What is the best definition 3 9dt 6wopwvth:8mlh, for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy rnm +jfpt4th;,bcm.) l,dfv .x-ub9 f


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors t1q3 ,vd-hb6smp r too;t:qt8khat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor6 o,h1kots83t-: m qtb;qvpdr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ozr 3a0pomhrze -g/b q0 1hz+ r4te:,kof a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma specie*p, 5zn *:)yd q(cl1 dgysiyhes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes th)23em pcr ; a4v*aunurat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offsp4p*ur23a; mnc)ua e rvring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populatioyt pu5)-c m+dkn.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Americ*vdak (g+tgdf0iedhqc9 772 f a and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild ani d*f7g0tq9vdc2af(dhi+7ke gmals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be6f*l(*ju (mwkqyu* zv st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead p:)hqi 4dind:rlants and animal n:iiq4rddh):s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains1qn*i:d 6p bv1a zigi.


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pociw85)gh0ry6 w ck a/ilar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters owig ri/w cy0h58)k6 acf the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enec9nw/3ch 0u norgy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are know9,4z ; saqn c hlnkvzyp 61mm,5bx:ru-n to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdehlz6z,1ny-a5p n9r; c, svm4:kmbuqxpendent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a f*d f:g5x xu0fnc1mn4.:izxu n ood chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digimi :s2h85 kspestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decs25ik8i: smp haying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sygjqp d-egd;iy,1*hh5 stem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eo2)7bh h; i l;eyaghu*nergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Faco kz6/njao1 8n:e yoa*tor 1; Factor 2 and Factoo *8e: y1naa j6z/nkoor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phofka6 -ep u bbt8csx;03tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivay- i/-lqc( 9si/qdxfition system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a smal;9tetn zb7yq 1:)kkgj l-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which coz ;g t :b7qtyenkjk19)ntinues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description1 p/pgoar(q:yl299y3r s( iq( pgfolw of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food 9(wb1aidzc9n 0- hyirweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralsz9tsd -h)m:8 odlu mf1 feed on the carbon compounds prodd1-duzhm8st : omlf)9uced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical if79dinmj6 nyb3;+u nreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systejbr ;m br7ba;9jdgv 4*ms diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following tff/dbp8gb 5x7hmu *br/hu1.b erms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organi*/h dfbg5 u x178.pbb/urbmfh c materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid g5o5r .ucunj9 9prl1nof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population denq/ ch22mle n0mzt:7i s*l a(a.b2pxtjur9(q qsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Dhoud9bs30u er9 qf9;nDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a corxf+6p whz6dy(p,h5g mmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. ( wh66pfyxg5hz p +,drWhich of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of. o2/y/bda*udcfx j-out,,j t transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion crf 5w02/ vftmsystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup ox0gezriu*(4; z+e at.y v g d*yiv)dy1f toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falseox.:i +wpusw 8 when discussing a pyramid of bis+ :owp.8wix uomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy vz6 wql6o a,lb0*m2md


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing produh c)qzt)l)f;8aaa)hkoh1p2lc.i c: gctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodsyem ; tjbc9v0k-k0 x/ web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soiry+ flt+tj)wiy x h8-(l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement tq q3b)1eg,y7iy5 fq xjhat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with p+ stsl +q;q bblan-81garasites on a consumer like the lion -+qltgbs1 ;a+b8qsln s

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respicavoc*os*2 eqv:j 5h+ul. ta,ration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthess*2t c. :*cvea5v ,uahoj+qolis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that descvma*z re 6*k;j0 b4adlribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystnqa5o3q*91 chj1bcs0km xij 5ems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dios 8q7dw1a37l sdj4q3 wpt0f vnxide in the air to carbohydd71wdsfvqjn pl a8 t4330qsw 7rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon si5p6u m: .wuvkt5(se* fn5dwnw7ja5 konks. w wa55ute(6 k5ju:7p k*vw fsn.5dmno
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires thelr/::v6rho n 7,akw*mgtud3v longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy i r*mrvm-y-hsre7 .sz 2n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that-s,: xmjoc /tl are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calnya-z l .h4c7wculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy3zohq 9s;rp1bg ok x,+cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cffy9 :)b 1lrn q 9y4w1+ox -5sazqtygqycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem55rmyqfc0r. q


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial e z yb()pzbx0,kcosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement -d+lzh1z zh f:that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the mua2n0oia8go5n 21ngas 60 btnitrogen cycle.aa52o1s0gnng 0am u i6bt28no

  Figure: Average per c+ 5 (fvbt2env 4vn3 i9decls(yapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses f 2cd:9 jpyx)2mf,fhai9 a :fmzrom a pionjzaam9 x2)c fh:2:9fymfdp , ieer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingm,mvkg1; t q;v6 8c7l 5mlvlhn is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per t2 3dsz.uuwtl/ cue .4capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using botusfa;w 9 d+t))dwew w,k8f+ecme /)prtles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light aeps detwaw +wwkf9)f e; /mc8d)+r,)und the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flon 78euf6b glr+ws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriynyy9-* 6ln4-q)p n hgww r*dres by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for z4 degp4g h2-r1bk *bza biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph ofi)w;g*l *+g bt(21zp lzvym3 l :5ac mfltnrw- Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemo;mcqpk/ uu;/k0a8ozents from the followinq/zm; u k08 ;aocpouk/g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns 92xex)bzp m engluw;/g h, *d)and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomesbh ,eu; l /x2ggw*e)nxzp) dm9.

  State which is not a descbsa5+1pq 8pplription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct1qet/xzq2fit e ;/c7l statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome867vc wxfpa 4p, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity e4 ohuy29evzp28 l2zrand biomass of two herbivores in different biomeh 2z9 uz 28leov4py2res


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biozr+k 1n2 ;l gu/0iucpgdiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community ;12+n gk izlgr/uucp0to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not corre1 ew1 ) ea,u)qdlsqft0ct in describing the changes in prode1 qd,a)lse u qf0)w1tuctivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchlo()u 1gtex(v*wbfq+ b .ul8u i disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the r+kwcjynm tx6d).k+o3 ay- nu3ate of photosynthesio+-t n3x3+ n ak6ckmd).yuywj s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiej mqm j i9k.3d2.wyhl1i-*qv;q )glvwld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to ca5vxl;opbl bym6b8e(mu,+ne5l 8 nk9i pture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which b8ei8 p6;ll5nlm k9b(, eony m b+vu5x324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, n, y v4in/mvzm22sgm1 it is important to take multiple readin,/4y2 nmnimz sm gv21vgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used b8id h59+ awzpwg/zlb9;l : tnin ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data19d b l7uaum jwl/+-me5h0ml r for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sp9pibnj,ur5y /;gnbv 4ecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sjzw+ 2 qktr5 31)sqej, 5faelgampling motile (moviez1ekjsq)5w3fg ja,+rqtl52 ng) specimens.