What is the best definiti2 7kt5kx jg ;hpkvt(y(on for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of o, 3d.i zfd35bomj)pzRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What 2 *1fx+r do/hq5zqbbuis Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facuzr/+q*qob bxd h1f25tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve + x07rs sb2dj f+n)y;vrwxs,h of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp cu xzn o1*xuyj:g:;;vecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized girlcm :6kbjh24 faffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six 46cf:jblmkh2 months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a i0rfw/jq y7w+4ars3j population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canispk0 crwagj4k o;:ly.mv1i 0l2 lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves oivwy0kl ap.j c2;1lk0g:4 rm are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth ofdhb(i(wum1t9 -kj nxo ua 5a44 a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of deax)iv4b*1k mqf *xvp6ybywg9) d plants and animals.bfk4 v )ipym9xgyq) 6*v 1*bxw
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in01 /h di2iq.zeqbpus; food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live r2p 4g1lqty+ o x,l;ddand interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Olxdpr+ly4 ,gd t1o;2 qcean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ew)(ras7o,*d a n1 puelnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bj,vz92ibqj c + ei//wbiomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they i+,zjwb ec/vbj2q/i i9nhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement th:l2 klng.kg gg linco+(ttd0s/x )9i* at is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing j0 e2tlw3:o eq-au i6xdigestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fu06ato3-e iel q2jx :wungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syfg ajrfib.-bw 4*g/+tstem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid.jscy ;mrvm:, s of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Wjra3 yqu ro3b,d( rd:-kfj)z,hat is Factor 1; Factor 2 )fkzoj,q3 :3( b ayjdrr -,rudand Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dif*/qvb7 ymso/rf1a(nv(/f uf sferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult )q-1fx w/czktivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has sth 55iefs;az a)ripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okfa5iz)hes ; 5aapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect de 2hbyiu,v7(;s-wa scbs si 1s:scription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine fooko;),(ly - e go y.p: tz(w,nzg/zhecxy;(scvd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the cn 2 6 n3 mozhvvdm41a-d0bfct0arbon compounba6t2od0- v1 4zmndvmc n fh30ds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactio- 5qt: r+px*np7qf mdjn:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diag .z *(r7(gax dulk ln1n4t4totram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following twypwx--nb 8 /wwt( bf4erms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dif (tp84 /w-ww-wxbynbgest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramib ntlzh, s)nq.vda8/l)0 xf5ud of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities7,,lhugert45 uu 1spp*aj(6 t clf8p x of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorm m6xu34+nouag:iju cvr; 3;j oethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially anh ko.m 3mcbw7,xt7o1vailable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the followtohmwx o.c7n m1,k37bing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatnq jy9 .eipcx99v4* pxion.

  Figure: A natural energy cogxz8qb ct.s t i)k;a 9i*4hs)unversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food xszh 4+qx,gvymw h ml*n34gqk )1t m08chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statementsq c7fof3cxcama4g*b:5j 6sg59p p.oh is false when discussing a pyramid of biomassxb9h7fc5f. pmj3cga*s p4 6qgo o c:5a.

  Figure: A pyramid of energh9riv (b et2cb w4yb6ljv *hmks.h( /*y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing p xdo5dp 16fa+qroductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food :. jxzycxmu71t,20 k fvx/ielweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilc)5d uqz-wl9 h1tk/p evn eq7it+b(m( ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementedw:)8er * ep u/pe4wc that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a s -rhbo9hm(z 0c6b7(d u;dky/;epwec ravannah system with parasites on;wm/c(h-(er cd b0he d9ur ;o6kb7zpy a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and rqsivlb,6oxl hg q8c u)r6 *(,ne p83otespiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and R 8s ,geurtpnoci) xql6bo l,h6v38(*qespiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as 3m6sgilr,ih3.x cp/f an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from o8fr3/enyo9ypm .pk2 ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convg wl0)ken,zzyc:+g 9( snuvfx7cf 25z erts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate lnezg95f:7 ,cvfykc )xw2usz +(zgn 0s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to ot c1 (k(6cve2h4 tpny4wv8 kyxlher carbon sinks.n4wxcv vcyt162(8k ekhl p4( y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycln;v .w 0x .sdlkk)bze :+vas4re that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y1(d ) 8+v h+0dlykakhxszsq:etm6myb+ e oh(.ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.olm2m .+6j xug
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pz/ cini/1)gv droductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycdk: 8hqcz)i4q wr8)brle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycle bz;z 89 whyoj8l ng(2p


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in4)n p 4hfi(td8 mts1xy an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial e*)7)qnswoaoyp w r23wto 7nzjir ;b 5;cosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrshd k o.dt.+9 sagf3b.ifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not v4jyfcx7) yy2 2t7eoea human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclf t 22j)yeoy 7y7xvec4e.

  Figure: Average per capitd( wrc;4ojoy-k/f3o y a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G4pa.zne;7ms1gu 5rxlw; 9b ik PP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitw .ual; e;szi k b74x51mgr9npy.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of th qh+64 adjbbd7d/m:vtk+w 2vlqw:y ;be following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita e-.o a;nprd2 d8k*h3pvj49 2embcvup $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea p65je6hgwy rdd;qs v7hm*- y7 ilant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottleswhyjrvgh6; *e-7sqy d5 6 7dim.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fc( 4 fm-nfyaz3lows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regionpc )4f v;k6adn 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bi mce u1o)-,ydvome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom3c1d gd yqk0n9e, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cho ra0rxlzx6 , 2*9ip*zvlbagp 2osing one or more statements from the fop2xbp*,x r92az*i aglr z0 vl6llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variab mrmu4 fky/j4+les. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial u+j4r4f kmy/mbiomes.

  State which is not a descript 0qm)q0 k lvy47k7hpjav8u bi7ion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity vffk7n6d.n -e2*8gla jy r;sd in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It. f4jdgfp 68ynaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomrrpgis s f-zx+,068d.pqsd u0ass of two herbivores in different biomes g8qzdr p0sd rx0s.6fs, -+pi u


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe-89 ,vaeogp2bh +z garssion progresses from a pioneer community to a cogz9ea,bvp -gh8+ 2 arlimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the folloy,2b 9v)7nm gw a5a. -3 gsxwtxn/einnwing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productiv-w3sba/n 2a5v9xg,en.tnmy)in w x 7g ity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor tha gup:csb4k8o; t can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effeh g+k +w*j;xxc aa:k ft4v:fs(ct of temperature on the rate of photosynth4;agxsf +jh:vac xt(:*w+kk f esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a rrl vj:lzcbgf; j2r4 8tf/8s0field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapsdu mucm0sm1 4s;hvuz9 q:)7jr to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of91umzrju cq;0m)u:m svh4 7s d 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important )dmfx lue/r4 x1,ee 4hto take multiple readings of trle x/he fuxmde1,4 )4he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological ju /n- v/umtxz796rbnsampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Crg4zmm e;)gn,1w a* f,wbu cz+6 0vxgipeek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species datactoa0bl( /wpeyxbp, :.*ltqj)i( *ax for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sd6,r n rlptg*o; pq/bdsu )8+gampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp*6p/tu)bgl,+dq p8ors ;dg r necimens.