What is the best definition for x pg0 d17jim(oxeqa+ 4o22n(pxrsse/a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italycl b4s6 xp(tu/


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whag g jer.;cb sy5ey9eu42bd-xp8ue)m-h (:smwt is Factor 1 ;Factoyb u(hm9edx grc u.--p8:4mewj;ge5s b)2ey sr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationk0d h: 2u2fgnu


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S2;whirg94tz yq6- z vw)bh 9ipchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemblff b) eq ub3lay3.4thz,o + qm8hky-b.e the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can lb-h3bb .uq,t )my.eyozk4q a3 +f fh8reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grounstl e .7/uglk+s1vuf8n 3cyf kxb*43sub( 6nps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally i/or5n;(./qqt hv1+j9f.fg*m(njn mspk q toqn North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans h gjov h9t+n* 5tqn/qrffjmqk.o/ps(nm( 1.;qave hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of:l 5ekj 3gsi)fv y)*mz a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites an7v0 k+d2ete 3 ibrw5-h qwapli0xv/7n d snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anima xwpt5n7i vre qh-k2/aeld703 v0iwb +ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodc4ec(bl7)(zo5etz(* m w w-chrdd6eu chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w l0wpr41, mwizhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each 04,m pz l1wriwother in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energn7 4eb0jtan v(y is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hv3 vvzh7k. hwyl*b83jigh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been7 lzv3h. k3wj8vby*vh known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food cha6ycfb7pm .. m2se:dls in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their sud b(6z on/uugitl-ae9 *6oos:rroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying lo /z dl:oo6ig- sbuu*(9en6ateaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rick ejymh+3wwn f) 18wp;ow1px+e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fo3ehjyn / e-9ccr pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe avtf : bvqs5m0 qjb5mhd1h+ ;)f species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fac0fh5b:vmvf 5q q)+; 1btd shjmtor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differenyac269xb, ziulkz; / e)g*dr gt temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio .weoj8e;ppa yd( +g)1vj *u rmtk67mdn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that r az/v+e. vn/kd08h/x xtnw -ctesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mow-ecd ./tvxk tvnz/h x 0+an8/ther’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ehdp;( :0dh( xao)dnu energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webluvo ro7/at+c uzc,a9mnkw)b w4,:a)



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compo 73i-s+didnx1ezldv5 un5sl7 xed +vnd3ii z1d-ds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: )-jwprojcf 2,


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagriuyw 2 45 (s,pq)wdzdfam of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organil-2okl ptdvoy 7-cjf7b pc*1 039wbxkp7 ty2csms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.klol y*-k0bo 27p7 pw3cf9y2jvcxdt c p1-bt7

  Figure: Ecological pyrami4qgf 3d-5nlmy,f .xiwd of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities ofj s1m/fngvzo.8n/y h2 a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( vh bf4 aj/2b:e*bkqc2DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commertrar:., zh3w scially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following.h wzsr3rt:a , statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfozn4hj 6m /bus9 d0 0nnb.jg2zormation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system du*dgcv2 f50r


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooz5 c:jmx) yytp 88fpx yd-w 0*mwfe-1zd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followin -g)v i +*f-qu rhmvsbem(;b(cg statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomhb( ve- *;furgm+qib(m)s v-cass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener u*zcpt3ya;i3 gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivi2 3b5i c3nkhldty in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web *mk02a h8vvk-n vxmo (zc*2jn


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in /q0of(ws2 b9egzx. ecdr8)q8m+utuoa soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not auweo923 44grcad(vl/ il bb )qccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system witdue)ew8i(c 2k h parasites on a consumer like the lionsdcke)2(uiw e 8

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from th-2 pvdbwow gy 1f.)((io)nt voydv1:ye options below.What is P) )wfi gyow1vy1 2t -.( (ybvoovndpd:hotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as ttd949 xwba e0an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecoou,)e-uhs l *rrv; .mxsystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide-2aumvkso7b,qh+ )pd*8a m ohic7 0qc in the air to carbohydrates2cm- smaav0*b7 i d)pqqhoo8+k,7 c hu.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other car kerr+h u f/v;l4cl+ 9s9c3xapbon sinks.f h s+xre 3ll/cp;ukv49 +car9
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tlti mh:f. :zz tztaw:a /t*k:-ime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosys7., mzwoy docu 2.isalzdr179tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement7tvd5dsr5 )4y(dd gdts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calrm( atz3zb2ac 3vis q8bgj ,3-culated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of 6.9xcybv pt0t n yv,l7glz+- nw)vpgt 7+ goy4the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the caz 3h9z i7pojk8t6rqq g bd6/-lrbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem x)en4i07uzqtwj sl3px -09sk


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystevuun :d38zw(dr;u l. km in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteria,ysfuf nfg */lo:3zt* .

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen *s9/*5j6rlh f yz dvelcyclejezlvl sy95*6fh/*r d.

  Figure: Average per cam6s6remi2jbj*f 6h; lpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession 05o/;t73j jfow c ppgy kwtc8i9win; 4progresses from a pioneer community to a clii w ooyn;c4f;pk/wi pj0c7g58tt93wjmax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformaxy u,*e vjauvqj/6bk. l *9jy)tion.

  Figure: Average per dsb- ,.z+4pu/ee ec 1,lpb l -mlyttc/capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usingsff80fdcu es19(0v.9 lcg xfb bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept (91u c0lfbsfx8c.90 gdsevf fin light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows infop) /n z(pm.ae bqwy m;et8+ kbcfv7,:5s8lq GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1s1qmslztm-jjr.t1(r do) 3x3988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fovbx,lr+9.iy *ivjm 8ar a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy2 c5h -fmef)u2qz7p jc



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing ol uz 1.,hhc,zqne or more statements from the follhczl ,. 1quh,zowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized yet;dry ::ocbfywdx 23he/xi x 77: 5bby climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main fad:r2::x e7/cxdh3bbe5fi ;yx w y yto7ctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptz;3g ncu6:ek hion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related tsck o66 ev/ 3,fuxbh)zo diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital3 :4cs:mp pvd;8m)b; ovkgsw iy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in dizc y7;bxxe.b)fferent biomcb .bzy7xe;)xes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progrep 1bdvttbs8jy+y3p-. sses from a pioneer community to a climaxtb.- 1 +tpp 3ydjysb8v community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin-jzdkm+-puwl 6tu )zdy pg/0,g the changes in productivity during primary succdgyk/-,m -6upt) wjzpu ldz0+ession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic famzr5tp0 xsd 1/ctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate thy ujhob1*/ m5*zsk(af/ 5xw(ye hteq2 e effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthes/ 51ze( fmwh 5y2*(*xoutjqyk/ sehabis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fi+cs(wd 0 xd lafa62tj/eld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps uysm ;62upm/ duqhc-m 3 toi4.to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which oyc 2;6htms u m- qdu3p4m.iu/324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabiliakcxd+c( .7ewty of the data, it is important to take multiple readinc wkc.xde (7+ags of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecolog6jbzc c (r2eq5 yuc27o/fq )*)pov flvical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampl9fr9g rdc: ka*es of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two pqfqm ,,(w4fk parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technakcdsp .3l t *+*ao8abiques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)olt a 8pa+. ska3b**dc specimens.