What is the best definition fqx,fi3a1+jn; skiq6e; xlgk9 or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, pq fyh x .z1e5b8dtg30Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could descstxfb 0k b6;np)2 ;8 sglng.s 7lv2yevribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto;eyvnlfs;7g n k6.2l)psbg vtb0sx 82r 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pgc+jq3 bv)s4, im9l 2(estvjzopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis cpisf98/tzmy2ro w -cf./y+atosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that ba5svkhvy,:zss6 efc 6 * *tw.resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of tr:svs **v w6.6h,ck tay5b fzesees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of t;c6yfx 6 vrxi0c v2 dq0y1xc3 ctja+4yhe groups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occut5ns qa uqnz(lc,9yq (.la)1ar naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on dom((aq1c.ay qnnz)q 5 as9ultl,estic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that beh+lmue7v-2u v fw0f g8xj5hk.st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plantdx z3 aa2t)mm+s and animals. +3)txaamd z2m
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food c-7a+(ee/8bievoo ua9mv:p v dhains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whalzs*a:xuu3 85l y uaui-e, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each o:u*8aiu u s3xz 5lyau-ther in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste:p id8h9dhkz -ms.

  Rainforests are known to have :a ppg92uq is-tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact withg-:2 qp aisup9 the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cusph20 mf4l st 0bpk (q)tda8-orrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dnegda g92ro c 0,l9tp;igestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi th9d pr0ggc9o, tn;al2 een absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation d2;tysn( c( vwsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyh xc7- t l)2hufjd(w lvz.sm6pn72zc/ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describlzazibe50cjcb:p nh ) ,b3b( 9e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F ec 95cb)nz03la bpjb(b:hzi,actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tempera fz:k8m*w2szgtures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation ,ulgdlhmk;, j*48- ybuow du: 4afp.asystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g1bg1 f55qhsof 7 w*a0 fhyhod)f 3p-ddiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are 35 5f wdqh-b )d dysapofghh *o1ff170mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a te57 .z ab*,* vlb hamerizvxg1.rrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food l5 n(kufeg0i; web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coralsj sn( h92hsnft0skz, 2 feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sujsz n9sk2f 0h ,hn2t(snlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi, yn*)iv4 tzylc /vnl)x4 gv3scal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of thbnh67 gmz/uf:z 8 ,xrne movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best dj5c nuc2skw., escribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down52,n kcuw .sjc and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbey(iumy8aqei:s(0 r8) (85fqp p ngdrn rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predt seypvcb*00f611q5b x syhb+ ator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichllez 7ba 74z4wqr,b3vcox7w*30dr3 byw xfh4k orodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fe +0 gs+,r3q)q/jwh el/isct killed glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some cort+wes/3+,s hq0k) cgqe /ljir als and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follo.t(lyc5v1.; qqsgg hkel c20uj:w/ q pwing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enebxd(l j4p8d;3s ;vnjkrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxizyt 6k kf9nq5u *ch4.lns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falscgupza * /z 2fj *zfjs.(ipn;.e when discussing a pyramid of biomas2jn* .*i.;f/af s (pcpgzj zuzs.

  Figure: A pyramid of enq nz8pav(a y;dryipp)mi9-m7e;2q +kergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pro6y2dofn q1zslyn6 5)c ductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web mb/gapy6; hcvi/1.+qe7v boh


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in :4trt+lb lpn- 8wc)rua soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that h+4ar6kmdlwa j-vz4) does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers tha,7msnp50 x076a mphptspzo(gt could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lz0m0o6stn g(x 7ps p7apm5h p,ike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correp 6emd4ycm50 kctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis e64k5 pcdm0my and Respiration?

  Identify the statemenw1 tqwd:ghaw5o3 3 hz)z:kzz+ ts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enerz2w 1j mb3/wl*3aotdzgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts ca-k),8mv bztaa rbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratm,b8kvaa )-tzes.

  There is continuous cs 7p*-bpy/ihkba3c y 0ycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. c h0byb7pp*sk3ai y-/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lftza+* p ,;g;:( jrgliqlf kj0ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / pe -j+wk346dcwna n+.ot:awnjpr area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementssc)a317prpj d that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconda)yvx*j 9thbzhy2 b*fvo*h78x ry Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplifiedprw fdaw7n2 x- zz);y. diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thpfe8j+;q 9wgoe carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a w+j e.kn s,dgdne;w8:dmx.h )n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem j3x78r0r qv tcm/z: qpin kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not truefvnxskz8 .9;6nwy 0p2jbkk: x of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of thn,n5r5bmq k k(e following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclen m 5rn5kb,(qk.

  Figure: Average per capitd. f(r: +aafa rj*xe9ra $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodi .4*ygj;eqg0;k .qkbzg5qyc e versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a c;kgz4eekg cbqy;gy q0.5.*q jlimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of traw ws) g43ebfa3w0cg5snsformation.

  Figure: Average per capita swlxgid;n(/+u2svp( ) 7rqpx c. uz4b2 p,dxk$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrien q1k5l4 p yi:ua0;.g.vp 8bfugxe8xr d out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days 51i nu xkrpeubqvf.8 g04p8xa.: yl;g in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in m7pwn:nqfj+ g8ewu69t : :spbGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regirg i( xyg0dy 0:yi,psv8b*. 9xosy )ewon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomelm +x )ipj,*gx9gp 21iqu-awilcg5b1

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of r0atdds 3, oe6Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more g.k)k0k)(odc lv+a onstatements from the fv(+)od0oga k.ln)ckk ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physs+p (bn0+*xm;bkv nqmical variables. List the main factors that characterize thex k mvqbsn;mb+*n+p(0 terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rain r r)l r)j.vcb ibk/n36w7j8fzforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related toccv28qeq nn/+ r/ 4wrw diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome*ss ijryvz0o za9a/ 54, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivityf q/ad fw-ct5eq )qh d0lzf y9xa15w)4 and biomass of two herbivores in different biom fx a)4 f-q50ww5 fh9al/)1ze cytdqdqes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre2knu1j8w rb8asses from a pi j1u8 nwabr82koneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct yn0 ebwp 3 x;bdj,m:i4 -r2hiein describing the changes in productivity during primary succep;ee di -n 3bjy:02hi, wrbx4mssion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using awwowy70r :mq) Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempera. tq e*v2n0vsxsp k-r()ty-imture on the rate of photosynthesipny*q0kt-xmvi) ts(s .- ev2 rs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fien* xkjiv1inq92-rm8 tvxcp 6y*9 6tmi ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle2 hj;s6*bu frzd4jv0d A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insectsf40d jsujbvzr*h; 6 2d, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dbi:q1xdbzwj d6 wpkb)yd5 k;g k9;20qata, it is important to take multiple readings ob;:)9kd;jk1wq6dg zdqp bx k25wb i0yf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli7k-r((y8y upf gnkbsj4 0pc*o ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples yjecb a6s i. e;ydmeh4:gk752 of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data)o 9zl/dl zy*odt6hz6 for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is notzinx;, tww3t 0.mrlq , effective for sampling motile (moving) sp3rt,.0min qlzt ;w xw,ecimens.