What is the best deftn vcwx sg81. 3jd7-bkinition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of ,eb14 rf1bsi waye385 e+mpczrjh l6)/n,dr fRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors tk0rnc cjlqi (,* kw8r:hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;cjlr8c k*,(kiq: wr0nFactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population 41ic4cyr/n hi


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist5 gg+8e : q f,9frmaq8-tkgliiosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like l9lao5/qv*y ax--dq aa small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the 9qvl5a- a/ -oxda*ylqDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the grouez jy1g0u;3d;ih8t y jps of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey w67gpy 8q*1mprdei g7(r ; gnzgolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to exq m*py8ng prg; g gd7er(i7z61tinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over tjwl;;lttp v2a 5/pnf.ime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mlc)nb: ob2vx,ites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animalbc2 ,vx: l)obns.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cic9w5mphw5 okcc2 if gl.o .6 0yyrf2k7j)wg,hains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live im u xes*;v )v8:b1gsfand interact with each other in the c vxm)1v8u;*efb sgs:iold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en+ m9lyjzb lj0 ik1v,o0ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lard4 iqt8n g nj*;5c1cew1cq)bf ge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing co1 ;nftb18c45nc j) gqdq* weicnditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement th xakzq0. nqry 1w5i.;ghv +;l:wjjy7 sat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enznv6b+:ex ft: f.k l1caymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves,k6vxnc t1. :l+ efbf:a and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systei(ioo mn:ii ;m-2. krsm


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pysmw/m e(m- i23bh1dsed /wy.pramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describ 7)f 8dktv*p4z9obntu e a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor* to)z8ku 9nd7vptf4b 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the r klho-4w2e,mt nueow1:cp/ x-ate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemi -ejwl; m,+ls


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks likey 8ha4)g fr yw*kqa,, xyt:lf/ a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also g*qy/ak w fy8g)at4x,:l ,hr fyraze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosy 8+fj rehso6fl;1v 2jtstem.

  Figure: A marine food web :9dyr0. /8v thbgc2vgz sz-h s



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae+ a:nmhl9n g( ear/7g lpb:;ed that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, waa lnnd7pa:9+e/gme (bhl g: ;rter, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chysx5x/vby)j2:/a kcbemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of .fm(bjlq:5 kz -aqz8xcarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthq ev(k(ee, 9uhworms that ingest and then break down and digest nke(hev, 9(equ on-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyq0/ aynk(w;;zh m /whsramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pomycdzxbz ./r/54hk/ redator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Dz24jr, o u0p gkmoi 3me0,0yzmDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fi267zgr2 ) mvwe b5pglnlled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the folloz) wg5e 726mrnl2g vpbwing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is 3iv7vhqob)ylywbv (5 / 4 i6uaan example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiarfz:o: icq;i6;) glk t8)z iyon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin uldv7 do t,45c8rsz4ns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when disc9jzo/ q,5ejmn v(7uvu)-f xiqussing a pyramid of biomass,5)u9j/ uq(efq n -z7jvmio vx.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy c9e6 a oeu33zj


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for req p;k) agy4n75wpbdz*gcj:) u presenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wy cd8u 1q l 0cj+e:hbqf0zwh4(eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil e * urhf69vhp2mcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not7wy( t2gmtkf* accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system witduxy0zds2w9p:87 b m lh parasites on a consumer like th2z0psx78m yud 9 d:bwle lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respim mx*1 kqdxh(g3lel924 qjb/z ration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynb1mm3 ldq2* gx4q hexk( zlj9/thesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as a7,f2 cl o(e ) u7/cyedu.bwmohn insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystb +n2q9jlcbs7(0cd 9tqon;z tems.

  State the name of the process that converts /x5je(l rhh wvz :a;3)7 j hxh3fwxt-pcarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratal h3/7:jtve xr( hww5z3f;)xhjpx - hes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thpw l dtb;gtor ox,;8y m97+hp*e atmosphere to other carbon sinks. *+ xmd7p9yo tgt8b,w ro;h;pl
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle tgu7- 9u6-q*w peru zup cyt0o6 qti/0chat requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysg.4kr2 )btahd fu; x8utem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are b e0: yd5+o3kj1 vtitltrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary buw 0.h5wm7rwl1n e-mProductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb unhf4v12z1 s/b)hpnu2;pkm fz 2y0 mion cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbozsw8ibo5g1tux( 8sx x/i/ 7fqn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eco7anr*+ njvoi1 pcd1* esystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in(qm6 8xecr -j5kp q +hjfcb9n4 kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacterirjv 5qjin+)cdrd :y: /a.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-isb p)9,n-wb90)nb4nrkgkn -qwfa 0rm nduced effect on the nitrogen cycle.nkmns90 9,gf)nkar pb n 0--r)4wq wbb

  Figure: Average per cak8e1osp6;e 4mw+ engplxd 6c03r 1gl kpita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes- -)abkvjzf tj +s 8elkl o86vo/w4wod8,ytl2sion progresses from a pioneer commun6/t v o, ajko j)by-ks8oel 8l4w8-fd vztw2+lity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examxz .t;, (rzsj nr*bbk-ple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita 4;60lugt 9bll9)9ioubdl nh i $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in ew(ot6ewy k;s8s. u+3kf5k.8 eujct awater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in bw+okwu.t6 f(ksee5c.kj 8 u 8y a;3tesoth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon ,v.bsvu c7v0f-j6 qf ustorages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b 8ad4woco579svr l,)xlcg u*py region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b ;q3jssxh /7qhiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grapo-xhszg;8k-/ qp7 4 gg4i agk7jupu 0qh of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements 8, hufqjfd1b7u;/ dbdfrom the followf ;dd/bd78hf u1jq,buing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oxc a(8ya5yt39 f:je2t)-bz qlicae y8 ther physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrxfy2ai3-ea yy5b :tecalc)jq98z8t( estrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip7 otdq,hvc0h+asw5/ g tion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct stnl pp(og vm zy;*,,3iqatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 540pm(l,baa ai.mk pz Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differentjgqp4ygw21komcn+p vshk.v7; 4,) zauyx :*k biome2ksh1w7gp*ay+)ukzx;kpjmvoyc4 vn q . g4 :,s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP;q + u9m8zqdqx and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneerdq+8xqu; 9qzm community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f,b(6 1m bfeqcbollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary (6fcbeb,1qbm succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measlc2b b;s9 bpafzs83,iured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of wan a(oc; hz +v-*zs sn17(ojrtemperature on the rate of photosynthe(s1rjhsnvo*a ;c7 awo+n (zz-sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field a 8* ofnwf7zi;



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beet3caztr.2erb d:j df04 le A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a toezr .bc2 ar3: t4djf0dtal of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mulkdrzg 5f/e36 v baf9 v4-r0hfltiple readings of thl rhfvg/6rzb-fk435 a09vef de same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedevn0wx3h7p p 4 in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for o4 pq *40o+qxmf bn 7vneku1xxr;*t :vtwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampo31d1p9dz):vg * zcwu:ljad vgf7 g8wled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the foe. ll 2meie2+a1s6 njullowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp22il. elmeu6ase 1+n jecimens.