What is the best definition e7gd -rutof7fh5dhdd4 0:6 bqfor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy y 2mj krs19nh6


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor porvc uib59y/,trhbz ,* a/+j 1 ;Factor 2;Facto/ i/jp, 5a ,+rr bthubyco9*zvr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of at b5;mo-: icya population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schjba i*f9yedim -6i8 hx(y4l8iistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblhcf1ti-sh 7 ) r4b(r19jpukhee the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one off1)prh91-7bs(he 4i hkufjtrcspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupsmcrg a .o3( f0yix-+ay of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America ;o(+w g oarct ,gaaba :h3we19and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or;e(3r wa+ba,o 1 awhcat9go g: another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of aidg b 8jli 75pjfobc1ryer,mz15xp 7a;j2b2 9 population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of df rsdivcjuo66z;7wg ig. ;-tl*+ ll ,mead plants and animalslr+;lgl 6cu, ;t6jz7 sdvig -i.of m*w.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of .p3m nfd+kyi( +tqn cd)6w2if toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whal2 5zq6d h0 mqqh9gyfg,e, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the colqq209hdygh, fzq65 gmd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form e *qmkba 69*rilnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lasd i4r9fuv3.9 0e kxisrge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact w0rs43 99dkeuf .x ivsiith the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptz sztm+bhg k1b-.o8 9yion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digest om3vx8; a9qzt;x*o wmive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as deadm*t9 wz x movqao;8;3x and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culb b) dp-pz h4v mon5 (/-s7,ws2tmmciftivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of ener dva r *s657. ti0ywqlat;(d6 luxls/rgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; hvia 6ip/n3s7mx.o ncs+ok;8 Factor 2 and Factor 3 minxs8n /+ .s3hp;6aovckoi7 ?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatugew l,2q0b-u7xlqrq p :wx+, ares

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivat8kgn),d*ccb. 3g udzkeub:0 vion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip a 2k:ax0hdi5yes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to5 x:hai0y2akd be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecm9 4qkilr fzt;g5 0/xoosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web v2 6b tmd5 fw,rclyh/2



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coif;.n k:(lbht rals feed on the carbon compounds n; hb(ft.kl :iproduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following bce(4t/j..i8q o7swmqao ,a g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the mpa)(ck5m c81t z gji0yovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organi:k0an-y f0hwj sms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mate h0wfa-jyn0k: rials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers t19h lp rzj+lpza,ubx5w,8c ,


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatorsnc6/k kw+;p -,+pt-cqo sj0ieiyt/h and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiph u3enxk-gf s6 mz0u1;henyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sea6ff6rz2 odw*swater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statementd*fs2rzo6 6f ws are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follg ip -(69eplw6rpt6 glowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conv/8i42do.:xudk jdvfq h kb01 version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of tn s2 3yzwcna/+)31 ti xw-hshbxu.ep/oxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pi mwwiq)hhy aktl8g:46;3 j6x w+2wowyramid of biomj x 2him+)ok 384wa:iww;6w6wgqlyh t ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energysh2 rw1 ths7r+e 7q6ig


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an fmjr, 69 qltz1ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web ; xkw a.7uryjc3 0nbt,


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in p03+ v:swfxz* +km raia soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does now*vf lv)z/7ago*qc.hel+un 16rgl e. t accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid on7jsdy57nyg, db z 1icp : 2,vrrht8a6f numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsj tz a p1d7 5ni dgvn8yyc,hrb,7:6r2s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlyo*r5b bws5k7e from the options below.What is w obkb5*5esr7 Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectic-ur5w5md.qvyk+d fi*b 0m7dqide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromh,j h59iy8l g uh8gwd( ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to sn9x )jnq9kj1 (qi se1carbohyx qk n9ei n(j19jsqs)1drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thsdzl-) e-ej7t e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 7-- tds)lezej
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle ob 1mw6 ))gsqpem* 90trqyfo)that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecsfy4 vhum1-v.osystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ae8wrimnmth +-c 3st:ll,. w5lre true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP)2,4a3rgy p pqv8 h+qyr can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine m1bl)+5lg.t rx epn7top h7z 5carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c2r6k4t ej ak9k0zcx4p arbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an71,dcc4kw agc ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy.l a 4e(mllp)yrf m2o4e4 lo-ce4bn-fstem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement ux7vk 5)wzno.that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-ind2*vwg ,kpal -t y20ddmuced effect on the nitrogen cyct *dw0 2kyvg-d2am,pl le.

  Figure: Average per capita 7g;(7w6fvjzmr3 ve r e$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP g5 d-vw05c. :iq gp/ngmvjmn 9)hlns 9and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cgdn jn- h )cmpv 90qm5 95/inwglsvg:.limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followin8me(ktbgm, 8 ngy8.m tg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capi76wu-7yt2zzeo pry, sta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using yh/mj . pp,lo684vo kdbottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and thedpoy/.v4k6, ph 8jol m other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in ; 57jc+dew pujh :vc5:j2djj0xq vip2 GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 lw0 jk g)hq3)hj*a uqrq/p/ / ,+tn (0hsdpzdd


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for kp w+)/5of*wsynz02cj np8qf a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romf n52l2xhncpe6gpdci w4 sm7bzyrl(yu ;-50-e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statement+1/ l;8ily 5i) t jd:kwpcuirts from the flpw:dt;lirti )1i5 kj8 +y uc/ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characteri,djb/0ll j+apwknpw8y(c s * -zed by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrialk,y/0+b ncwpl- sjaw8j(d* pl biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio hwvi g-ubsy 0o;dfpm9();d(dme.

  Identify the correct statem .c:ejhu md(z3+t 0vqtent related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Igt ygkh +fhft+ 7al7m:4hln3j k*t4 ;ytaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differe;ec51nr 0cwahhv r.jz *dr8u0nt biom;hdhr1a u0jvnr c0*c.wzer5 8 es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession pmslugcsv1k y0. ,vfj 8,r (sn;rogresses from a pioneer community, ,u y8(svmjvgfck 01 .srnsl; to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol+rmpu+p v3d m.hpu f,;lowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary succemv.mpu,hu+r+df p3 ; pssion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that canmep- +/9; sfy-yxr q*fu h:gka be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ofvsdgyyexjx8 h ,*..3/g (k2f qvw,jjr photosyntheyek/ vg3, x.vqydr2 j.* w, xsfh8(jjgsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field svy fa9xu.l7)zisrlpv 415i9



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s)xlhc82vvz6(+kx ov 8p;g ehbz/: ysnpecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of nolsvk+pyc(8 /xh:62h; x vzeg)8vb zwhich 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dw3wjxf3u/mc:elap8 : ata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factowf: pw el/uxmj:c3 8a3r.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological spid3e )i +ix b49 0jfd1dsc9+4cidc*o oo 2awyampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willo h/axaqd+itam 7x bge3/c-; u5w Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data f jcm2xzu ,o 2wgfgx/za2f*, 1wor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecti r:+bwk5,fv ixve for sampling motile (mov 5bwfkrxv,i +:ing) specimens.