What is the best definition for a spve.j*:3wt.eb2 ab5u mh.mris ecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, (xzz42m0simp1 e, 3m cef3vfi Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that coc d7l f;w4mpa)1+5 i k*libwu;wuyv ;luld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fakp d;5fl vuy* cw; wu;) lmliab1w47+ictor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati/ (7tk6wrrfpk. 5vhhion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisto): jy25at8aqgazg .s nsoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smalducd,p + 1ra pifeifx 3wk8)hp2 x23k.l-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. h1a)fx3d +,d832.ppr k kupeiw ic2fxOkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups g.yp1 ;cewm- yof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cacueot9 :b,nv ,0ey9jin p/cpp*v v;r8nis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factov 9vp9vc,pie pby /n8t;,j:c0un oe* rr that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflecti1 tsqcu3h* ,(puh4s0ijcl* d s the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and aniwnqs yf-4s4wcu * vj(3mals( jv44 nc-fsuws3y w*q.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of(lqpbn09l/e e77 su do toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed sy0:u/ e6hszweqd2z; vd-(/d.t dzcj leal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interedv;s-c d.0jzd:u6yd/ zetw zqh/(l 2act with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco*ierc l( 9)dsgssd 8f9systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a l;r17 dw-re0/ wj h;7m5bb1gowxplu suarge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growin b1/7ebow-w5s 7gxu pwh0;jur;rd1lmg conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descript0 nuj5qa7 lbb thlk0b/ )x8sg/ion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dig95p8mbo e*jm(z7bv y restive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then ab*zpy 9v87m(bj mbro e5sorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cypfa1 qrq v9 xw2;8ql;ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used foht 5c(ej:j(i 9wuqy jh.clbg 4ah)k9/r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;e m*(0-lus hio b-6cnw2in(zf Factor 2 and Facto2 -6ei o hwncu*l(inm(f0b-z sr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate o(f( p 19cqblgmdmu+w uo+d )q8f photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rio pqkgb3yfc(uh 7d6 twn+q: 0.ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble thest68 o m6i/ma(6k puce zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.(6m/to668i cep msau k
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow b)ake nftoh2ug3 w2* :in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webpbjq 2 33+njky;vz a lrvxr*51



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals 6 .c 2f06d6zo iek9 l.wa0+doqbohfuzfeed on the carbon compoun2 .cod 0qlbewh9o iz+koz0f6.6 a6dufds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following c(8q4 h ;sq*d/jbla zwahemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea,97scp.r( xjcvn *ctb n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organia)6gg zkn1s t ( .se,qvtokjsa))v*h9sms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgh sv t gzgv.1oqk)e*9(k)n6tj sa),saanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological p396cl 6ygc qgwyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ankl)k: 6 vzmc4hxkh:n2m.+ qrnd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abo/gfq* lw 65nmlut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquati9;we w/pg;d- c*hi88bove,hmpz 0mrac mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are tru9ap* 8e /w8;v;io ch dz,wbr0mmge-phe?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is acu*3wra i *h f)ixzz5*n example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systkxyv vdv-;:,o:i dok )em


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup oknn l+p j+;vk(jb3:gwf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements i c2k0 gpe3fo 8)lx1 8fxozhbd/s false when discussing a pyramid of bioma21e80hoxd f) lofbp 8xc3gk/z ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of lj2u ius7zeq)qg3z10i 2ri;denergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for reprwu q yd;hi/-3iesenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine f1t 1 i.gje8cebg*f s8ixz)go 4ood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilg , s/0 6d3q9daw4afph4n0 q:nikwepz ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accu4l)dr 2zghbi+ rately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou ilq1 q+ser8n8t,xkbe q()3es ld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like thr(iqk8e 3xqqbs18se te+n,) le lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratio9; ab;z-jt+ o 3f194yiiza5fmsb as hdn correctly from the options below.What a+;ibf ihj m st9z1f-;a9o 5bdz 3sa4yis Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an ins*t a8(bn tbjy*f3yz c-ecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frompbaik3t -et9k+b 2f +o ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbopeaeo15o/r xg/ nhm ((n dioxide in the air to carbohydahn(epg( oe/ o5r1 x/mrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other+kswup-5c dapu* k.n om1gz,x1- xdt ( carbon sinks. *x g+auc kdxskt,d-no u1 ppm5.z- w1(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thzpg6f6 mlvi9 /e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / a5fb09w4 x0fjq kiuf0per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements/enqr7 rdui7 /018wlmbzi )nl that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cg )(7bq2g tgmj4tc 6mzalculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle kp, )rpxv m8p,



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon bw4;d)+qspf a *b(xnz6otk+lthrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystkmt:)j7 f b0rk91utm ov 1pyr9k-o:pmm1 u8 fpem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a tzb crt:r7*u+t errestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of1 d)ukp4bhj,wnw1-tn kr+ uw; denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of thsp l8mk+/n.;dme4e 2/q;mu(j v ruyrte following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy r/( ype/mu kt+mlsmv4u 2;nd qe8;r.jcle.

  Figure: Average per capita93; fit.vlie9 hq6n*vo t0vdn $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successt bsiqf zml*9w37co +zr4cfk lb9t8 9)ion progresses from a pib9kzl to4fc )z*iwf9+9c7tqm rb l s38oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of l cayh) k7v ,sx31 xfkrcisc9m5k(7p1transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita t ct-/qr kaf,,$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plansdr3nm int c3jp0*c+5t in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in rm3cpjn05cns3+di *tboth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual n676djmso6 r8/r s f/ + .un.lmdhtknhflows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regi a2.87tule9 ja(gd2 ys* hznaaon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bior f,(t asmet;2snl*ox14pa;xme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Ro,/ b; 3el g+;.iv yfnemfpsez7me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the f ;xxe n-g r99g7k bchb4et8(ufgxce(ebr7 k-f9 b;n4 9thgux8ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic 0gjac / ct:i;k9yqu+q2tpp l* patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chara9 q;*tpp0yl:cq tkuac+ 2gij /cterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th gy(ebcq+p97lsd79cz )5iby z e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversy.) ;ap5a1bbrip s8j bity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itali 6dwd 5;rwggbj+ on7:y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and *tt2qqo,0 eh r6ykr 4h wo.l5 fdzmy/+biomass of two herbivores in different biomfmt2dyh5z0 y* . +qr4/lok terho,q w6es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession j:ci3*2if0 mtjapc s) progresses from 0 3fap im*j2c )jc:sita pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements y 4 n8u/ 8qgskafy*fk3 g/j2wbis not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary sk4asf/8 3u j /ng2yf8b*yg kqwuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can du0fhh9kb )lg* 9m2oq be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inv4u// i6 3nlajns8xtju estigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthen t4/lj3xj un/ i6sau8sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie 909/ pfj;umuo t*wozgld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle eutn , /)y)pjvi3r7r 02utiaiA. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle yarjt2/) n 0u),r iu7iv3tepi A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take :uf8 aa z q5l1qovp:q(multiple readings of tlqu :azqp v:5o8afq(1he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used inf y8mzk+i .s 5mrge (9n8.s hjc(limf8 ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tww6g;jo*p 4 saao samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sbq tv,+5 nmh8/ee.*zviy v g8cpecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effecti*t g+vknj brv9 xssw-3moe:2+ve for sampling motile (movingtsnr: +wokj esg v2+3-*9vxm b) specimens.