What is the best definition fowjji ,am c2,/ir a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italsyf70.veltfq6f 6g5y 9nrrm6y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fan czo62g - 6iujh2ke2gi3x ;sfmbp)y 7ctor 1 ;Factor 2;Fb2 cs-ueij mon3x)ky6g22f67 ghzpi; actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popu aks s.c+pg5mp9os3lfp6 .xt(lation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma f(,dg(94cruuvm + geb species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma09w g*p rjaz2dll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they j9z2a gwr*p0dare mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populationp0te.f3q .;vdw dt, pj.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis ikf myyl,3y) h a+g/bf0qee1-lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey ok)+h i yqab1m/e-gyelf03yf,n domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growiocdwm yq 5d*8 n*f9;uth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and unz 9lpv yw/vmdxil u1d ket34r0 1)98animals. k ynpd1 tu9vzi)r804u ld1wvl3 m x9e/
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofmb.iucc: t g3vcov gb9q9,630o3 .odwy a5crl toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live jpsk:h p;4lk 4 uf y wnpu9o)9cqy95fa7l4.cgand interact with each otp.cy gp;uf lpk7ju:owq l4 9ay9s4nc45h)kf9her in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecm;ufz3jka w.8(i ( gmcosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productz*j/qd1b/ v c7,e1isi :y vgvqivity, despite infertile soils. The:j g17q/ cv1 qs/vb,e*dziivy growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript uvm1w;z/ gu9eion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dige0hnav6:1: gn cjdme 0nstive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as deadn6:a0hnjm d: cveg1 0n and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratede +z:ap wt).nz rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram8x2w,, xun. i crov3qmids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factoq-r8 (5lwnofc r 2 anonrw-fqc l( 85d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the(* b9ztpe e/cj rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu,-a-8sr;xgdbgsj 9c7 lx ydb;ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-5 t22uwfqfib30ksj5g xqi, +j sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whichjfx 2jtsiq2f+ b3ui05k5q,w g continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect dx u , )ma );he8gy4iim ,uisxpei72p,bescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weui lp5i-yld 6 ohw828ab



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the :q 4ucmd7m.l)el:hvy/ /o:ahwvf 3k mz ,rkc9 carbon compounds w)f/ ll:eku974hd:m ok /q:z hy,3.amvcv rcmproduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following gw-*y-h wje a,chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sy7cb(lruv bgkj8 4i.8istems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termsdzyo4,)qi.h e best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break dowode.qiy z 4,)hn and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers t ovt).vr e5h .qtpu.-


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d5g 5u p59): hw,uduxu/ couemfensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that aq35oyj j7j a9lj7op4)nu2 kuo re true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availabwfytrk6ek7g2;v2rm /lm b -) sle seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it nea mgr/ke- 6 );tvl7fks2wrbym2r a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfocdno l/v 6nevl5*i47epp/ hr6rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy c* /2 zhz9e d)3qb)zaqcid4v*mewa,r 9k1o k econversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fohf1 n:yd.dn:2tasl4pmi g3.wod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing ay1 ;w *i9ztveq snzs)b3b t1-i pyramid of biomass )*wsi9yqvbt1-st z; i3bne1z.

  Figure: A pyramid of enerucpsff (l:*/h hm+ub 3gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing ah jyq3a74i.uo ;k2 rbproductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web e: w4r63vgd v;cu jti7


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysr4f:n txy1, ful i1o;jtem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doq* d6al cna:6bes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savann.4/ rx l.krxri, /cq)zncfb;lah system with parasites x c.kr .rcn);/,x f iqzbrl/4lon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from tt-rhea,jz6 x,he options below.What is Phot,6,xe-ar jzh tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.j6+gubm9: ia rj tgygx v0/vm1xy2a73
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energsjf3v0n8t2j aeea7+cy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the aog:: kgz,)xlair to carbohydrat:)oazxl,gg k: es.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fro-ylyc /car +l8 owsl6i(vcqno./m5+ om the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. cn+oicova.lo wq(rc /+ - slmyl58y/6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longesal1j. ,a32c4gwh buf 8f 5syrst time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / perhgf/4j .*)ec ibn, etg area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that8n ka)(f8mi gu are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productuf.r0k5nc iliuum*f0h1 dh-4ivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagra5ddawz1*4d r)gqcp7j m of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbonz8*dzg2 t ;z9d/pvnfiv4 dkg/j z8 *hj cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecoi u4mdy) t2u3nc )ieay2y-f. lsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial eckx9f2e gqf9w* ox1 e7g;9m azha)i;faosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not t za(jxakik0,u8y6 a x6rue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect onv,7sp xwh(g;s the nitrogen cycle. 7h ;s,xgp(vws

  Figure: Average per calnytow i/)22yrtpw6uz47o6 v pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successiom:6f (sqn80sckrihh 1n progresses from a pioneer community to a c(sih 1sc:6h r 8m0fknqlimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transforma8sq atzx:y)yfkaqy idh+ +3lgz ((5+ vtion.

  Figure: Average per capita qb9f1 v60gheekxy7 j 3(hy g) uh0onj7$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in w;smmu jiyx0/hx,e no **p9tv 6ater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. tioje ,myx;n 9s*u h0v/6pm*xThe dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in k3rlynyp3 32p GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1t 5iwu6boc eppjwf,.;k - o,t8988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datt,p 3rr1h i ,gyxqej3k(5 0kxfa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap1ostr8:u+2mnrhs ldyugu*7 4 h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mofqk tpaf( o: em. +u1(qv7rool+8se2e re statements from the following.vl( mq+o7p:o28eo+ t( e fefrqas1ku.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic gq8n0s txmg;- patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the tm-8tx 0nqsg;g errestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ra g :nqoz k-,i0gu.3 ymzn0mfp6inforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ew y7b6c*kceu;sc- 8hin an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romutl 2(av jx1 aj+ecb13e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbis(c2 bp07f sfdw1n-h- 2vmgdp vores in different biom-s2(s d hd2nvcw1mgfbp0p f -7es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima 5 nezc i78ei4eamqe2l)( i:pyry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax nii4c 7a ye8q)(mzel:p 5 ee2icommunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chm at48dsrz i;9anges in productivityiadzr 9;48sm t during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi dix;tr) c qn lz30ooabj(d /7x7dsk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ogo6,f g5o7tpj )5+ 4b2vluv)k mxzttgf photosynthesitxj2 )5g ov7pz5guofg6+k 4mtlt )b ,vs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a rsbk*o,kz* *u field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle0hi 8lhat6(cy, h6cvmfn 2 gyran)7e- A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were mark(fn-,arh 72n)a il6c hht0yv8meyg 6 ced individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi (gi( s)q gcm.:xpw0 tgpb6lda,p7v,k lity of the data, it is important to take multiple readings opp0sgw 6 :dv,qpalm(kb 7) gc x,(itg.f the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use tzd o9gb5tj92roi m;8d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two+qcpwm / rbr3gby::7zvewf(z )yy9h1 samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampledpaqz.v(pdk 36 in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effrzas+9v .hj6o j rq)b.ective for sampling motilj.v9 rrobs .)jq z6a+he (moving) specimens.