What is the best definition for a spec g58qxim q- l1k;1j: foaqf8qmies?

  igure: Climate graph of 9i;;pe tyyd2 iRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describezb ylq a,l/(.y a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto,/albqy.(yz lr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula) 2lxhk8tc 8sttion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisu arx s f+3.cvdj;6(c f0dbu*wtosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes 1-q3dmt x.z ,;v/9le okwtmmkthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whic-/tt,m ;z wem.9l1vod xkqkm3h continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupqkw 8 y9;g ii.nv4 shwx*h5nv2s of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves oc(at6fkw9aaw-qbwxwf*s7 y,x0qi :r3 cur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf populations -*r w ( kwqaitf3xfbw7 wqxa0:a69,y in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the -9o yvl/dyjz .j u vog5)1h3cvgrowth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on x8ew f.au, q3othe remains of dead plants and animals. .w,a3 oqf xue8
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foodne 7ya9- i54 eo/wvd3./t lwbuzf i:fs chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, ki+wz)se3c jap7ller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each o)zaps7 jw3c e+ther in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is loij.rh ;,vca 1zst from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produa.w+ibr ,z/3y wplmxh 0yoo1*ctivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they ylar/hw*ox,iy 30+ mzpo1 b.w inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food c/nwnk 4s5m-n,q 1v rmehain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrx8 r 48d;i1dg8ohymvfoundings. The enzy8 i;8 o1ydrvxfg h84mdmes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatm ar2zm)no +1 kqou1,tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy. p gi,eq0scnvr+aa b 8mq.)p//

  List three factors that co,s sko+*zuf u)n5re1sz wc 8)luld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F s8 )z+k5fl ,s)ucs*o u1zenwractor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis .da. q6v,;tx mlv,ed rat different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system rineo7+a 5l2j e :lbv0


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strrlitb+w -+plf;c)ruhq.jp db :n 470bipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsprinrbb0 uijll; 4-cd: )p nwbqhpt7f+.+rg which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect des x;,q ry4qjcp/3/p cx,mha,fg cription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wexnm7zp0cuallyz93tawf8d 1 0vs pr2 +z d9s3 6b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livwh)y9pmjk gflyzmy.cm 2(z 49w/4c p2e inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compoun4 pf/zmwlmc yp2 )z9k c4ywjy(g29hm.ds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical hg7x8t v)evh 4reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oceanb jayy(2mjp. 4


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following/f1p:;ovyb cl terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orvclf/b yp: o;1ganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyrab90j5fa i .mytdjs45nk4o -r smid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and i)d g8c 3h zmqr-)zl vtp8w1py*ts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Di)4k jmqecq;q 8chlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially .ifd -32 m4p wtkvq9eaufiu8, available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coralsptum-f,.f vd 39 8awu2i ik4eq and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exjo8 4a.dx od wlm i4oh xdz30d1rmk+,2ample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural en )kt9cm9xumzbghpq )v -.zr7. ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo. oj)s0bi bcminm+g9 0d chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thvrpbh/ ;o4l/2wd/, pyttnv )ae following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biom/pdtvo/ry2bn w)4 ,a /h; lvptass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energz(1j fpkitb+xcu0. c 9y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productiv( d.ub(0js 3vrw4b sality in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web 1dbq5ohi1lw2biz0c2.s +k t c


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a 2f87hmafsa o9soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a3 o)8j.-wv4hebmqxpp food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coul7akx8x oyfth)gne)s3-z )s 1rd exist in a savannah system with parasites on a con)8s)negx r1f7o)3zs yt-ax h ksumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis andt f1.96si we/ +6a naanml+ged respiration correctly from the options below.What is P1w+fs6en9 6l.em iagat a+/ndhotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticrt.aczok)zxpb,*15 hq4bt spi. e. 6uide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy ipl2 ;vhi mae(6lgja7 cb c-*v/s lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process tha0b gd fholh))* /ykd:wt converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr0) bdhg* :o)f /hldykwates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fro,ef:/* malq7gx2xvy s m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. svyl2:, *x7 mg/faqxe
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle t) z7wnd5oum *fhat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of ener w, g5mb8)m/fuy1kcjg gy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement,tn v e.4kb4ass that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cg(ic kr p6;p;a. pdqlkqub6.+i4 kir*alculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinkbqx8cnm59b ;) tv pqj)w-dd2e carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throug hn,,fx yp okv70icp4k+ny4 9gh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosm h ,tezj4dazt.33x- vystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri6pa8-bx7ln t prlwgb i/:w0i.al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trueo5ka/3 e6xwsq of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indu.3ts:9/:anypo6xpkow kd ae .ced effect on the nitrogen cy:na t9w/osk xkpd e3op.ya6. :cle.

  Figure: Average per capi5qol)ruy/ h ,gta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversit/oxyqmjy+; ) 9mb y8woy, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to m;oyoy8b)y+w/9jqm x a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranag 6r* 5sqxcv1sformation.

  Figure: Average per capit n 48,ga4myrrsa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrlm -o.m;xd t,cied out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginlct;-mm x .d,oning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flqx;x x81i dmrz*q8qm) ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region +rtysv 7-g8(p 6iww on1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome,a 0cf;ltatx(

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rhb 2cp*0rf5c)olf e-y ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of kjly th r 9bj2:rp(ewf/s5r. 16 auxp;"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the foj .jrspl 1 e2:wk;af u5pxhr/rb96(ytllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. i izc3g+y((ynList the main factors that characterize the terrest3i z(gy(i+nyc rial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforv* h 9dshj:r;nest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity /v e/t,l pm3vls (eor1in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphkb-p4l pq ts; :sxy r)c)p(.)h2lwk nn of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biom ,hrgj8a/q f wh9knjvwwz o+5f2ws8 -:ass of two herbivores in different biomes+kg:j/sr- 9a8 nj2 8h,fww5zww h vqof


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses (jhxuke(4:sxyw 2d 0y dt x7d9from a pioneer communitx2sx x:kdjd y4((79wuht0ye dy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the2** o egnquvp. sq,k:twbj;6; mti ei+ changes+tjni t pe*uo;2 *vkm,g e:6bs;.wq iq in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured mj(j ws -x+i 0atv)vdvv+dj z ,guq//.using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratea p-c:hv to;5k of photosynthesis :;vch o5at k-p



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 4n oj,liottj09x 8khk5+bal7w2jk abl -w+ *a



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture spek owqx-9 (qv,fcimens of beetle A. On the f9 v-qof,(qxkwirst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilij)0x+ut 6ddnb wge)rn;7u-pkty of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor.)-tnuwj7 b 0d6dxkr )+;n egup
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usewdnz -a-,r:m u1lfc n2d in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cu1v o ,r2sqh5hjf wf:+reek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek *2pu2 noxsfe0




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectif nnybki2m b uknt:+2kajwgfen;t/3)(o196 v ve for sampling motile (kone aj 2k bm )/9kn 2w3n;tf6g uby(+fvin:1tmoving) specimens.