What is the best definition for a c2zjw3y6d tpdwb 3f(+species?

  igure: Climate graph dzb5sl7h)g 2hof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 16;: 3qhjmcdw;-y2: t rcsrs9g fb,zdd ;Factor 2;Factor 32gddjy9zfb:t-:cw 3qssm rh6 ;,r d;c?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popw521 ria w2cjpulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosowu 1no70y.mkm /9q wnbma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zeb5, v*e .mpxsjlkf1xp:ra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaveesxf, p:p. kvmx15*jls and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populati:mrlxeaz0) s 0on.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canipvpgx3-og8 7u jji (q1s lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of l7x-(opiqggv j1 3uj8pand for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that beauir v1,./i eost reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and pxz,q7p 0 rt7osnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.p pq7t ,z07rox
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins iz0ip /x6kei o ;,2gfbsn food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar1v4 (svi )kvnvz04oqg bear and other organisms live and interact wit14 nzivsvv0gk4(v)oq h each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.v *ff0lw65 fo(tugfgguy7u +*q9x rk.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with higdc;1 bk*whr kg v+m-c,h productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditiodbkc1h g-+wvk ,cr m*;ns have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food t320tvm/hbi wq /lmj ct-x s6du2hj38chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by relengh+daqmf-j9p:h-x 0 asing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and de90a+xf h-nm hjp: qg-dcaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system (4f/pa(mhih 3euqwm:gtq2 y +


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of e4dhc)s gi:oe.r3 ,gk-ibr 4lfq79-y asp2 n ydnergy.

  List three factors that could describzsh*iq alsc ;x35.jm;e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3jsh*s3x5; z; lqmai.c?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different te hpwvd32k2 x0gmperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s(c.arg gfb5 u:ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has st2c2yshluv d1 m+2w 3o6cnwjj8ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for sixcn2w6cl38j s2 12myod+ uvwjh months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorre x)io: 1lpjx(wu5 vfz1ct description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food o+ ktgm,) an;qweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insspbaex*kkgq,,q6 ax/ar w; x8h n p--k37-pdmide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced b e3m8a/-qabpwxpd pxagx hk,k ,k;-6s*r7 -nqy zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following n* ma)( szj0f490 yhy1(hol am yb;xyxchemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tyc dj 2kphnd3:/cby- /he movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the followinewy 7v-0e 8 m/miaxm9cg terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m8we myi0-7 mac9x v/meaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers ,8 h/ 02 myuzpw/ztwcp


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities 4rm 23yij)xng c;vr ikci/ c39of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 2jc k8coz-rj q, l1r7y(DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commer9oea/ l0unvu-99zgh czp 5cp 6cially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following sta0/ol p5ch9 6 9vuu-9cngpzz eatements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma ywve.-*v h m-j7fl2jal)2zkn tion.

  Figure: A natural ene1 urct8d: dzg)rgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foe64rb7boo7ale6g) +aleys9r od chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statemeno( 7xbfey1)o-yq zd ,4wmrro9ri ih7* ts is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassz qied m9(,wrxyi4fooob y*)h -7r71r.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ- 5ty xu;yn1-y(z tup2 omj5vly


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repr6;.+1y.8 o oqqxlmy pd) i; re6vrvdqcesenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food khc19hc5qc2 t web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i(mxei1fck-cb4;g:xz 5n it(p.d5g iqn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately d5o1n(4 qqf.gnczwnju1uw( 8 yescribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could eu-pw4t :7; eia:lif xexist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lions: fepxwei:i4ta7 ;u -l

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly qq 7+4i0srmc (q/luuzfrom the options below.What is +q (zu70iculqr m/qs4 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desfr 2gkx,38rzxcribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy ,2e3bds4uugph:+ m bcis lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air t9 2 vfyw1ulwr9k+rxp 5o carbohyd +r19wpw 9f2xlvy k5rurates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. t)5 so+zrwbi*izs wr5t *+o)b
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires tfu-/ txz;(r wlcwh3i 5he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an sgvf--z1); dwe uqag)gzx.50 s7 nvvgecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements p beik8l3 39m blp3n5qthat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (N:+gzdx sc,xt-mk-s , jSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dia:d valb/vhbpd;/ju+ g 5zk; /tgram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycbic1-a9))gdam odn i6 le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec .lsz/xsuunxco-(7 q-o rr516:l s ddiosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosys5bj2f3qs.engfvr +c i tw:26ntem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenhi1-2 k*fxw;u+mc dmi t that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following x22qo 1lzc)zquzej 1,oo27tq0 lsx:u is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyxoztsez0l1q c l2q2):,uu7qo1 2jzox cle.

  Figure: Average per capitk v1n0gc-9 bxta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biod *y0izawxt- *qiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a *axzi-q0t y*w climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trar9vuf;-ks gcu y5 od/7nsformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 8w( tp:0gbsok $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea p 2jtsi 2swy7j2wszm )xc-rh) ,lant in water. One was kept inx-sr) it2 zw s2hjy, )2wcm7js light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GTljan5.h,/,bg/ q/ (yfhcs.m y,9a0ws pzov rn $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionv:y9c q r6zm 0w/8saad 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomecei/z xoz-1 lpg)mr. 0

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of iudab ug-1d*: o6cv1f 2stf 5qRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’6d+uyxf c 3ngvk(3rs( by choosing one or more statements from the followi6vu(ckdxn(33 +g f ysrng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cl*mk,nwwg 0x.1u8tni9l 4kcu himatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bm4xc,t 9 k8ni*nuh1wg.k0luwiomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biow)p,ptl ibo2g r: h,i6me.

  Identify the correct statement rela 3lzi5e(mha5c5/ pmi tted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rrqd: kyi6v g3g/l 1mfl +x/fr3ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass xfk i7ydv f)b0w*d;nedaz) ;)ql8uz; of two herbivores in different biomebq awx ) e)f)yi*dd8l; fkzdv7u0;;zns


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP aslm 4iu rziytwn32l280 v 7poj0 primary succession progresses from a pioneer community toitzm joui4wy027lnv023r pl8 a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct r t6 16;ztxneotqy-l2 in describing the changes in productivity during primary -nt 6lr2 q6yxttzeo1 ;succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic faxi 0se3yi.;ftctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inve:fg qovn0xg.t83 -urgstigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynto8gqtgvu0 -3.ngfrx: hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inkvy5i 6.3rim r9z1gcd a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of in 6o u38wi97sduh )etinsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 werh7oni6 )tu dwu93i8es e marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multt 1*vjg/oa lur8qn u+/iple readings of tg* +ouq1//najvul8 r the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling5p-e7wkez/g;m .a og6 9wf z+2 ifcpst


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for t/: nncdoa dv6q tg;(*zwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cvw/k) oooduo -.w z2,o,iqb a6reek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technique7 hnodpig7puua-2p9ul-v r-9s is not effective for sampling motile (moving) s79hlur ua7iuo9 pv-p 2n-dg-ppecimens.