What is the best definition for a specie u( xz*ahqbp3/s?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itr32ww6ji* iq1p cxtwg9 7,qpsaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factovqq 92y /q w,hb/xw ru)xov,5ar 1 ;Factor 2;Factora2,v5q/q ,owu9/q xrvbw)xy h 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po*7 z x7,g.7d/ oepfqbu-aginapulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciid;1 kw6xb fi9es



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a i;+9uzo+d:ydlyg r2l small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repd +9y; y+z2:ir ldlguoublic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupjj,) j b v loao0dalscnh60042s of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerv,jrmo4h -,tdn8 - vjsica and Eurasia.Wolves pre j-vnjd,tvr8- ,omsh 4y on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bo1b6njr1q(v z;-3kkag0 hcduslqd3 6 est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe l)bodsgdaupyh,u6-k: 3y49p ed on the remains of dead plants and animald:l,yo9ub)ad4p h- kpu36 sygs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of:r;bjuio2 iw+oti7x9if;v 0 w toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale,7v asv rc+k,m 8i(e;uc polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arc+8a ru(vkmis v;7,ce ctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy4uu/h(ec * ai2zbnh;vstems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass sa5a0rawz 3- zwith high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical e-z r53a0zs awanvironment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct /a sut2 0 7hqfjke(otjn055dndescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by rele-dep48r r6.rdu9hm bj asing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break dohr89bpmr 4d.der 6j- uwn things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ric,zotzhx/ or. )e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of cj os ddu zt53k.u,r;:8vm0he energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species'9 hywd,q-+) -ofwiw oj+6o 1ie ur0woe niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 andiw h1ro -+ o-,y )j+oeofu69wiq0wdwe Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phol60v udqrdy *ocp02y g9ufy./tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste) ykzgl+ tt1q+m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks likek (n/p18p pcgxjt( v2f a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they arpck2j1 p( gtvnp/xf(8 e four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial :u9 aud c9e4j:fj ,q 1wevoa)(hd6dpl ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foowo2b5 z-*ejsp d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. :7)g :glwkqqq e+ pdj3Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellaegq) e+jpkdlgw:7 :3q q from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followi-b qe+sy zqme1l* 58xdng chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movem9x1 w9 o3.j2mi izlr yqie91ikent of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following ter a2v;2jyzpq1 ims best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organjvi2 12zqpa;y ic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers s(oyh bwh ka 7w0li677 )lxmy1


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densit4 y scxj yoz(i7:7r; dwctap8*ies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodipheny4r) t7 aezhx86oxg/ jsltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqul 4a:; gbmcj9satic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to prov;:am 4jsc 9blgide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatfn cz ;a,msu39ion.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systedccmk3wkv0 sl9q94.*g +/ u y8veyncem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain5yv n:nie *ryipfi2g /jp;z+vqux0c 0,dbw(8 s




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the f,6i ngzus jvf cq04vj4q+j)d99e2eec ollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biom gjne+) j, euz2q9cviqvd04e4jf96s cass.

  Figure: A pyramid of .vkx8o3 f)zz+a)kytli)9 q n yenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivgp+p/mqi6 6 phity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodt539)ev,0)zx dbk ctd xorkv - web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web ishnyps:i54 ;jc jsc+)9)fvkh01 p utgn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f*1u/ie4i kgkb )s -mmgood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah ssbl 6a 1sn9 5368qvaphelmm/f ystem with parasil 8 bp36anfh 15measl /sv69mqtes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratibbd:any8ez u7b3 + hmaze ;+8eon correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis aue;ea:zn+d+h8b 87 bezymb3and Respiration?

  Identify the statemenr 8d fcpsgqje(i,sv f wm*/(2k wa/7h-ts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost f2t y-/lvt5zq irom ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convet5lmppu900;qi iao 0rrts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd9 iquamp0r05oti p0; lrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cazrpz ckr 0 l.2o/+.0;qzlgy xyrbon sinks. c0z+yzoqzl20k ryg/x;pr .l.
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that relmcb )j 03m1zoslal15quires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in auxp8) z:j-a e1kiwi5sn ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a0 n3lq cataqe .y:v m4y8/wzd3re true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) canuid p(/g3+a/(iebi,i oa 4rtr be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of thq89r *k3 e c2h1iacbvae marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tho/d:x9 l dy9et /2pxrze carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an03gamx+ gjhn2c.ohey i rcuv7w u5:- + ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ersvpw2s/ k*b ahi7 .9u35gv ofcosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying -kicpk7r vm a16dza4l+j58ta bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a huma8zmc e: 8bxc8-lrnbe:n-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle-e:: cnzr8e8xm8cb l b.

  Figure: Average per m af u,xz*r7ir l6;*cycapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succex lfa(o1qsmb 4x1c,r6h82l+(h e7bqui; vel ossion progresses from a pioneer community to1(2, lhls ml b;1 (qf6rhea+qxibvc eoxu4o87 a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example t *rqgs*6xwm,da-g *lof transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap00jgdwiti.:v8 5zd jjita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Eic.q9y dg;bg(*(sf kjlodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were s y9c gjif db*.g;q((kobtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & atupa;b;7ea.) s vca0mnnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fish60 h2sk 3ncbp5ncob-d p5-p azeries by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fccmd 4d,b 3ev)a)yl8+-j w tlhor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itav-cfx, kb,r xxtl z f(;qh:x442mhhl .ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’bq sc7 g(c-;ngb4 n8nfwy choosing one or more statements from the followinw s4;-ngcbnqg c7 nf8(g.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other,3d44cdoc lu2y8jaj s physical variables. List the main factors th o3ju,ylj 28dc 4sadc4at characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfore;wr7i ey(x ,i eim1e2sst biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysf9jdhi+ 52g (y d)n gj62fxwdt0gj(optem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, g*m6;y8c-jd ggb,g i xItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of tmbe9m5q8rc : hmmfg(0 wo herbivores in different biomes rmgbhmm9 q( c0f:5 m8e


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession proe* +dfnn g(mt3gresses from a pioneer community to a climax co(d*+net fm3 gnmmunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describ39jg(vk9 nv cmhq *pq-lv+bz0ing the changes in productivity durinjln 09+ -kqhq3gmvvpcz 9*bv (g primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secch yyjcxf 8b3l: g87c3fa8yhhn6i disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ,yblny gw/y;94i2yl 5fp4 cd wof temperature on the rate of photosynthesis wynfywl y92 /lb5 ;p4ci4ydg ,



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie/ *f0g z5 vwte0pml7gcld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of aa;sm.i rdy7 ;insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of .iyar;;s am7dthis species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important 9 jpy7 teiv c4ph4 kkye/*sq *x;e/sj,to take multiple readings of the same fac4 ,k97*hsex *t esq/;vj4pyye/pk ijctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in e )i ma:/84fddfqeok-efms)8 qcological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples o er9 i aq()hidn3 ix-o4m+5lznf Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wilo4661iv 1cjae fi )zj ytl5q*nlow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivws 91 s(idzg kn6sze/ir8pb/2c. d6hl e for sampling motile (movinnbh dsrsgl c66e/wdz (1i. /ip8zk29s g) specimens.