What is the best definition for a speib eh* pdka:0 yd0ody- .)pi:pcies?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro g6 u-yo98z/jfo( pxcsme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sd88veicb f ;9gpecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fv f9i 8bd;8gecactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population 9muent (yu vi/v.08d( zvrs*e


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species u dx(dkfe1oub qh).) +bg7 th8



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebins - 27zzq3g dfbr;)rra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, theyr37 )2-;i gzndzqr fbs are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a p4qw yp8.5akb0 ;udwb kopulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nortwh:v dum1n65ld i ak.)h America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a smallvh d. lak5nmu 6)1i:wd, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populatx.n 6xf*4jy c7iq6a edl4,wqxion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains a*ln1sefeujqq h;g:0q l*+w (of dead plants and animals.u;en 1flg* 0 lqqqj+ eaws*(h:
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain w-zo j8.*ji3a;i adtys


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringeqjtf ;y7:j ;x+g0snw48d2cn 5zcy mhl -;cdvnd seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters oqsc n- ;gc0yjm 5j2vdc;8:l+xw7n; nz d4fyhtf the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystejornb/q.ho+gniy:/q m) 6 y s)ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tbhug *taeg8gz;:l(v;b3 g9dw rees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertilgt l*u v (w9;hgd8e;gg3ba:bze soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ofypj -i 1rwrer;hm;ot z;pc 981 a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin9ome q 90n,ttcya tr+4g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things sor+ne mactq0t94,y9 tuch as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation a sanh-.)jo1 zsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used yyjis h+rf z-p4mtm* h..7j,n for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whau 13z h*oak6 m;vq6fgbt is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F;h6mkvgz6 3u1qfao b* actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at z aqfha(f/f :afx(z9m0qcd93different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys;qmf t 1uova g8spi8j i7w089etem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripr0cvmdij3 41w dnho 65es that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six 4 ddwi 63m10j5hnvcor months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy fl.8oqrahl.v9 beqs mh4, 1sww(ow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web tg8n6 j 8w0nr6s. xbxt.eh.qq



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cok1jj4c *sc jts;8*ji ;vmiyl2ral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producs ljcvc *y;i84;mtj 1jkjs2i*ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactinyyo :,/od+8l: n mouion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the q6(if)4d6 tehjryl4 jw;ve6v ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following rxmx9k 6bx,pcc 9q 4 d/uhh*hei 4n5w:terms best describes organisms like earthworms that inges/i c9 45 unrh km xw9h:pxbce*dx,h4q6t and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbery :et-nzh fso)m 7g;t0s


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatob1i0vdsv;x g6r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanl :2zpf 6pydg0e (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using zqy j/ 8j3id4xw)b*8lgd5r(d hb:tuta commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravzq*h3(i 4d grtx dtw8 u8:5d/bjljy b)el. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exampl54uwy7o zef3 i g4qp:re of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy cl px;m lp8o33ionversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxmqb+ *i jqs 9d(2yyfy-ins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussin0f+o-frpkqu * g a pyramid of biom koup+*0-fq frass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e), l mv+3 bnj,1s,he8pgm)bd r pthtd;nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing*m8jh f m(.l6spjsj3w productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maw85uq- qfzr+ orine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyg( zegnk (c z/it:3 s2(pdkv6nstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accura,jrasx9 qbgquj06t*ek)/ -k vtely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exid**l. lfprs- ast in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lion.lr fs*dp*a -ls

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wha5rz k-zz4+ sfxt is Photosyntheszf4-5sk+zrz xis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements t e1ebd.n6 wy.zhat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.0f+5ty a-o hwy3z e-cq

  State the name of the prap jmsav+bl3zq ij7 6/z* g.a1wf7ka9 ocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyda9w i 6z*1p73ablj/sj7 mv+ z.faqa kgrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to otherl2nhwoz 0x1bkhp z.;5 carbon sinks. zwnkz20ox.p;15 bhlh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the tbt 5jewfl47 5carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyste afowze91)3(bh9o vj :eq0tozm / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements +ichx g1m;f9une9jd +that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatyo-jez yy/1. se id)zo8x-x15 zdpt/ted.

  Figure: A simplified di keganxq f 71str2+n0.agram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thbt5lt vb6-1k1x5efqql+ 7 74sl fppwhe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in akb9ne,(mx ws qv)vu(* n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecos . jdxjofu22u;ystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true2 ya2;f q2ohc:f 6olkn w.g9ii of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogenrpr3 q4v5 *n*wie ypj)xv0yz * cycle.xjywyn*v 0r*ip e3p)4zv 5qr*

  Figure: Average per capvkh4uvm) r.2svo8 es zj/ hawp)3r,,uita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversiuw ga 5fo1w2xp./0ts0yl ik6rty, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a 5as yi.w 6pw/u k1gf20x0tolr climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is akje) r esq4ou44* (w*iiwng2 zn example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capix.r(y*acn eb 3ta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an b4q.ml8tkh y:i5t+x l Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the otherykllt+ tm. hixb :4q58 in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT k knmqyy32+ rd-54qw,gcze9 d$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region mf salofw92f. mz dk5)ln.0et lt( c6/1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bnyjgvjc l3l.f28 o 22yiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro-axf6pd gz+/3uo gq i6me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more stata nyp. nfi6qif( -,cmriz-*7w ements from the followi6, mz-wpi-a. n(ryc*inqfi7fng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns andqys3 +dele*4(su *nb8 cj,sro other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize thesr 3 bee*8ju+l(ysoqs*, d4cn terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rk ( kg5o4dy(klainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversghk)6q ojg16*kigpnp er t)6pm2b3*ul 62ozg ity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,45ooa vca)fq5 z )j;1jyzx4u w Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biom9hu j4so587gejv 5x) n4dl yywass of two herbivores in different biomes x oyj54he y9ln78d54)ujwvgs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre, :qc(*w sxr ,fy*aa zzx(4rpssses from a pioneer communizrzq *yfaracwx s*(x4:p, (,sty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin:ac,kzahx h/((p.wefeb-h ,:zf hf4mg the changes in productivity during primarkfzhhc-:(pz h,x/ am, 4 ef:abewfh.(y succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be ml uhy)5g;, x2wbcw(,yef6y vaeasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invesb qh 3/djm0/ r;xh 72otefyfz.tigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis3/hj e72x;zdmqyf t. 0 forb/h



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a)wi m l(ei.-pic6 hxo8 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capthb8/ vg.sn1p sqm1l7-rix9aiure specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked.ixv8q/asbim.h l9 r 1ns17gp- The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data,x37 7z1lh 7dezekxgn0 it is important to take multiple readings of0en7 z7kh7ez3lxx1d g the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in d8ah;u6zpr m* v,kpx/ ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow* -p*kf8o foad Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow okfgn-wwbf6j* ;(m ;v8vy ly 5Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for s1f3 bf1-up sxsampling motile (movin1-f1fxs pb 3sug) specimens.