What is the best definition for a speq fj:q00vs2q* aj-h bncies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, ecrs9.b*xc7 dItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fnlhi*v:n7u ; vactor 1 ;Factor vn* : nhvl7;ui2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curveqiawjql;g * j4 a8bm2: of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spec2.-8mljt zq7lf u,sav :tr ,ykies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small 41aiw2 gbww1q-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Cw w4q 12i1agwbongo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popq8zqs5u7uaccb, 5e 6* q 2vusxulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis luhgxzd +p ;op2vk: uk+)pus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves havep :2;khvxk++z dpg )uo returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the q,agbfdj+ h,x34 a 2 pzee7cj6growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snai 8qg.d50o jtigc.;px lls feed on the remains of dead plants and anima8lj5;p0cdgg. .iox qt ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain p;n *aje8vc.as


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bek-cl nw yl:m(frx;uuu(y5s 8/ar and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Au/c- km5r (lf(y;n8luw usxy:rctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecq i:f712 12p51+oimkkfa k zb2pf wgqdosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with higtj xml- .sz52s:4rj eyh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to zessjym-j 4:.l 2t5 xrnurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description o ,6 ay3mmow:gfq*q/l nf a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounmtngn6h7 , l uy3.g3madings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the promnl6ah3 um n3tyg.7g,ducts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice+a6u c6eso u jc7ee*u)tb(9(tiwj; mw cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid7*e k-eknd+zd s of energy.

  List three factors that could descrq+on ,gc5 ag;kibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factorg,ocn k5 gq;+a 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesitxm/ pw ii +7juq2g,9fgmo/i+ s at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syk:ky ;2gdbt7nstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smz kxi 8**q gkhksz, b):)a1vifall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s mikzvbgik): *kf1zq 8aix,)*hslk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystempy,y 6)16ru6pi oj nuq.

  Figure: A marine food web fv8b j-v(bfu0 (drjowma k5vjh+7x)gz5k6:w



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae t5zo j1rw2xrmt .zr:t 4hat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide. t1rzz5mr2x tjr4w: o, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemixq9wp7dud l dm,4l(o46xeo9 f7hrr0pcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocealq r fzpg87h/r;50uu2 n sq8sun


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follo dh1;14 1bthzc .cfc1h5b gdbzwing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dig4b zb hc.15hdt;d1cc1fzbh 1gest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbjj)jo19njvh t zuw(.jh( qa-8h (y.isers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of 63miw x ;lnbe/a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichg4 )znuo0xaa5r/kq 0g loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usi8fb ld4ya83xpng a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which includedxbf a 8p4d3y8l algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trq/pkv +58tgvw*yg/;f , yitxwansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion .0 nxq2qq( fxwsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsw;:wyz93 9wt okc2k bj in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stateme)ko 3npmga/ kr 4e5o61luly8pnts is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass. me65/o1g3ykllnpoka8)r4u p

  Figure: A pyramid of energy*fvp2yy -:af o-8d -rk2hc8t .jkwyru


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.apd;5vd ql:ey m: e.3d

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w9ybhe09ol .ms5+d f7nhcy k;jeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil 6 ekmqayfj 3.*ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web. u2e**d hwiu-n

  Identify the pyramid of4kcy64cn 6a. imohy;f numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasit;nyyki6fcaom. c64 4 hes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirat)kd ql1zeniu9d*9or :,at b p.ion correctly from the options below.What is :n.9r)bkopd1q9*uti ade z l, Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the q07o 8 b: nhq6cr,mkiwuse of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy ocxq/z6ow)s6z x*z n8 is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts yn- 97f *k0y ucpjy-txcarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydray7 0nu tjy*- f-p9ckyxtes.

  There is continuous cy.dul a/k;hd cyow*+j4 cling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.j*;4kl o.hd/ u+aywdc
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carjg+yn/v1et b-qbao5+ bon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year ) jkv4tckushcj 353.2qgq1of


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements ty3d /tu7bx-sm hat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivitdj;wk 0+;a(dfgl ls2 qy (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine cary) ta/k8z03tnkdu7 u fbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carboii1vw-ff yhz/lgm44) n through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an e 6 1es xohshdgf/12ac2cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow i55c 54w8uffw1lbc9 bde eeva 9n a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tw aoy0k;r e;m f)*cc7krue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced ef(5odk n(ps .olfect on the nitrogen cycl5 .(l(odkop nse.

  Figure: Average per capita )c+ 05;ooqf b2wgm joh$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as jrshzkw)4k .zq; / 67e3gbuj cprimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a chk r36jbkq; u wg.zj)e7s/z4climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.eu kxhhw)1th4a-z .: q

  Figure: Average per ca4vk)*r /a jjbspita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using botj; bx9 7qgdu1 ucx3o.mtles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtaine o;qj31xuu.x7 bg mdc9d at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbi 1x amkchy*x2 74 lgqt85hy-xon storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-( xz)ra q x4+(9hiqgfx7moc c12020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data yzv ql97 hbkeg9a*do2z4:d i(-ox 9 dhfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphek8oli7a u:a/nefj1 4 of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonati m.hyo7j9tg f5on’’by choosing one or more statements from the following95to 7.mgjhfy .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized ban +2:pgmp+ va;+ ng/emf bsqm8/bs2vy climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the m+mmnbg;/ q2pvng+ m +sp : fa2/ebsv8aain factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomexzyv30 c+c zw8c;lggy 3nt7z:.

  Identify the correct statement related to dpoa*t.ek4 b) yiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I l)6tjo*uss8s h)mkg 4lpp27jtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivigqqnrj la e:50pz4t 64ty and biomass of two herbivores in different biomtqzg:4q60ln j54aep res


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversityw56rh)ubjgr4l 4 k2 /uag;czj1.m rmp, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comrb25r.jg )14rjcum;/ k mgap6 wuhl4z munity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thzcfbxi ,, kryockg24 5-.2z vie changes in produbogc-r.iz k,2y kv5 f,i 42cxzctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that 3bi+yewk1pz 19s:rjz.z ub nu,i7f *y can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat . l(zgfu6m;+,8.wwmwiwru hu e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis6lwu i gwfm,r(+;. h8.uwumzw



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a e(p ve6aaim q:l-)i odpz99,y; q fbh;field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens o- z 7yj+wrq-fbf beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total+rw7-z yjqf -b of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability ok24iteha5a. k-+y;b-ahu hrgf the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factorkg-r4-+ a y.hhht uia5bk e;2a.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecol- ;lo,binix 6oogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for y-gr p5hw59zd60po33k upkx ytwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of W bs:):1j /wzx ma4fyupillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is p, vw i*pr,3/9pery qhnot effective for sampling motile (movingw 3/p ,9eh*pr,piyrv q) specimens.