What is the best definik. d piskgh;m0 t3c9wv y8w/x0tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italkh -s+m/kdi/ ah;i 7wwy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is 4 tlh s 4t8jfrn8zj7q( Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa(n 44zsh8tq t78rjfjl ctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a p7/5k0eozthd0*r3l 0wmpjw b yopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of pi;v)3la)8dbe a)uaes-k e,n a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a cdh3yvq )/zs2joj* :max.qh; small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They*xqh;ozc2:.jd mja3)/v hqy s also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms ig4z q8 9n d-4ho0bg pwz0hf.sj j)vv*xs a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nor:(g gafeko . cy4wb;74tmm1ig e;uc2c th America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territoy; (a;e4uticmf kg :42 mog7g1cwc .ebrial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best ;jat4ylua c/)o +zz7mreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on tj4 )ccnxo jwmtms.0( 5he remains of dead plants and animals. m5ns(wo m. cjt)c4xj0
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fxs/x*n 6lziy;;qjp1 jood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live u5u7 smj /bc) lew9hv(and interact with each other i(h/v) 9b7lsu 5juwmecn the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from .o rb6x. huki,d1 ;clfecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high:v pi0 j4:bo0 usuvx6l productivity, despite luvpjbs:: 0ou x6vi 04infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descglh.a/: hw( hmription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enin b: 9ey9yi6y u:fu78os(ftkzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and th7: i u8( sf6iyy9y:t9nof kebue fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrate fc7xuoemzlr r5(*55hwpx*k; 1,tj c pd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy7bwpl1lf 0j /df9u2e 0dyo8r k.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nichel eae)+;d 2qxp.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fact)pel2x +;aqed or 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temper76 cl axljt (m+1q;lwmk93cezztf9w: atures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate nl(b 6+ze-yyed rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zzss a4n(aw53vebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and thw35z n4ssaa v(e mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptimcc t24:8 kjtq 5humc88mnw .xon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w93q toew +z6k3ild yhh9l5dd/eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside c,4gei utr,6wh w 1oto5oral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fromu, 1ioh wo,5wtgtr6e4 carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followink7 (ap*xb*54b8 jz ou z xav)tdq/xmr9g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagt7 pk,se3jop p-v:;9phzfh6xram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms besttc(121buv vf l describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then blfv t2cb1vu (1reak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of ln v/lo i2)j;knumbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prfqwgg,xqp;hiv0+lqm ;i 5)b9 ey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetam,h bj3x kk4hv0dr 5hsgm)6:hane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usa )iirvm w650vj zh67eing a commercially available seawater-filled glas)vh65ejiiaw07z r 6vms orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatsdljy/w2 7 vbal hcd-5+9sx8n ion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversihznlv6.k (,b i:3qkrn on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo0+ os i;gl6wihd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statement0 2ed8oh g9ownn:h5ks 8bq- xhs is false when discussing a pyramid of bie q h8xgnw -o k0dos95:hhn8b2omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en)s/scwq- x (hobbzp3y1 .sf 85ecsw:bergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in as nsi-6l-r3w5jn-e u2 sstq6r n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webe)cxh c9h x6hg3.u8ml /.o0lqfrom 7r


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soille.iro5 .uu5x ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not *edj,5lc5u qzaccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with yzr1u, prh h-(parasithz(py1r ,h-r ues on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the f .ktnm g,zjc-,p ez42options below.What is Photosynthesis and Res -,zt.jk ,mpn 24egfzcpiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidem z*f4 k5wc7qnzm1hc 9) vbsj2.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost 4*mwn crti k7,dv.far/om: n6from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carboz 8hjk9s0ok ;7r yvy4v.xzvw7n dioxide in the air to carbohydra0s jkh y7x4v;vyvz.k9z o7r8 wtes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carvipoc8 i7y)f3 (.kndrbon sinks. dc p(7vi k rofn3y)i8.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requir7, 9bjx6 hpq b9rqb*vtes the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per arealr/m u o ols6cd8xx355 per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementuug0t)o/ c;xl/mi6y; 9yf 9mgoaqr;w s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivityf:x3*hrukbm7ea b92* ny f2xy (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of )x ng9+el/4z-wnmif4x czvrc ahb/( 7the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tk,nn7c (jbv1z9w /y nrhrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow inpg-/0p top,kjeay2bu:nj3m ( an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in djj jw(;9,cvrkJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacc8 km1okb,yl,cb. w,zteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a uau7r zy h.o-do.: cj*human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycy. -*:oud hojz .racu7le.

  Figure: Average per ca t0 /f;hmchw,4ap*0fh ohtk6cpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversitfgf-8se uh3 *ay, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax gf*3fs8 uea- hcommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatfhm5ps k1 li+,pi:t0:0 gzknqion.

  Figure: Average per capitkk t:;od )q2moa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using p ,4qg84ex15eovf aq mjd()jyej,vz9bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of th8jq map(4yeg54 ed)fv,xe1,9 jo jqvze experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & anbzm o amvd 1739lc qp80pe2mxhn *7f.nnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rew9 *ip *p6( loppwlc-kgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome oh ;y60 t(xgl 3+;sescy h(ias

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itit4kffdo uf-2sm5 n k8;0h *khaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept ofzyv2 css 9,ugs0r5l8e "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following z 2vucss8s,r9egl05y .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lisik57b+p )n gd.b im)oi7*zlj ct the main factors that characterize the teimbd5b7lz)oc jn)+. * i gik7prrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of g ):hf(ochk vi8+;krj the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to bo z .5whc(3bh9sli 8vdiversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome;*wt yuhw( k3r11pzsw, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores i rgyg8t52gnx 4n different biom 24gngxr 8ygt5es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biorcn 6,t,c 4gusexh*w+diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax com,hsn*r,tcx cu6 e4 wg+munity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stqcq) otrt2f,9wv v6v( atements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during p)cqtf 2o(6 v9t,qvwvrrimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measua)q4 j2/byigy red using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phot;y-a99i ogaeib r,dz6osynthesisy99gia-,z o; iebdra 6



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie-2ib8*9.rcncje e ydy v/jwd8 ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of j y tte *-a:sip:+ki5dp1gb6vbeetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1 avppbk*edt:+-y:6 tisij51 g185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reap p 37m 6m 5hc4o5i3dekncpe1adings of the same factor. 1m5 ik7pc3p5epc43 mh6oae dn
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use2uxg g;nf yu 4p2z2rpj4wc b11d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples oftw .k7xqa5o429 op s c.yfo7(booum5z Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for pirh oqw.n1b;6*fwp 3 /lkx* rspecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samj ahhssi815 ,.d8 kjhmpling motile (m8khjs1mah. h s8j, id5oving) specimens.