What is the best definitii t;by,*kmq1bon for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, )yy4ki ifos 1ruw ,8u.Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a speciesk/0wu;q)9xe 4n bxp er' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor/x urqpxee;0 w94bnk ) 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatiwb1j 4mwi 7za.on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistj.9 vl;q-) 3p c4by6qzrm j dq7yhqpmka1m(2uosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has kqoj-od g97o1aq:i (v stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they 79vo:joiokqad( 1g-qcan reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organrcan2,7rc y 5uisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Northbn h 5(n-az(xc+6qb tz America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the landna-6h(c(5 q ntzx +zbb area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatm11m rszd*8 pgion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feve+ qtmt;k 3zur2z*:2m m0gkeed on the remains of dead plants and animak2v+;mqe ek:zzt ur2mm* 0 3tgls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c4,p b1dd6cj6k: tsp (gag)thy 6+hj8,frvzrohains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and otherytyc; 11:p( sgxdg; jelr2)wk0h+w mk organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic k; etmhl(+dr0k yw gy2pc)g:1wj;sx1 Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is losw,5)/ b. najoros6lq) cntv9t t from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a.-y1l31amg payyn m 9j large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdepend9mn y3ymga1yja. -l 1pent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement thati p )-*2q); vriaqfxhp is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes in n x96qa zv4e6tdce+3yto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thxa46+ne3qeyv6c dt 9zen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysm632,onei qf7; ufu8h/xph ddtem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enn2ud* yw.mu9 ojau3z9ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a/e7:3jcnp gwn species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorec/7p:j n3nwg 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis ypkiuc.vfld;0:p1/ m at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated x0pu zoe1h)hb+lhj 6,rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks likev n2*jqv8thkyr4cnr/1 a8l sh (52 ; ktlkvt9o a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forestt; kcq vt4 j2otrlv(9vn8kr yk*sh5nl1/2ah 8 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enerv 03e7cg4lq-yxtq:k)5k 7e 9 dldatcbgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodebpvp5i9mz29y.m 2v e: t1uqs web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside s.zpyk85yc 8iyp jk19coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon diopyy8j p k9ycisz.85k1xide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingc2h u)3eyjq.o0 pp0ix;uklf, chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mov np qbqgros*p(q1. or8fc*0+0gih j;hement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms lif6 t0xd(c0q sqke earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-0f (q06t scdxqliving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers mp7s 1s+ x8nk/l5hnzk


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator xa gang d19/q0 trec:rb;3cgh9st65vand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichb ph rk,gab(5rf09:q -hvi6h+tc* fev loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesoc1eck7qfjtsc6gz p 0p36hh4 zh 7 -x9uoosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed 767jp-zxe qzc3 60hhf9toh1kg u spc 4it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i:.l cxmz 19+w3 zom;6ydeahv ns an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enerlts, ;f,sy7mx07h t8; ebgdt27hpsszgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c oje4l 8 2edsvwri3m7(ha4 hv;+ld) ddhains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid oh3n9u:.6mr y; fsfosqf bio q;so9fmys3 r h6uf.:nmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of 4ufq (xrarsea83/ ba4energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyste 0 :p 1ywt/g9l7nxesvqm.

  Figure: an Arctic marine gybm;lx 4gy*219n 8s mnhsom5 food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a0b;ggs glrepr u6-( o+ dpl/g7 soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelys ncif++if; n0(hcaj + describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sysvp4d oqogf):11 fmx5 a9mj9o*w(r ziftem with parasites on a consumer li1f)z9o*51f9 :4roi jaf dpxov mwgmq(ke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly frqp8g1dyyneh 7 fi,9 s5dq*ii3om the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Re8i 73dngi1 q h,dqyes*yf95 pispiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidu2fcoy0pu 5t tzkm6+24byhd*e.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is loxgev5 3a kx4es8sf sl1 -o)r7ast from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process tdzb,*gjyhk- rv ( b-;mhat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate(* rvh dmgk,bj;-b y-zs.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fr(m:fd )dk+ew aom the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. m: defd)+wa(k
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tha5 .hwnh gnm,8pt requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in jk 8b/4kn 3a4flu d9ue5yc4gsan ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t b+jqyi3 2aw(7zzi/y zhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (wwp sk ,y3zq46t9p *xc*17 cr:p xovniNSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified /e9:lwdrwtij1 qg (f:diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbo7*tf,z qx-abun through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosye3wbu)tdd /ntgu- j /3;kjoz :wq2zn0stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te epdn e)ojnn:-qei66: rrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme fdwb uf,;ix71(f * .7pnduza7oux,ia nt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-inf7bpc :rd,z hqz)i+7 jduced effect on the nitrogen cyc ir:,jc7q) fdbh+ zzp7le.

  Figure: Average per capita1elw b cju7 lpy(td53( $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary su39.-v z aquqk/ vbta1tccession progresses from a pioneer communitvb/1qtzvka. 9 utaq -3y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingq 7)xkd:by kurh2ml .2 is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitk5g ba 8pd-qd.a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with a/sxxx w w1x97gn Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other i s 1xx7ww/xg9xn darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anun8dc3okv xp5- f4. pj h1ldy2nual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionnq8; ;gj *hssg 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f9pko* wc xy.d -r1mr9ior a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I+vzp iuub2wtn (: z4m4taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing; v5o q32vrtc;,skrf g one or more statements from the followin g ,qf2crt;r ov5v3sk;g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vard;g4 iwea0oz7ca* a :diables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bia aw4e ic; z0dad7*:goomes.

  State which is not a descriptionk+ixsp t(s8 e) of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rxer6i, z6nn t/elated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital0idx1/3 eknw(nbqd z .y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differen3 fon2 09rrdd m5vkm 37)akarjt biomevrk 3ra k adm925omj03frd7)ns


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successyiq 4o pu(o n25yw;z514 jgqldion progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communn12do5i4j( yy;o zp5wgl 4uqqity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha89rl m -8wjyd,astb+bonl l 7(nges in productivity during 8lja ,rmy tw(-78oslndb+9bl primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secch mmvs ;r-gi*2fi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ou+f+0 x:nxde lf photosynthesis fex:lx+ du0n +



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in lp0fe8 w rv0 wp;d8 vrrt8 ootav+18i6a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens djhg:./f bv3i of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individualgijd :vh. /b3fs out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data-rb /,*t7cvy6bl),qki obitt , it is important to take multiple readings of the same factoo7*t/i- i,6rb,y btk tblq) cvr.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingxirr0fu3x k19rcs9t 4


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cr ) m t-6 0p;bn8- d ueo3mhhg11gi0puvx2zwicoeek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wi7vj /.znj e9qwllow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampifro1c)oz(qj 6v/ai- ling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (ma o(ojiv-qf6 z/i rc1)oving) specimens.