What is the best defip 6dvrf.t5eit) v 2w1n4wvp2znition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ixte inxn+4pl;, uxh9:taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche./jn up8zlafcj t/e9l;6wij ))What is Factor 1 ;Factorlp 6w/izaj)c;lj)t /j8efn u 9 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula7-ba2aq1vd vgtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a txjpir*/5 vk 0Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and-6e ghz*wkp2ce;p 2 bd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offcke6pw2;2egz -h *bpdspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgab3*bim1l/ dz( vmjwt 1nisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amri) fys (6,ajnerica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give biryfji ar)s(n, 6th to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refq1o) zb*kxpu2q- 7ujc i48 zssc*.ulxlects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and fx8jtidb1 qfrx/in2ei1*h 5h/8 v 5tjsnails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. 8r ftni5 8v5/jxhtbei ih/ 1 d*2x1qjf
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins vp ,z bztb23 hth(y4jg/1q0gpin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer w w2:sfmx ic8gql,*z(xhale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with eac2g:q*zcxiw m l,8sfx( h other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost f,8/4kreki6 iz3 n okjarom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to8h yh2-xa . ju9acl,kk have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. kl9 kaajuxh-c82., hy The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that i vs08k9-nvc i2*p-3qz:a oyo4v xveons a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymesp;,zg3 61etmu 6woirm into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungizew6 gum6,1o 3;rpit m then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivati tlddp4+9/j1h uq. wialndkw1;6fzq;on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of exyt khho+lqx 0zy2 76 l94 btv-bkg6t,nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor36s qky*lg r:zx.o zw: 1; Factowqk zy:3orgx:*lz.6s r 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosyntm+ r1bmyqjh m,i9-gy6hesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice ,ow5cs3 :eloi8dmef1 cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-size2xgu q4;z8sz9d 90yow c: dkjcd giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk f ouz k:0 g cxjs8y29cwz94dqd;or six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow i:ewd* xsp f90jn a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we (hky m)wo-wetp9+0 kpb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are ald eoh 8n0b-,att 1 wrl9/beww-h+hkk2 gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxid+e8l-hw,abdo 2/h9 r1bthtknk0ww- ee, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical re3zozwzf/. u/bgln1o2action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in tnte60uaz b(nf2*7 uw fhe ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descy3k c3fy9b0htpb.-pi)c (ly t i y/oj3ribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organy33ol/yj0. ictbpi- f h3b pyyk)(c9t ic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nux 4hxz/ :pjr/fmbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predato +taqhmcw4h 4pgdz;12 r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abos6adz.pt h f(*csy62pv6 zcgx*k8zu* ut Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawaqgd*v 9/z tid v(rss 2 vbud/t,zl 7:;wn*mqq.ter-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals a*g/*i q .vu 9 dzvbwvn dq,tqr(2td s7z;ml/s:nd gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fb wd y*g,h7,od37zw phollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enbe*gva*8qs a/ 87tcau j:8ttqergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f8e/pp 5pi2cy,dv 3j s5 cqr9h0iqa0vkood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fo6bas:(p6s) uzzd+ drt llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bi 6+sua:t)ps 6(zbdrz domass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enela/h+ y*azlaj fm4 tju32n81zrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represeo 0/fmuhdl)dtp3 r 0r3 fm,p/gnj84hdnting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo z2z +smsfu9+e me*irfws7v:+ od web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecos0pqc t :ceqb.+j4hm1a e4ln.cystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dee2w ldy+3 3l:q-pcixrscribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syq3(k8vvu2bl rd4v, xg 8 ws)yzstem with parasitevqd)sv3(xrgy b 8v l w,2u4zk8s on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and s.t lf5l)id o8 sg;*rxrespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesi.;rt8o5fldsgx)l *s is and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticidgi2, *mudbv; ue.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enbiys3g,jgmn;i3-ji 2a 5s db:ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon 4 :bk,un/nwb .ldt snck-km-l*vg46vdioxide in the air to carbohydrates.. 4 v4 b ndgl-twnvns6uc/kk,m lb:-*k

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cn 7gd obx,+*crarbon sinks. xbr7g *c +ndo,
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rvmpd)cq 8-5onequires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per*+c 37q*wdtwe8n6j4cou/9 rwiyj ccq year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a ih60+ rj/k)kdxbmm ymrs0s15re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be sr3ka1o f8:j,m/ 2oi qylg/ljt2j b/j calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of thi-6z n)bwop a6e marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon tsoi+-xplm ; d)hrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem lonw)ajm h+.r+:tg/z


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystemu p,sh2 nirk)rd/n,*a af:6gp in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thath,hq7fnc(, f m is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced5l* e ,zlb:puo effect on the nitrogen cyp llzo5u,:*eb cle.

  Figure: Average per capit b6w w p5+cxgb4-wlwx-a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPqit4 zlo )m5n* as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commto lizq*nm)54 unity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is a9b)tlx)m1o:mrg) w yo n example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap/a f wv(cn8x v3g6nebdtpa 8ub6;6y q,ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. On r50l-elt acql5z(l r(e was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after twozt5(5 r-q l(lrclea0l days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fl l+lex(6/a1cyi 45ffm jt +vvtows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 +mfng l)7wt+n bj 2a/x


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a 9w jubipcp. k7*0 sc;wyrye40biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap0x3pb5oi2rd/dgmj ;yh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or mo: t5 c101l ttqr:k(g;jm q 7odanmp7ahre statements from the followin qg1ctmkl7t 7jp:qd50hn:orm ;at 1a(g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatigg- x3qn dvzf;uo9;kg g:3i5a+. dpd ic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chara;gdgg3:uod; xvaki59gp. q +fid 3n-zcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptionr ly1xt 3t7f3wd3 vii9 of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystej 5 kyymim o:,az/*y:rm.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romeo;wwl i*ieqw2r .z+5ya:d 5zu, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffexwfist*b-a r)nh ; 0t6rent biomehi*-t6afn b;)w0 stx rs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as3hsp2 ty 0el7tvy84x r primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climvy r7 y0h2te8xl43 tpsax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followir:l +w ofcl20;dq nzl/ng statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during pflllnq0/r+woc2dz: ; rimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi diskf 4p0gy3hwm.vws 8z;a .

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosy1dl9i;znp2 ues:s prb:p,8 yv nts :ize28usb rp 9p;,:py vdnl1hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field se6ovu fwqg, q5,zb+5



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapg2 g2kud 3k1*wyqmxsz- j* r(as to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects u2kyzas x32*gr1w*kgmjq(-d were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to ta h3 scn c9ywto31krj*-ke multiple readings of the sa3cw-jk3* o9syht1 ncrme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used inw5*zq/ qt27ud/ qn9z4i noph z ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples nkrdk4xsug( +1dp 9 w4of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in t 9 yq(o 9xyu/do6bq4aewo parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technolkz / y*avu:zgu)a7qy1 lr /.iques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimea y*o)7avzruyg1:./ul zkq/ lns.