements from the folloge6cton 6gu1*wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by nfjpmfjr7h o4)7z7yf et/n)/climatic patterns and other physical variables. List thet nmf4/7hj/n)feoy7 z7frjp ) main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforeswuf1yff)qli (u :/s8y n ep-z:t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an -u ,joetpdn+u)dhr08ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap8 q8 d(xhx/mbl)2 +nrmeb(-rnfx- f mjh of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of lj4wep, d.s4etwo herbivores in different biome,wple44dsej. s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gorbk,8q6+bej 45u: e ydu ygc:PP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cj5c6uyb ykbe 4,8ug e:droq+:limax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements im a.p7 :cf4w+amsoxb )s not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succesmaa .m4sxp c:ofb )7w+sion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using ahqssjt,- dvb i j39d +tvk9/7f Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rbt t;kne8gyxk5( uhqj ::;7l bate of photosyntheslq:tjgyx ;:n7b( bk ;k t85uehis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielm524yota rt i5d



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series o5t4qf.li:wrw;9jsjc tnx* 4of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total oxcsjo ijnwfqrtw *94l54.;t : f 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take/ljdp5p( 7cn.e3y9tok-c bxs multiple readings of b- 7tsn3/j p5o(dcyplecx9 k.the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi(4wjkc-8uo nh a(jj9pcal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wi1wnwsp5ly yi05ml l0rv aouk t /5g n8-t)nb;/llow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow/)0euxpv 6j ug Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplingr4-foq; sqa5x tm .haz91;irk motile (moving) spr1.5r 4- qqzaxisak mt fo9;h;ecimens.