What is the best definition f24 3u(3l ly7bh b/u:tvbrrtvrl e)f;dor a species?

  igure: Climate graph of g(o+otlvnm+;t9 ct(n ;2jdzqsh1l 3iRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' nic z2ny.**u: h6 aj,d35v6afhipxaqyhghe.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor v i6qafyhh6hd.2yupz,a3x*jn *g5a : 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populaupa,6 u(( uitjtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciejv ;kb; y74xgus



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has st t6t:eu4 mi -(xmghmq)ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.m)ehx-tq g 6 mit(m:u4 Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gid / :uk9lz:luw;f ka (r(7fyaroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in z96lf mbzlseym8v5* -North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey o *-59mz yz6fs8e vbllmn domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population,9tb 7(lzx22aqlw3 )xflyzlb over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and ani)acf vqri1 vqph: /-x(,*10a uxc kslkmalpqa1* r c/ vax1lcf0:x-,iksku(vq )hs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains n qc:tngb x1b+-b,lu+


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer u m g0d2ut4eo(whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the4got 0uemu (d2 Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemn+grd7u wlma-( ng7s:s.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hig4t llf ggooy2s7cmj5j, 8i 32yh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions 23ljfcy2mot i 8 y7,gg4s jo5lhave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chi,bq4c)dhqj)v7)x z mk2 v cv6ain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digest3ahrra/r98qx fm, y )pive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying hap8 ,39fay/qr )mxrr leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sys0ag dlh,d.q 4qdg*lnd5+uwl 4tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidsm1 vdlx( (8ff3(wy esl of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' )b 0 ,m0mewifo 5acx8gniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 an8moxm 05eic)a, wgbf0d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempmby+as-la ;8 weratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culj;qd mx3n 2-or qfaf6 q2q1 7al2y5mgqtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has 2a3e wl w-a)svmc*6 hdstripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic eldv)mwa2 sc- 6a*w h3Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descript1-a yw-yvo,ygzy3l; + ubh(ccion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we2j 9kuq8g w+jeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside c*aqq 5:;zgfa koral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlia;:qa q5z *fkgght.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reals:b5. c* * 2itk9axbhag(mtx ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systecwa5t 6q1qn9/3gm af pms diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organism7i 5rbr1qh,dxyg)l2 bik. /d ms (8guks like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mater/7 d.qdgx8) u5 b1gk(m2lyk b,sihr irials.

  Figure: Ecological ph)-dg 3yjtya(f-/sk kyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population ddbm/s o2ad)i8rr;/ve ensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphe xn(, vg6wfks,nyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an 2;c71x mc3brnn2( nvczam5i cz9;zzwaquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placemc32na2( n9;bmz;7n5w z zx1 vccrzicd it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tvx4j /+c4w44du8fd 8hu/o mo bghu7mfransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conver 15mwfz i:c3ce9f ioq7sion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins4 uosq fk7vkmn bkm-ii4 6rd v:wd(30- in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sta x2an dh o*fb(t,-bx5e0j 9/hwb udna,tements is false when discussing a pyramid of nd5w,* ou 9 2danjhh,b0t-/baxbfxe (biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e lj8pm0y5srg/ jzjnxy;d(9u3 nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represen7 b*vd6k aaqqj a+7uueq8o92zting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marofz/y5d /1 umline food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys1s r)l9aw1i bhtem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately de,yl :k(hwh )e*6pn(vj bo .qnix5o4nhscribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of num07l+ xdtq;vxeya x1(w bers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer ;y txxa7w1ve( q+ xl0dlike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options kvdrwkbc 9ud9 3w1, (lbelow.What is Phockl3vr 19,dwku w(db9tosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use ofcv9 5u4 le1het DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en (w48:y;sis,1 kwhwtvvwc/b r ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i2sh,skbma+3m: ;u dwan the air to carbohydra s3smd:ahbka ; w,+u2mtes.

  There is continuous cycling ofz thrg8d,ryom9. 0pv 3 carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.y8otghr0 vp z9.r3 ,md
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest timeesgo 2 l, 60iqznrz+q9.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecod+1 qefx+6wx7 4gw mbesystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that lkr jvul w5zhrj/qr 1h:6tt8 :jk87s 2are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) ca (x)sfo fsf( 7-4fe2egb(9y 9elmq*prj/mdwo n be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marinz gz21ufgvg-b- (wt7 ue carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon thhrn/t( y.cdj+rough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in.vza(c5z ym,7or7 rnu an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy k82ufn2-tl do1*cjq n,qfyi /stem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifys ts ;da(eb+a(ing bacteria.

  Identify which of the f xy, :kdi6d++ +xogzw oau2q:following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy ux,:6:o d+2oq+dfwz axgk+yicle.

  Figure: Average per cgxnp :n*o*; jp0j8gx xapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prkp:j( r(w*.r ,axqjz uogresses from a pioneer community torr,jwu:qazk( j.x* p( a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example okbl4e)h ;99 ,zlyrl 2y:qoeh sf transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitq l.bcpl8()9cjjt* pl., dikna $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wag- ms:5 qs.fuq8r7 dtvter. One was kept in light and the other in darknessqv58gsd ts-f r7:q. mu. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flowt4brhhk0oj,4/ugo1mmm 4 ap xyf2 3h;s in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries pr6 r /(ek3s)7byfrp nv;sdx6by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome gd.8g4)bkc nw7xla n1xpf-j3

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita2vbfh36 -xyiu ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or m8z/ ( b+lal4 h8d b+p;vxk:lcgd e:nbaore statements from the following. p bla8ngll;/:8x+b z:hke dv+d b4(ac
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by clih918 ro/+gxv euw(bswmatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that chara gurs9ewhvob( /+81xwcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripo, hsr /no-3ogtion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statejmv3o ,fpl-x: , , (xvag3rramment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o.ddbvq/p : ) .hsmsl;vf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different b rh9ixt zo aeeey1/a:4oi6d (/iom1e y:otox e(6r iaz4d/ha/9 iees


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progress4oj /ejsh8sg.es from a pioneer comhejjsg8 . os4/munity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing /x4s:i2+ hxlyk at c*4z1sqswthe changes in prc14h lw4 +x q /z2asxtisk*:syoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that xqhn 52fh*moc+af1 b +7o 0wshcan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the qioz04 x6cs;7rn:q n4y:o ue frate of photosyntxn;y of 4eois :nuq46r7q:z0chesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in j;j pxs t3b-: o45nq+tp jkwf2y7d1tma field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inseczq0qhb .r 9dzt)5g8ve;rn; ajhi.w4 gt traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals .z wzjvtb 8hde4ng0rh5;q9rgq ;a .)iout of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of th ojasjwu;(2o 4e data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same facwj(;4ojs u2aotor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologig+ ayb2x nak( 9ua,lu+cal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samplen wnyc:eh2l-r7iw n1d 4-yo.jd 7wzq:s of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled i gj 2g0l)rowqak0ec*) n two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technwhpnwvm2l1bud*jjj 1b8( +ws ny3 6 1redf8*kiques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spe u*hj+mwj y2k wwf6jn nbdv1*rd( 1s8p1 38lbecimens.