What is the best definit r4gx)zpe i3i -rki30i;l 1khhion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy p1 25 s8 z1(dxp56ntp cofcfx.ddm 1xw


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could s i o-8d0 ohqwlz;bb+t;ozzj6i5d s11describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 6zd0lb; ds+iqoz5zooibw1th-8 1s ;j 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curvejqg:4nc 1w:.eh /bwqo of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schiy9 sht8 dhu,rk:v3jm 6stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebp) bm 0hlqmu-w e)r. pq-1p0irra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can pr ).q- b uipwlr00q1mh )emp-breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatig z9zkujp)ov. :9) svion.

  Fact file on the grey q,pv/1+9)r08l x bdkttjjpup 8kj; a ywolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, adut1 /q p p0jajxk8lk8br 9, p;+)jytv small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best rh0fud20xjdz8.* fzxob p27 tqeflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, milq + q*2z ne g *ip)lqf0;c7*5cnnjqoates and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.n* o*+7el*qp5 q;n2q) qacgj nzi0cfl
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food crz4 yrmw* 3uw(.ety0m9 9jtz dhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedlu5v:mqgr2pkb,(i/ i seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live anbiimkv2: /p,5glqu r(d interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosdtljzkiw3:t w, 2.5m zts;3lsystems.

  Rainforests are know2lv70 i;sj*hd oi6rbp;k 0gcvn to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabio g;*; ii6v2 cdsl hk0rb0pj7vt.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description m*y*in(9m3gkz,st*hq x7riyqx,e /fof a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienbpanp r.x;-*f3 7q 0az m0zo6c3vafdz/( hdbdts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the funm qznx3az( .73 foc*h0a p/d-ar z;6bd dbfv0pgi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ri x + +dswro(*ucjzfcr e,ahgi25:w3g0ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f +rr2 l8o8ktoeor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fac o;kklw/6pnjcmm 2/4qtor 1; Factor 2 an/ mkmk;62n w pql/jco4d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at differy6 3o7ygr2 gpaent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice c ze)ee+7i5bp ih dlr9 hvg85g7xf1z0rultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smo7:rq t 0:newfall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves ante7ro: : fq0wnd buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of eicih6 (gu9s m (e1fw;gnergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food s9 )alpzgx.i: web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon com,ss q c w7ph,2bb/d5bepounds produced by e5wcsb7 b,qp/h s2 b,dzooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following c df78hf5uz yl3hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diah nne(jd7:iy 0c7uyocd,js4a0jgb td 79 1oy:gram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthv40n5zmz re uz19oar :worms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livi: 4 avo0zr1e9zn5 murzng organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid e*hklc (m5 i57 da/d(o9 r9biinj+mt eof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and iti3d rs-:a;qjbs prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichluk- +hbpyn)e+58-b7nv -wjczo gyuz 1orodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commtqz5t t2x;-ulomc+4r mb8m+ 1l9psbeercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed ittb1- lrtb+mz859u; lso x pmqm2+te4 c near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following 8f;khlja0 gil zw;gfq. 7pm6:is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energ)xo0 o) -dmqgdy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of1vk1h*t4bebxp1i zo: toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followingl)jhw;n dq*h 9 statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.9;hj*lwq)dhn

  Figure: A pyramid of enerk 1oc2 hs9wkl.gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystei novd -*ss lz,y3b8(qm.

  Figure: an Arctic marine t-:s elxbc1eq*0hk5ufood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys 7 g1)dve)ikwgu 9,rzxn;qc3etem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food web0nll,wza s 8:b.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah sy ays)f.)rha a8stem with parasites on a consu)y.8 raa)fhsamer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rqu-:v r( 8u c8*trtqpbespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesi 8 -t8*tu:b vqcurr(pqs and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that dve/0x4(/ f b5svv/exxsmu ;fuescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ec/y o18w0y.ycfb fs-d josystems.

  State the name of the process that rdu3sdmn,k n1uq2 m/p k16(qoconverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratnu/m1 ks2q,qk 1n do6d(m3urpes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon 6q d ztamu)lib1nd76x/2na ,vsinks. bd,6 d62x1qi)uaaml/nt7 z nv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle0x54aulqly 0.-ce vy k that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per tx1phz7 xl* 0f71seu 2ns+ tcw qro*u,area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemefk)npkib2 ) t4-ixiw 9nts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSr e sni0 gox+h+f-.-niP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon*wflh m( p lc0ea:*,(c x1luoe5fcr 0b cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ath r22uw:y :ncarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a qk;bm4g 7xf3un ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrekw t c/ g8w;mke6zb9zasv. sk/7-b (pe-xc.nastrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactexct9 uvs *zm7f8ykl gxwn(:d:/4oy g:ria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect o0y,herlqr:h, cbj8om, o8my 0n the nitrogen cyco8m:0hy ol8b,, eqjrr,cm 0 yhle.

  Figure: Average per ca mdv1y 46omvz6pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prikba- xm4 if/2ogresses from a pioneer community tm/fik x-i2 a4bo a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is k j)c6sh 4qu lbk95 zy15pg2ipan example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capp l8zi 5+gnnb/8 ,jsa(/livse ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. wlzlt)g-/5bzz01;/t j a(i dxr7sdjaOne was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained atb-zz) z;jt/dswd/t a7a0 glj5(1ixlr the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual j9otmc jtu *-vbbtr5,y.5*p * jyplp1 flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by retii;h cy:; p/ q2l kdq5sxo-93mjk hpkr 0(t/jgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forz6vxbv*n zc 3tcx4/gr 3,ig2d a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph o9o; gr:kuhak,3tup. 4d opj t/f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’b5ejw5l,z3c ju y choosing one or more statements from the followingecuj355zj l,w.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patte getke /7**25bzpw t v+kn,-e3oejytsrns and other physical variables. List zn*o*,e-w3+b jee2k t5tg /p7sytvkethe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description xlnemj.hc 7 /)of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct 5 poht-j 00pvlstatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o wi/e g +nd6g)b4eoh mnq/:n*hf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary f0a z71pzol1 k5 aleo3productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes 03elfz5 a1 kaol 17zop


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primabq y3 *py(/swnry succession progresses from a pion( *nyyqw /3spbeer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the c xwihjn68gm ,et 8o d+q39ueq:hanges in productivity during primary suc8t6 jnw:mhq83+gee d qix ,u9ocession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor t*it i ugc/ 72aocj0kh1 tz/k7dhat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of te6fb4g,bt7enz b; kwf 7mperature on the rate of photosyntfg4 z;wn,kb7b67f ebt hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ah4 gr0ja a kep:g0sz,8 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of be run/.9uf+ohm,cxb.6 1uw xqjetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this specieu.bcj1 n6m9.+uhrxu/ wo fx ,qs.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple reaf f,uw8 1dizhm4s y4o7dings of the same fasdy4 z f8w,fmo4i 1uh7ctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samp2bf f.9awc hbf*rzo6gs 1f-t ;ji4e.gling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowjd/m3 i:dj*ek5cl *gcfuh3 ,y wh92 sl Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cre 1of6cqqtq:ptki 19 h/c.e0c gek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiq92 4g5 iffyd7dfsvo7ai c 3j+1: ojslve for sampling motile (moving) sdfif :fdvj3ql 52oyo jc 177g+ s94iaspecimens.