What is the best defink63oh+vlrq79 ckrx w,ition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,iy6h lsr(j+)x44by e m Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.W,.zkeyj pp(:bhat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?,.jpy p (bzke:

  Figure: Growth curve of a populatbu;hc:e ,5kqh8xq/u pld /+ qsion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of 86aq 2bcv *ssjg0 q4ywa Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has strip 2jfa/bn s4pw,5jy2b xse,,eres that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with otab/4,ejerb5w2n ,x ,fp2 ss jyher okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the et;f90ce xh/lki xb g0v/3ql-groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf/p sqqtd9/vmgw -4wfji p si)gx- 50/nyiw,p6 (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give 6nsq450)ti wfs/wpigpjgw -i/, pm/yd9-v xqbirth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph thatb( -m*ph wofs nq)7rg00)grvi best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fd0dhez84 ,6o 4zeeskxeed on the remains of dead plants and animakd ,86ozee4dh40z xs els.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins insg5 u.v;sde4x+s umf1 food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer 5k *3*ymcj;w k6b0; .8a grrw+xmzbsdhqp 1kfwhale, polar bear and other organisms live and ic1m;qz . 5ry*f36w+ dx;pwgkhbk0s a*8kjrbm nteract with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is 3 a 1c:weq.s9ioctstv+zg+. azg 1cy 3lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomr1h8m(4) ; ihkx)+r acwmovzaass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species1z)oar (hcw rm +ak)h8mx;4iv also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a foodk+ 7wcfgu0vzt2l e +-b chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundin;a ob29 gus7myv9 zb/ngs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absor ;bn s2boyza9 g/u97vmb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratedq8qdkl +w .vl( rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energ21+x v9vf teexy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Fac-4c +akv jdla5s;nf0ptor 2 andv0+p af5-sjk4cldn; a Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at di+z+ )kooef2r k/2gqzcfferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrateb m i+qcb7o2+.zl0c(znd ke/jd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe,i8lcw;0ewp q- d+i lls that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are dww ,lq0l;i-8cli e p+mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terresh hvtr ags:f:5v; n k4;ej*2pstrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weblb3(jopzu ux 1oe-t shq97u r7f(h 8a/



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae sl1+ajnp 1(oy that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthy anl11+j( sopellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rek1iq 0(d.wx dtcn(hj,action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag5;7asqyc k 6keg6oi ot/9v)p(c *nrdbram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organismh3/asl l 4ihz8s like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic ml34sz h a/l8ihaterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbh4 l5nmwgvp7uh-nf *,ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of qgqj+5pb 8 h :8ok5/f6nkcnsh a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true abi6z t :u53hb(o+3w wdov-pi ioout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm u ;kf7k7jb +lsesing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near bk;+fek sl7j7a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation. ib*2 lex 1-k2vozphq8w r/xc,

  Figure: A natural energy conversxl )m9,k8i8 wql n1-e.tvqw ld3ohgl 1ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ofrc2jj+7:xq / 62gcxovd hq;p o toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid oz8ewnwtq:j6xn;8g u:i .rqm9 xs56 uc fq;mj 5x6:8.t6nwsue gn9qzrw: uicx 8 biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene.(xqk6v j5 wrrjm 4z +yj76zlrrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represen0tx fpx9f aot7-uwk0/z.mg49s y/ 1ds)zlmnlting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w5b br5od.djbrm0;(x7w 7cki neb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem ;umt4 /dqld-m




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that jaevejr m) 0w0810amo does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pa1sjb;n ;m 3d z gdolm7bg4)y,srasites on a cogblo)3z; 1 4s mjmy;,ddbsn7gnsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corre7r lb)sosv(5vt /ou7bctly from the options below.What is b /b s77l5t)ovovr s(u Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe tiode;4hju 17ahe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is losa6ktm+ 0r .fsp ieg).kt from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carboyrazo cfz1)d8.)4hssw)*l6t es/ pgg n dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.1grs4oh.6wade sgt 8)y z / *pscz))fl

  There is continuous cyxz-yc- ),zxl ycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. ,-xczy) x yz-l
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the l rja+cxbn)h cw.v;v ;:ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pm,a0 gaapptj0smi4ea0) h+ q2er year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsav6c(vy wvp29 that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produc( oz1caj44 q h,g3flgitivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc,dat24k il ifm 0yiyfki929z3le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through (mxb*tkkn y)d wtk +f 968esb:the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco d8 pyqp1wp1t;system


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial r-a r,d*ae.eqecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying w ga,vt2ux6u;rui:0h bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nigj+cvufrv mnp c 70/+,trogen cycn+,ccrf/u +v0mg 7pj vle.

  Figure: Average per cap,,jd1/ftfy r pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP anu nd: p+6,bj7 t5big,vo1 fzold NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climlo+61u f5bdv ip,7: bjg n,tzoax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an ,lf8+ he 0z a alt+44t6qbft-rge3nnu example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita /fhpinem);p: ld ,+lm$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with anfr 8wi.b5+qp h Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of thef+b q5 iw8.rph experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows i2 -f2e tae1k6jqf 1mvon GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesd jcgt -xk,hw 8p-nk6*4 krlo/ by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a gnrgpey jwp* ;b 4.-/pbiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy101kdjdnj wzz4 b(4f+c*ny scw3 xr-g



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from 4jbofnx;7ieq)o8/ qz:9 p y dcthe follozq;y9c)xo4d/:oejf i n8 p7qbwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterp;.,/s.uc ip4vinbv:r 4,k qbrauu j:ized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that ch /pn r.;bbcu , r,.: jipks4i:qvvu4uaaracterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rjqt:tju d/8 gq* wb 5 cs/4kvd2su3*ahainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to di ,*d c/t+2fq6o8vp hxsgyh +puversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphe9.d vnuiwugeywk( jpf*.)5+ of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differents)0zuc(dcy g- biomegycd)- zuc0s( s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses bs d+fqr k0g wwu.b )an+-m)z/from a pioneer csd )u-bf )wagr0z +/bqmk.+wnommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correbv;d yc(8xq6 pn f6ju.ct in describing the changes in productivity j.dfx6 cy6n; uvpb(q8during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor thaeyk;d5u +wuzx4w(*y at can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigatxoo7+hkh7 uv8e the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesh8oou v7h7k+xis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 1x;-*4r-xkefb;s:rn y ro5wv ljdc.o field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of960l0hlhugujzz .up. beetle A. On the first day, 1656 inse0jl0ghp.u z. u6 zhl9ucts were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi 2; t4)uwuvolx+eah,m2hi 8sility of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of ,twu+s ieh2xl 2 ;o) i84vumhathe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used /xt(mzik) c5z lo9jo4 in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wil6 db8d2rqdx f,low Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of / k0fkjr(n)wxWillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techn d8vnu3h-u0jjiques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimens.dj0j n3u8v-hu