What is the best definiti2h )oxzsgklmn 1cp 5lcn:// 0zon for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romch4tzoi* * * ibz:-deme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact amk7f/9a hbe6or 1 ;Factor 2;Factor m9aaeb6 hk7 f/3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popul(xju;y).p4 ld:ap ysv ation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomqtox ) ig hvb7nmloz9r7,5o3 ,a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffeg2( etv v:*(gb 6mv/vmrsk, fw and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and m(grvgmvf2:b/se(* ,vvk 6 wt eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grku grqh)2v7h9 1pt) nooups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wom4 jt,h;)q/hh i wg:sd+9dzpplves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may qzid d)9/p 4;t+ ps,jg :hhhmwgive birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best r1ej yak (e eqwqd2z)*;eflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed onrh 4 r8 mji23gq:8eqos the remains of dead plants and anima s 8rjo:8himqe2gq43rls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxizi3z s9s6qk g)ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whpl o5 ez(6zzl;ale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the col5ze6lzop ;l(zd waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ev2 ) :*; h5hbb7pe luawoc8unxnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known fb1p1/lt k) hcto have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with thep)kh1c lb/tf1 physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corre)7vlh- q m:g3tq 2eclict description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients ,8isx/ bmha2t0 qs 9euby releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break do/b 2mxu8, t90iaqhs sewn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice c 8d1j8 te;*)svzhc*z8rve bn pultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for p1 ne+mr rnx1opnnm4 9+yramids of energy.

  List three factors that could desc : mkj4qksvk44ribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F:mk qkv4k4j4s actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis srdg3xu 9g lnv2di9ia6:4w7 vd5p c; iat different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv 7qj 4jjpv /y7l/kzca8ation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thijf:5zk9cekt8zf z9s ,s b8z(at resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democrati fkz(sb8z e, jcf99z:8s5zk tic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description bzb3.da3.(w(b1usali or *gc b 98regof energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web h -d3-1mxontx b n-fm(



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algalcf nvr3 7log69wl+9hhxv k(0oum83 ae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthella39lu6vgx 3(r +7oanl 098lwfvhc omhke from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction:n4zn)i-cyq5f;2m ilhsc3ki 0


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the moiq kwijv) *99pyit;/lvement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descriu97kuggib d9iho0 4+p bes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organig99oidkh7gup 04 bui+c materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyracly, 9a m/3qgymid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey h5 (oixvp06tg)m0zq i


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichly+z(b9 n7c 8g7jhm 6f/nimkicoroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawatere)hs-hv1 y; i 6pj5ps/gwm )vr-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. Thvs hr j1; -/pe 5msih))6wgyvpe student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followindf (;txiu1w g6goti9 6g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversz 1,ltel( y.pm7 h 0wynqopk21ion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins ifo,5xmo k /fw+n food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing avpz z ,09sja7a pyramid of bio s9z, 7pa0vjzamass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e r.c u43nh)egpnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prsq7, 6wjw 8a/mdu; kbyeus7nk-.keq)oductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine 8m q0nib0rjb6yy2*7p b(nlf hfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecoa7/fv, o x,lpisystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descr qbset bh+eh82.n 2 -gozi5-ujibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that coulda1-p( uof. wdh(ygao, exist in a savannah system with parasites on wfh1go(o ad,(apuy .- a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bel61lfgsi p:v 51 gaa/rcow.What is Photo lpc6:1svfiga1g a r/5synthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insess: y* l13(zrqe0 /wdlxv,jfu cticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyfdnu uil3go/e.i-u/+4b b5c d is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the procese35 khes 5s7mdq,zkt*s that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates. k,zhqde7 t5*ms3ek5s

  There is continuous cycling of carbon froc66g2 zhj bea:i o8au/m the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. i6gohc2/beju za 8:6a
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cagms 3dbz) :l4arbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosyb** ms,:sqoawgi/w h(stem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ara0i58ewh(by7 ct *qtee true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondar79twzlc; 9 +lwef ta5yy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the maricdf0qzd bx 99g+ens+ew,-1ts lv5b o4ne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car q nvx0j:q32pibon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow invp5n c 7kggf5,l, ge.m an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a k4j/-6ccd-wr wwh:pag swki0x;9oq1 /5kol a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bac97qp 90vxnneateria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-d))77b3rai jwn g3 qheinduced effect on the nitrogen cycqaid 3jn3b rwe77g )h)le.

  Figure: Average per capig7 5 ;ddm*,nzh ow-lxmta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary success8-,k5t j d3 nbteg waxl4d9(wlion progresses from a pioneer community to a ( blek 8t,4jl9atd -ww53ndxg climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followiokl,ldv1s2qtyu+4 n0ng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per catiilned0. v4a.0totubi3 y ),pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One w p (ddla,vo4,8xs.lh was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the xa, l.vsh dp o4l8d,(wbeginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbo6s j5drg:y y5qn storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20g 3quu,4c da5m20


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data4sm/ ou hg*-wk for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph 8px4:gm( dbg 83sayo4r:/ovr xaecn. of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chooit6 pw oc+a29ising one or more statements from the foap962o ct i+iwllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and otherpd 3*nj kq0l3k physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes n0qk33j*dk pl.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b -1vpji;0mdbo jw2ks/iome.

  Identify the correct statement relale/ wli(1sdg zv7acy l)6+r(wted to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o2k8 dz zkf7lk)f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differe 2gx+xqwaupw0+o1t: s1j(z kpnt biom 0+u t(1 qza2xjkgsp1pxww:+ oes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc zdj ng0pk lwtn-u/,73cession progresses from g,nn-uwpz0lk d /3t7ja pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not coywqnceu4h3;ts ;3bbhg )f9s*;nws6brrect in describing the changes in producttb6h)*;e bw49scngb;s hf n3yw;uqs3ivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor th-/5e.7f(jqjmrboc5e b 0kh l nat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntg ixwxi;x qy69bape/)n5; q fem* 1g/a/6peqbe 5a xgx*ii/w1y q)mg;9 n ;afxhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field qw7:z 9c4dj d):mzkex7oln:9qdvca /



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimk,hh.v2bb drxv1wkf64pb. ;v ens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals 1,h; v4k px.hfbkwvb r .b6dv2out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to y/7 rkm)oitk36vp j4n0v1q iy take multiple readings of the same fact0 qyp)3 y6irvoj1/ 7vm tkkni4or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicaloib5w*- cz/lpf(xpxt6f 1 rk1 sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data f rfttz 4kwzc; 3p *te*/i/q.cior two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek lm5k 6iu i7dv3




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is nov1yiq3 +r ge3-1(7ev(hpduse2sw qiu t effective for sampling motile (muur hpi(qe i2yg73ews sevq (1-v13+doving) specimens.