What is the best definition for a species?0q90c4e5y,yc; hlryxdj oevfg) zg)+

  igure: Climate graph of Romuvp- ;95hbz tge, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specie ruk7so53 3v;knp3 ivbs' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor k3vr 7;3k onsi uv3bp52;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati4:nkbczv5aw,d:g-,p. l npc oon


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosr6ag)hy* afz )2hxj0 l zstq61gk2.upoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble lcv+k1 hvf7z ;the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months.+v;z hl fkv17c When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the dxcpo 8ce 10.ogroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natux6 / od/2ijhnkbk4/glrally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their po 4l/bki2 6 ogj/hn/xdkpulation numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bet/r oi9m.ww e5(iqpb p8(w1ti st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and 5:cv:ky n;iwx snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animal:5y:n k;civx ws.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fo,bkw.ey/d2dq od chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer wha ni)u 2rdkq8n)le, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of tn)iqu dr2 n8)khe Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eo6 giah6+br- pnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have t ycb2thx);i-) bpkf 8xall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdepeihtk xx f);)cyb-pb 82ndent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fetln*)p7b/yx a04op food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounva0opo; ,hv3v dings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decavoap 3ovh;,0 vying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systqr;h2a16 0k q+; ;omeigbak jnem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f+ y8mwofk* dx9pr 8dy6or pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' ny3r7f 8j)zxg yiche.What is Factor 1; Factor 28rzj7 ygxyf )3 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phot +cbv8*; mfteuosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sly8)*txhm.y x,dk( ssystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemo-mr6pz(ev,o355b qbct j l+t ble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okb(5z 3l,jt-vbm5eop 6cqro t+apis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptio /sl 0pi4utjea8 j,sd5n of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web lvl52uoo,x )w



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside+id,r9zx3rj a coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produ3a+x9, jzrrd iced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemow 9a i)y82/2oxs pj0dx leb-sical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sysneu4m7u*2y2 88bews;w uz vsctems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms bestwywp,w 2qywn7o p)g; ; describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic m7;pwog;py wn2ww,y )qaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr t4s /-g9iciuo 0dntp,amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and iwtz qq2 t.x3m*xirkaa m+iy -4l6w75qts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that vmqsh quz:3:3 if(0zt are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available;m+;xk 5q ggpthy;u *aw*.tdug5 6srl seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statedah *xg.y;u56 pt*qlk;u 5s; +gtrmgw ments are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fj wh;gwz7 w/5dollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conhid ( tdq (tvzv(ce3 f;01vcb(version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins is le5sn/xu;g -n food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is+ 80eu9 qi8+k 2j mifyh8djm/a9echna false when discussing a pyramid ofqe j2 +9nihiyfkc0eu8+9a88mmaj /dh biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene80bugf:9 . hn/kt rnjxrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an eco6t6k a y5 oeomk8unut3,bw-,ysystem.

  Figure: an Arctic maxz+l()tgve o4rine food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil t39k+ a2gszze4c ztn5ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe8c5j-84iqas zgv p9 oqm *x 34rknbim0 a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system zlqe)654xtenk4 ae .fzc1 p-uwith parasites on a coc)-1a5nzq. feu t46expl4k ze nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis a0jkw +)c ij1(q.ffdfa nd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratiwq i()jja1f0.d+fc f kon?

  Identify the statements th i/ 99/57 qcn6yjvk niobxzj(mat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemd5rk0jwf/ 3v ks.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbnvk w65 x6ac:cohyk :5vcc6a 6xnwdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon si o9hus wf,a2:qn onn. jb:4r7qnks..ah,qbw:uj4n 9:7f noo2nq sr
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processesw) /;calgygo7 in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an eco5 k6kpjtic9l7jjla b.-9 qx0t system / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements 9f5xdv4vnr:3(h emc tz5bvuq5* jhl -that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productvh,-vg/ 2ntgwivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marzugbc967*mln 5mgxc, s/ :wogine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycletzlocpa;3j5( pzxi. o st434y


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosr7ivjzd- + vk;ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystevt ta:dt31lurhl8a:4l; dw f0dz5 jy 0m in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyinuqj je-6oz 0wm 6vwx47g bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitroyk uh+l7wpv), q al,2fd 7ght5y) 8fevgen cy tg7qyw h2,8fk))uphv v l7+d,faeyl5cle.

  Figure: Average per capi68c 5x y84xun,roong uta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nnria1uy9z *i( +n0njdw+vo0 h PP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax com+ 9 0da (nj o1niiwzhn0vyu*+rmunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of i lxqc )frsil7;pzgjf2 (l,+0 transformation.

  Figure: Average per capm+/ch4xchbe1frg3v 40t8zqc ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usiblz o3(qq8hwd 3ly(,di 0+vs/ib ,h ahng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after t,,hqzvqw h((d o/sla8ydl 3bi i0h3+bwo days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annua v0g-n1frq*rk7pa/lv l flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198*13p207d 1yzqbyf *brvkabd q8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data+d3 rpc./hpm8 o-f-xm (zvpyl for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itf0 c ;k*8y+fq.pcdghu aly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onr;pag -kqnk( r*s k2(oe or more statements from the fa r(k2- *korpn ;(gsqkollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cli3/x e5ew5w4myjvz7 ewmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrezxe5m3je4 ww/ 5ye wv7strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfor0.n-bnn9k ,m ncz6vojest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosycteq( ;:2nyy*6wn2 x zgn tm+astem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy+q qqjd e*wa9a8e/r sxpg54hc7c3t w-


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differentpsoog:h11 rv 1/lsb:6 asu4ab biomes prv ag6u:ls o11 sh:a1/sb4b o


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bic12( nljshjr ;o/j63x n yzpn*odiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comm*o6 jlj2(/1;yrsjxnh nc3pn zunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in deii1-ynt rr i8 6:;hqmcscribing the changes in productivity duri;8cqi16 nr yt:m- riihng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchz:khf6q8pph5mok 12+x8 h jzgi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperat w ntk ;1cu,6 bo6fww*r:ppfrla+3 wv28ab6jqure on the rate of photosynthesiv u61 : +bawo86;fwjapbn,*3p 2qkcrtww6lfrs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in m)8qh:uwv bs9q +r+zma field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inseyh iha5m4-, nrct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of thisnh,a -54hrmy i species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importtjr 5 59mob*x.p(lhuj7kd 0sm ant to take multiple readinxh*m. 9br(t5 p ums0jk dj7lo5gs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i xgys7t 2c7c4dn+ufq0n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data f s hz)jkr,6x:pznp7c, or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for kqi g *gm4jbw5cmk-(3species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectif7;zmwdc p- /q v+ia ,,m,mvwrve for sampling moti ;i f7dm/c -p,vmz,,mvwwa rq+le (moving) specimens.