What is the best definitionijgcbh tfng4 a;2 tf15yes5e5 e+g c,9 for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, viq;0hfq;wi3d z9*hz Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;F+dw 7mc)(cc(wbr o f qh(kf,2vactor 2;Factor 3km wf(hcf d+rvo) (2c,c (bw7q?

  Figure: Growth curve of htkst1*zzy 3) 92vmn9hh nv/hhl -e0xa population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sch0x3p9z axp: plistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strlymuyghee :+uv)p/7;ipes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When theg+eph)lm/ v:u e7yu;yy are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatihy3x + n9 s8li+eer0laon.

  Fact file on the grey wolcr wzkfx ;-d5+f (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheephef-;k xzrdc w+5rder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the grow a*ztwj f1/ is4d1sef g6p*t+yth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites+); youu *.afyb bq:mpxm +*vo and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.ufamy* *)q;+ bpo+o.u :vb ymx
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fopq n j07hd 5i*j- oecz:6tjq3eod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgp4dpb7d+i ir374 heyyanisms live an34y7i 7 ibdde p+ry4hpd interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems. gcirjb/ 6;1fl

  Rainforests are known to have tall tdg8yjsq -/ atfx q5h(8rees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit- ts /d8(qq fx5jh8agy.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foelty9s xd (5w7t 4fw1uod chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrp xgq4esx 3f2a8z zh3d72zo ,kients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productk,fzh8 p zqs3o x372x2g a4edzs.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cujqg:p64/v*x*ajycq t 5, j*p gz ccy.fltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used fods+cjq+xo2 z3r pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facthuruv s11l;-g i8kgq+k1pdg .vaxh0.:gn(vnor 1; Factor 2 and Fack ql+.;- khn 1h:gg (11g0aduup8snig vx. vvrtor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ofazs p a-k4(29sf2a .)wgg jukw photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cy(vsxt,8 y;neultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resembledn s6n+on1.3zj 9tgr h the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be depen9 gzn61.djo t h3sn+rndent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystedgvwh3 f3 nb;*m.

  Figure: A marine food web:1l bxd f6etkc dnybo: 0d54t9



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals y:cm0tf1+/n, bx zthp feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxa/b1 c+0m,tfyt:hz pxnnthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemigoe y5ex/q+7 5jgp; rgcal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagravdgcqku,w skd. dzsk :583 *h:m of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes orgaz3t 6qpwwvo,v3i7 8p bnisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living 3i8 t7zqobw,v 36pp vworganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidm wm*h8;m ,qqay:zeb8 of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities16b6zogor u tdz ;q,zgm :go9* ior/v5 of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanv8y *.f qbk(ovp:ds7u x ec:c7e (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic me*t*za:ypla ym1 .d9 jcsocosm using a commercially available seawater-fil a9jam ycd.:yztl*1*pled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tra 08bssk /5*y,whl+2 ms)lfardpsrv. insformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syejedk0 8mgi97fp a,g:sy h1(e stem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fxme,) k m/i0n+t8blhjood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follij0,b*6 kk61 tlzw8j fcvs:l c:*t adpowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bios6j 08j6ld 1,tk c*l*tpwkz: bfcia v:mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of6 q q3ggrh (ask-vwpae:ano/ 56o9jq 0 energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi)c9y wkt3,k4jsa6. p0bj yhinng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin8budbr+ h3ac4 tou .ehoqq8*3e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soiawr7ca i5 6o/el ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratglc8n ;isp h):ely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syste;0p,rviel1 9y9kf s57 xh gswbm with parasites on a conh59xrl1ypsbwsv ki7eg ;f, 09sumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whata )kotmywkj590f. k s/ )vm:nc is k:k m)m cj0/ fk)soat59wvn.y Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that dnh .:x;wjtqq 5escribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystempj 0 j66hp5a5q rpyqrv.n+ y0as.

  State the name of theanl.m k2*5vrgz3(; ssnfp :jm process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrm 2 nj5 vkpf*la.gs sz(3r;n:mates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon f 55b9 ,c f6ndpkbm6vv0;jhmd2rvr u/from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. rvcrm dh b0d6f5 ; 96k5fvvm,p2bnju/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longes xbz2p zjnsw jh/xfi6ig23 .2)t time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / bd rp l,ilr2sn 9-1rkbec8 48eper area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that adl1k- vk3sc59 szg0(qsj7v kvre true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary/j ot q,3e)p zq0b1 wybuv9y( o)hufg+k6ohz6 Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle 90bh nqp71ogx ckq5+. 4t bpsp



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tzni 3gum 5 w; zbjt82;5hwlmj+he carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an etk ncxcn2;al d1s j(0(t 9fx5kcosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri sse0 e e*hz/,d:6o:ld1jrcvva9zp.s al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denityu qqx65+ +f-xapccv,rifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced eih*(qza .ln1m z s2x+effect on the nitrogen cyclnxszil+a e2 zm*1 .(hqe.

  Figure: Average per capibgj x )6 u9o.2hzbmgzft: 9k,cta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progz 4 b)x6u-c7tnog28ft p qrm1qresses from a pioneer community to 2tgurf16o4 mxpc7znq-) 8 btq a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of tha3-:gtzx ba4moo7 zw h 7;6jtke following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit gxom j273c 3(ilkrm*re+ kg/ma $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrihw518a o3f9xd ha6rwmed out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained atm af9a36owhh rd5x8w1 the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbo9tvs3eo(n * du 3+8aycglu*acn storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by .hqh4f w *.h:orv8 xuuregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio ygzga0yifat x c: y4(lba2(6*me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italypy); y3kitg n/j,ulx6h/vh ,s



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementsqa;o x v/ftz26 ,gvk9v from the followi v2k;v9a/zx6,vfotqg ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. mg57rlb+lva7 rd*/os m(u pbjp2q: (lList the main facv*+balm /blm5p: 2up7q(jodgr l(rs7tors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descsl89zdo;(d+kx o+ yhtaw 0v(aription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement/6z+ y0);x w3go seg.z i7cl0gjf eact related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italydrezt7s6or 6-fz(-d 78r d*pga4 oipb


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tw grjs hzsqeptq01*dxs0x-/-;-67hi)ro fth r o herbivores in different biomr00fp;/7 - groihd zsqjr-he*-1t xsqhtxs 6)es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary3s(xq 1(2 uzx /hoygfd succession progresses from a pioneer commungo1y2uxxqf( /3d z(shity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describy6zm *ng3i7t3hlph ;r ing the changes in pro;3pzt6 3mn gh*yrlh 7iductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can b : 4h.cmmtq cguyw:*d3e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on thnfjxf/ s4m 5sa:9 x5wye rate of photosyntwxja59:s ms54 / nfxyfhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field *gu 4pj 0c2az/dvbmul8yc uae 8y**b6



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapkjihefkv6r(/b4mz12 8ql (zj s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were markedefk( jb jvz 64z2im /q8(lrkh1. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability o)/kv,qe)6;sagop sdfqe6 dd j//bida2,-zgif the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor.),dq;g dg 6p) ie2baessi/q -/dj6o f dvaz,/k
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi(*n ygoqg9 2)yjdog h*cal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow d3)d.doz g, 3hapiw1 yCreek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speci yw6i4r4dnuy .es sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivmh uy e+h qx;- 61e5+rh iql*j) lpc1slqs:wb+e for sampling motile (moving) y5re1-l1clh+ j)lw +: h;uhmqq sq*ieps b x+6specimens.