What is the best definition for a spewc.sp -e/,rzj :a6ko kcies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ilzf. pt1q.y.m fttbd1wlky /(9w lo28taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.W85 8c) e,ugx1m a67okm bbfsuxhat is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fa 68axus1g5 u) me7,obfk8cbmxctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati3 gr5 r9an gxymi)okle;p (*/4 ifgnh8on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sp no8pt bjn,w99ecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe 9t:zt r2bex*/zl ft0f7loah0s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruiatbh t0*z:frfx llz2e7o9t/0t. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a 3by1lbj7 shvk)wr0 .hxf6t0kcg *p1j2ii . er population.

  Fact file on the grey mw. 3zt8c3nor wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit 3 zmwr3c8tn.othe growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popul jz7h u.wlz71pvpnd g4r.+ o;xation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ofhm h;4slgw2 tt(58sxg dead plants and animals8(ggh 5lsst;hmt42xw.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins *-zrl3aygwgc3 k:f-3pn x6xo in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgad)mrom-gv , zhpb 8 f5by19n2anisms live and interact with each other in the c12mzmbf d,9oy ag)bv - hrp5n8old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fr09sf2;mzq df bom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produ hm:f siseuxb4px+meq/+ 0,:y ctivity, despite infertilx b,s+h4+smi:0upq e/ em:yxfe soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description ofc-vx)eax wo38,*u ipa a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundlox::d qg* zo+cp2wjlih (j3;ings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and thez(3cglh;jd:lo x2owpi + :*jq fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syst/s 3z 6mrtw( itolo1q5em


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyram,ly7jo em1jw*j3a.js ids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' n92ei6-yd:sisn3b p8flw- :8ljj zm7 h q wg4iniche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 p794 :iw qylebdhsn2w szi-3ig8jl: jm f-n 86and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at 05rfi8svuio (- x(izo7uhk7t different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul.- kh/mqwh3t1lcu:wsq/:l* 4yrun luv6* txktivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe anu r3c,;xdpkkx4a0)n 52a /hd fes+fgpd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Cok4gfxhu; c,3 2)/ dpksraxe5a ndfp+ 0ngo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect des r (1amcy1m21z(axj hhcription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web 8dx81de fro sin/+yhxb3/h i9



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed oe8cyl;avj i, y6.5qp jg1y2wjn the carbon compounds produ6 vyp gcjw2y5e j;.jyil81,aq ced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicalg6;;l/j vh rjo reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement gp6);aqzi7f aof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describe3 wk08lpeee:awq+w s6s organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living okwew as lw 8e+q0p:e63rganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramide:e*8:tpwg c g of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a pre00 85piqk l9jjrl8wbc dator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are truo6yd 1tsp-1q+ 6fbrzke about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mzbe36t4f kq7aesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The sa 67kzftb4qe3tudent placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.-a5boihq. qqfal;9, x6-xc qa

  Figure: A natural endwi2,/ ;.b odxzaagy .ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food *i c+k,d, hazychains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the folc1j( 2q(grpa rlowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass. rq2 (pjagrc1(

  Figure: A pyramid of- x8v,ulxe v5z9nd3y y energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representuq2qtg mpl6k8+ e7 v6 hxm4n8v0.onpging productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo8jg wkpcqfl 7m 9t./no6/9.far* kauiod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a :i.v 3 v)htz3bo.dkxmsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe u h3 *7xit ,bp)xbvp za21+fyfawm)y0a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thatb h2jcmkf2 :di/bfl8; could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like t/ih82 l bc f:d2;mbfkjhe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirdb*fhvdv 3*r3d7iwsw e4s/p4 ation correctly from the options below.What is vhwd d4rp3f 3sv4wb7 e*id*/s Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDtg 3u( g:g;acdT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostcm0p8p l j :,zfma66sk from ecosystems.

  State the name of the pr *z6xupii(51 nr gsa)oocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrx rz o 5)(g*asip16niuates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thy 2dhf td1bs / onu6,5b .3kwxog3gs0he atmosphere to other carbon sinks.dd1sku,bw.0gxf3h6b2gs /3noh 5 oy t
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lt 4ri;ww 4(sz64v5io+vcliraongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy iasvk.a2 tnhg- 6 ax7g/n an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement; f8r l.pi9 4nlv;adczs that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP63 bdk3 pdrit7) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyc 8oow)0m/ cst)s;y bnsle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car)53sdgpdka k.6 fdbg5 bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eigreuyiw ;50,6d * ollcosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow i7sasl0 c2k u7r:fpl +yq q/sz.n a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bactn3b 0b rd tu9p4a29u9xbxjjgpf);d:teria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced /o3aq9,mrxed meh 3ze0ufb 76effect on the nitrogen cycl zox3 h7fb/erqee da 0mm93u6,e.

  Figure: Average per ca8ghm2,ex o0a(hnf5 zv pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and Nzu:i0 aa dq1-2-nwdbePP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax0zu1-2qaaidw dneb -: community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tran3gj 8tt: pmoe)gg d8;v2rix( asformation.

  Figure: Average per capita +qki+ swygo/1y)e 2)kn;h7 si e rmj(i88fwbg$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. O xoeor 2p4): )s r34q7zseskqane was kept in light and the othqx3oqk4 47er:rapeos ))s2 s zer in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Gzs;nxvbbr0.l x gtn 7)k.vi)) T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988mkb0yaouu1cux. 5j .wco ;i( 6s*nh;q-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom kx v,qifick*b/92uxx6v/ s 8me

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ihcwh 6 .bu/-;jmhuephs. 2ac3taly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosi(h+ d: fg eu;0b5hco(t n)dpxhng one or more statements from the follop b)c(g h(oth d;ef:+ndx0h 5uwing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns 3kz8xb2yjsd3i2 s9rm3 h l t4vand other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize 8 vxkty 4isl32m2 b9z r33jdhsthe terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptvti .7wseh1;f*uq: yv 7y isgv 3s7/ufion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystewg)b b(dbxy/1m.

  Figure: Climate graph of0lk lgs4qwji(4l(u /ih rm1utv*:5o x Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivimkr gv.- j8zip-on*pm:uyw /.ty and biomass of two herbivores in different biommi8: z r.y npuwk /jv-.omg-*pes


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succesab+:5pf/fhwy sion progresses from a pioneer communh:5yw p/bf a+fity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following sta,kdh.rqg g i-1tements is not correct in describing the changes in q h1i.,dg k-grproductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured t 8bqxw(q y+t1tk;0 keusing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate o1 nwqf1a 2dtn-f photosynthesis 1dwna2qf1n -t



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ayl5lfg py3vy oa- abt:3*75te field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to xs xet2(;,daw6mv: qvcapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetl;v ,6 smxw(x atqve:2de A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dchgo+w)vb ;n-ata, it is important to take multiple readin vhbw+-n)c;gogs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplixk;j*g d4 efqa2u2j3rng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wiya 8(h1t 8birjllow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample8gbd4 bs p)0gpd in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fo6s:8 bjkf 0kc3hx5 ipgr sampling motile65:k p80xbh g3jfkc si (moving) specimens.