What is the best definition fiy i-x z.xp1gc3-i5jsor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of8: 6zhjko; nha Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whatlf-c4alyvhz 3kp6c1 : is Factor 1 ;Facto14h fvczc ykal6-p:3 lr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population . bot*yg s,achebgw31k5f m wt:i7e ;6


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe-nvf29 5j , 4hycwmb4kp6ngs acies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembl5;o( f bhd+k gu8r0ywie the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees theikg 0+rou5( f8d;wh byy can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groua)9rrl,0cdb/olpki5x 7uwo 14sh q/xps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the greyfhd2vkv v*(,t wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a smallv,t(fvd*2k h v, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of aplc z087 wjuhpnd24is; jid72 population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails6nc,j3je ( akv6jasy. feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. njv6s ck6aea,yj(3. j
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsa3pbfnj4*7 l x in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringegeb-mz f /z7g-d seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocef e -zgmg7-/zban.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys dfy2,:a3 hhuma qer2mn8e .*ztems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biom8q,ycj na,k, jass with high productivity, despite infertiln j,a8kqj,yc,e soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description omrd.,z 03law zf a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrieu 7gqel7ele 07lu wt/+nts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then ab 7 wqeu0e7/g+ulelt7l sorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste( (xd)r: lkqj r,7teikm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for rmk-ih bja70o t:d-(hba)3kd pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe 6utsl)j,+d/qg3m +bfixr , cra species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fa d +i)sqg /lc6b+r3f,j,turmx ctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynt s5k1* *xocc8v:)xci(bf ttiup 4)nyrhesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culb5 dxg q*t:rl4tivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizedud5qvyk) akylpl:4 0hc4 )ki oe8ez(( giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Rk:)4l z8 dyckvy0 k(qeaph45ueilo ()epublic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy 7i1otsmkf dk0j xn+,/flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w jerrc)e8:x opu0zw c,y6,k-web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed vyhme(.ib5d5on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, wat(vmd5be. i 5yher, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingimoai 3e 5f0c;o+,ee i chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oc9mf+jr cbjmj gfyv kck5-j 25 3-+b4yzean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms p.igkh0bt1 t/ that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic gtp.t1i k0/hbmaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid o go2y *b:e/nm pw0kh6sf numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitn+ks4d / 8lwpjd,p8t9dahve8ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about 3qbno n0 j80enDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquaticneuls z0 ,a*3w mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrim0*ne sa,zu 3lwp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followi m0e 7b-1fejwdng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi7atxz9 tb2 u;rut xp6pv b;t78on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins *:aqj wwzha::in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whenlxm4q-v 7dv.qi)dk z1 discussing a pyramid of bdvzq)im 71vx4 d-. lkqiomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enq6v bvxd:u /;ckb5 eb;ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for r z pz5o -3)yaye.-b6bkjve9j brd(k,fepresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari48 me 19bqrdl2hvtqf /ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eti))ot m wp(;8cct6x)yn )ezt cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thad4:m 7 q3kpssrt does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah srhu n0)d7bqrco 7d./4txy ry 0 u*v/yxystem with parasites on a consumerxn0 r.d7t*qor0y7/rb uxu/ )4 yy dvhc like the lions

  Distinguish photosynlc1vk/xt4fp. thesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is 1xp4kc/ tl.f v Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT asgjduz;6* 3l5rdtskp hy2b96sj t87x j an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ene;jyt0v5 jqpt5 z4cvx7rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convertsjaf,7sif 4571ywljp 1s dfpz, carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrdyff1ppzs7i1a,j57 sj w4fl ,ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othe7hkoag 7v;p.mc j* mxvm w50 em+g9:ehr carbon sinks. 5c 7*o pe7+mmjwmgvx.;vhham9k 0:eg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle i/uvv1o3ver (that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of enernypjyt0vxl: l1-n g6 s,o9)frgy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arezld9-e) s: bes true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondszlh5u.zply uo7 1+et9l l.2aary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon c-jdpp:v vibby,6ny);zf;/f eycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of 8:bvbov-r,e8 n y13ww5ewg mxcarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste(z.n 9/,c wctynl3oia m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ ,grk6f17 kclvxs e9 n6$m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not mukp ( 9bwld:3true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the ni)6ghw 2iw 6 :9sjhwojftrogen cycl)9hwg6 jw6oj i2:swh fe.

  Figure: Average per capa -zt(;niha,dw9 g,jp 7 ut2jwita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresxv q3+ (btfdf/ses from a pioneer community to aftd/v(bf3 x+ q climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exak cjz-farq*f+ )4qp y0mple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita h3qxi*4tym.0b lk 2jk $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Ond+ 15lvamos93p/xrxs.i9b :gs0 jagne was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the e+ 0 ms/ s9aorl5 jp.31sxg9bdxigv: naxperiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua7i lg8p614de ) rpatxr2m5z vrl flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by ru(y fc yy4u3+begion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for 1eob ir7*) 4dbs 6d,plxzqwi2a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grape 2fy0p/4e zfwh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f 5bp il,,n2skbollowing. 2kpb5 ns bl,,i
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climati6yb9q/j1; m teglas5c 4r*ur jc patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chara6g 4 ;q1rrbc5*jsuemt/ayl9jcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripg:mwk; qse4n2 epi)n u:y w/;ou:3wts tion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement r0i fmsu*1ao9f- 8ky ejelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, tkxn; v)k585vya(3 5c8z nqdq;zebprItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary produc22)xm.le *fm y amwjc-lvg :p)l(px2 ctivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomem2p .)ljgm* m-ley2(p:l) awcfxcx2v s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary ah /riqs*f (2bsuccession progresses from a pioneer communityfq/a 2(ihsbr * to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemenxo;+a j/j a0sy-f8db9f3p yz-bfu n5rx wf5r 4ts is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succession. fzxp-s wnjj0 r9ybdfy f5axa+rb; 4f u3-/58o

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Se5t8b gomh znbb. 7fw78cchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invest )d cb.l - y(np.ktvd/3n:upz bac+bw0igate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesisv d(wcb .cal p+ 0n:3zdk)p- .byn/utb



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in gw2glb9y -dbvzs k;g .l4s4v4a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series 0ka65mm mqxb* of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of k*am50x 6b mmqthis species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is sg xpvm0y2j9p: t4oou*z9 ,lqimportant to take multiple readings of the same factor. pjqlp:,mo9zvo 9 ux st4yg*20
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ec (jbx*4 mmn8leological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two k jg./p 266,ejdhx3ktq) dri7ojf,sr samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sl0tjh, p*gwh)9k iqw,ny7b u,ampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is vp5bkm;fzg5*u h*.synot effective for sampling motil5 ;u*hzpb.yfgk*m5sve (moving) specimens.