What is the best definition f5 6(u,k9h ni/d9z grqrjop/m por a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy pi0s0t(a o2w 59x fluoi,;wqx50 hxtj


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could deo+wu2 +ewu-y9wag c8s scribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facuuc-a9 gwyww8es 2+o +tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curvenjz6(zn6w rldjd3z - 6 of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a 1j.x 7g h.go.rfj;o6bjrtm/s Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma(vbnbn4ki74 yiscun p u ;*8ye cvd,7-ll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to oc vs(bu47uniy ;7ci4vd-k8,penn*y bne offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups oe85arv 49*ne e0mffgfddo9d .f organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occh0j zrthxpfp.q1. gvg7j2 6b0ur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth gqhz..jt20p bphvj6r017x gf of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gro:uq,n q zu: k5+nl4 fnsq:-hnawth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed /212 t2 uxcqwz ekn5 )gsynj9pon the remains of dead plants and animalsn2pxt1)sq2gyzc9j5nk2 u / we .
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in f1 qk4isw aj(r2ood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgag ln g*ad;bz, lr+wo.8nisms live and interact with.,lar n8*g+lgwbod;z each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is (wiqmyir; x +qq/p09 ylost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and 7ovt3 5q 3plg oz6i2fxa large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions haqf3i v7xtp6lz325o ogve been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement puf) gkl)c *,bw)mxk 1that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into(z7nn* gu rg6a their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dz(ug n7ga6n r*ead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integratepro +ld.fwxgf-44 )6l ts2v2g/mpggzd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used 5u1plz9 qwsr.6c1q jzc e6cfr e) u37zfor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 8db 4rmm(cb 4u m/t*er1; Factor 2 and Factor (* u/e8 md4crbt4m bmr3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis h.,o2 qucono ;bs8s9*xq+d cbat different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrate k1*6pxdgb5o ,w cf6rpd rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe u;m4jpxv b zw0zc/.(ps that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leam (4z v/ux;zwbcp.j0pves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descripea 9:ng- wz3zttion of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foodu97pygf(br o +p/-g xiymj,8d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live ieucbh1hda-pj0kd2/ 0k(oi skl q ,z6 (nside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by z-a1eiqdjk,/k d00b( h u hpok(lsz 2c6ooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica z 47/7s8jb0sbtvzs 14gwwle hm3vgze4m 7(sjl reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean .,65flt - vgn9juhg mwa7uqt *


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eartb4u29pkiy0wyu,ns z+ hworms that ingest and then break down and ds4i,p2ywn b+zy ku9 u0igest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pydz;6g0w/ vtfsramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densit ; p9w:slm*eenies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroet:p)oupxoi-k0 sxtk 5*w,f8 6c(u u wnthane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a com:v feb )+r23ymgfb ye)mercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which incl yemgr)3yfbb:fv + )2euded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followinrz m /w3y q66)bp*d0jq9rj rwdg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy contz s biyzqca6d01.k/)g9f( ut version system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooqx+ z7 gd1w(lm0vh*cvd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falserl/ 5 o)12gi20ta9xxxlu.gd jt,xax f)is u-z when discussing a pyramid of biomatx. i 0gd ulx j1slg,2-9xxu) )x/aazr2 fi5otss.

  Figure: A pyramid of enevh 0w8yni8r,p,p9 36m kawlkhrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repre k+;bi; p;r 5idg/vochsenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari/op6.s zpqmd * stf0m1ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in az- -*wah,,tli2g/ae np( jwbq soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a njx-eo-mtg3ueq3l/i q-s6 -hfood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers l,7hi 8ls- rbpr 9qawnhx864lthat could exist in a savannah system with parasites orn 9p8hilwr 8b,a6x 7h4-qsl ln a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctl/4q.)b, nmuv gly jwi-8zrkf5y from the options below.What is Photqnk,b ifr4zl. )u-5g wmv/8 jyosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as anr 2rhpl-lb )r) insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en222-u i6cdy 1o eflyzxergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that cor6oz sdwj6 +n3oxt3maogr+84nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydz 6 8m4wgnoor3dxt3r6o as++jrates.

  There is continuous cyclwe 946 uu8.ccoomx 1pping of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x 8p1uu9e4w6po .ocm c
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cytv jum-6 qqi)vq :p;n/cle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y;wrua:b8)5s :z aahc lear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemeniy7(mh45 eyr hts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) l4 x5y09mvij 7nky5uccan be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbonh1o:d tk- dbte 4t3/3drt tp((tlikq* cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cdo--ivjs3cp5zzy,zk 4 o .5a iycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a3d0.c lds)vma n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a te0/0s,c5l ;/ iidcf-ntef ndw yrrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of ,qjpy(/c rx( o,i9b( ot xhs.odenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-kta p qx60qf:7./3l if7j fwtvinduced effect on the nitrogen cycl:p/tff.a q0 vjxwft77i3k6q le.

  Figure: Average per capitas:lm7u)5 etwof h( ,im $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivertj p8r21-a zo7 yuuw1lsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from71yljuoza2r t -pu1 8w a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followihi*-;gl *u,ra r adko(ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitpyt5yo)6ksye 9h tcp7;(,s o ka $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elnk(xce )h3x4s+xgjs: 6gy -y zodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained aggnz e h yx+3 xs4y:)(xs-kj6ct the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows ,vcnx79 lyqh+in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fishep0vvjy s + -y*d 7ytaux6r/k-uries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for nj4 pclhb3)bs1zh e5,a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romue9 w93,d avk/-b,faos hfz8qar1p( ee, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatzq bfn ft-nr8n1/e,8 ju96e mwion’’by choosing one or more statements from the fol fw- tnzr/ 8f1bumj9q8 e6n,enlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cz8.li:azrhl 3limatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteriz :i3hzl za.8lre the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a desu q*eo5.nic /6p:c dmycription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystemm8g t/p cww nw6qo*n-y97klv* l* yp,t.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rp8hihuv . 8zf2n ;vk9eome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andl;l+*;s,xda w hfalm, biomass of two herbivores in different biom;+ad,mh l; alf*xs,wl es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successia quz 0*8onl5)q6tqhvon progresses from a pion)hv8qq5qt 06ouln *azeer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemen0g0g7xcg m3hets is not correct in describing the change3m cxhg0g0e 7gs in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can f: dw.cxih-w;be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate ofi ;r88e u6yf7 i 9.knsgr72sff.wnte c photosyntheef7ti kf 78 s69;n.c.8risy euf rgnw2sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fij8m(e/7qa; v*anj m4i9m:0mhhnmwkeeld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Avca3gqsf2 h dob38.,c . On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 32c,vosc2gdah b3. qf834 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important1k vtee6vos+aqk0s nn7/a 22 x) jdtr: to take multiple readings nvkesj+qate6v20 7x2 k1n:d o /str)aof the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used ix74s2r) qswmgw x qpwso.nml*ob ,/ +/n ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow tfk rfy47n+ t+i7 a2 kak)sum8Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willo. wbf2qz *n,yzw Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplzy)w8j:e m+pting techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mo8 m ejz):ptwy+ving) specimens.