What is the best definitiokxozwuyme;ov v (g+sg14kk/ jm4i+*i8f + (evn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Iw9/h ye-m2jtmr 6+ph ftaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could d0scw n3nfuq c;zsd8k-5uk p3; escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor u38 pkk qc u3c;sd50ns-zfw;n3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populk8 rax5;6 rqgsation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spbwchar5nl 9 jt2h4*3 pecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized w.1+2hzqim a1fjs e5n giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and n+azmwsi. 1h152efjqeat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a pi liqsm;,oj57opulation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves +( ygpmtn5d vzf (3uvpd1ac 1w b)/7whoccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their packab(dmd7 vt hw1 pv3z/w5y+gf upc1 n().Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best g1v5eqv g1l0tg0 fo4wreflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and sn 1s(6/b+ bn-cwltay 8xg s-bxiails feed on the remains of dead plants and animab+glwi-(xt y/sa8nb-cxsb16ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup ofwd:ckg-(8:mo 2qda gg toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar s;5b) os49icvwbir1 / q3o ytkbear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of)rc5oysobk3b1tsvw;i 9/iq4 the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost urjxk2x //3 fasa41ajfrom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a largej xymhjo) wjk7skea/5gu1 a8e 2-;7zb biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The s xu bkyjz-ojgeka7/w8; ) ahm1ej257growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statemenl9pm 5 *ny4viluv,i g8t that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digjn y b+dbaj2qc6zr)( gt9/7dmestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead ab+/6 dj9zqtbm ryd 7)gcj(2nand decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated hse(o8vev 0 )l 66ufdorice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enicp4ctn3u e66dv8l 7uergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is e( dwl)6d2uov k 7eb-g.nsv a0Factor 1; Factor 2 aw s027)ulo-b d6avev(d ne .kgnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phd-g:,smb g2(mnn zg0 wotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system clxjrch 001+-s ro9v f


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has striped*4)lywidsn);6vrt i q* odi8s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives bi* sd)o n4lrt yi*q6;idwiv8d) rth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial grv3quu v,-u 76sxl8c1 tp *mdecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food v.qcd r(fmp o 3(p.nu3hy+r:.tck*det 06vtiweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon comhyjg.auaz43;y6y cy/pounds produced by zooxanth y/43y6.uy gazh;ca jyellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cj.7 ,zlbwb vfv+6smy1z3ug k4hemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemev+az42t,yjor2 c9r6wtq8 dmr nt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms t4*:y wr+-cma zhpyuale4y- p /hat ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic map ye az:c l-44rmahp*w- u+yy/terials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers t/j6zlhr3 rsroj4nd6) a (q0 m


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its j,j sxkgkl81n2(31q a za2 k26 +r qlcf;apqsqprey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrici1h(rfc //s;oevp48fn z:e zh: jhxg5hloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usingv;myb ; 7glkza:rgs-o+ q/ sq6 a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, ygs/orslbg: 6vm-7qkz;+;a q shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.w2 w -fpnazr3x+b,xzx:wka/0

  Figure: A natural energy cw0gyo hw9p )z5i/dd,p onversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxy fs,9ht5x(xd 3h fyx: do4krppo;q(2ins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fozh,gpsxc:t nbmr9b8q3-7en)vtel *8llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass:ln -p xcegzt,38hqr8e*btm9vns )b 7.

  Figure: A pyramid of energyqx:wi5cza(f) 7gu0c w


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing p:awf rz2r;ate5fy1w9 roductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine.;h86eqnbf -bou0th v4xe 6cf food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ep .:j7zca2q;,ayk* yxyl4 cew cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately de y-yzxjax/c83scribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of ng4nc)cb;e :tyumbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites oe;y ccb:g 4tn)n a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration lc8i 8ltq.1vc correctly from the options below.What is v 8cit18.clq l Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe kpv wdt*:;k2vyy o,*nthe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.8v5n 26fceagrdp l65: etg 9wd

  State the name of the process that converts cak9)5 4ucche- umcn0y urbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratum h5ke) c9u-uc0y nc4es.

  There is continuous cyct3sw-x +: nlz.3 kfpogm:g q6zling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.z.qsgon-w3:l x+ :zk m3g ftp6
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the lo avjuy1li,g8)3u dyr8ngest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yekl2mz4nic7 :5z xq* moar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arev 32k* gqtt d(ttgr94cb6sc 4d true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producti-h gn+a647wbrxfb4jpzf z+1 bvity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diaganba fr b4cmw3- */nkr84(flbe-.rkjram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca1qrb 4sbbqrn-hvub:+9y *jr e2v *e5drbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an eyp ws1.f0g x(icosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial eco jydin) v4,p1d cn*/ /ix+afklsystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that (8 )mpclo/q jgis not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following i f0krk 8 o1mwv24l5hags not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycv m5gakl4hf 1k0rw8o2le.

  Figure: Average per capitaa/vtg:6*hfu j((wm;jhjhaqr mc8m0 ; $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPbj9 sc5i2/l kdk,l 3hu2mc8vz as primary succession progresses from a p l/iv3,ccl2 k9s2 5 zduj8mhbkioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an exambpt1a;ac83 uvple of transformation.

  Figure: Average per vz k5yx6gbkf67d9 6ejcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bot wdf0x7r, /la;ly m0futles with an Elodea plant in water. One was0w u ,lmf0y7;xadfr l/ kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flow x ;l. f22zvcz,ger1*2)asbgmnzo 5q ps in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bh:h hgmo5y2p4ab.j 0py region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a big nh:79xnf7; x bmn*0jbu .keb62wwdkome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romepkz +hwo9uf 4/, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonay.,.3exgu x qition’’by choosing one or more statements from the followiq y x.,.x3ugieng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by cl x*9g+csl45uqq3/j w ajr uq0gimatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrqjas*wju3/g q 9ul4qcx+r0 g5 estrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripti)b qnf8s uw(fe n*le)*e n-nz/on of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosystem disbh*0;vz0v .

  Figure: Climate graph of R z /7g3g4vcvqpa8w e4zome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andlqk720 ;):achvpbv .b s)+s;ep suq:dr6e z dc biomass of two herbivores in different biomesuc; :s6h7+s bz lpk;p)0vdqbq )ed:esrvac2.


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressesb1mb zi,1yb o92xu8m b from a pioneer community to a climax commu umxmyb8bbb iz19o1 ,2nity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followi jgduoz8sk po r7j2w7 hpmz829 j:z+0ung statements is not correct in describing the changes inj z2uj9p+8d0zmu 72szjo :opkhr w 78g productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that cwjk7 2 7:czjy+a42qma bfe1w pan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature o b(r,6. syt,n iyfiz+on the rate of photosyntz r(nito,.iyby6 f+s ,hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inku2v9g a0 wqenf7f5, ;d*xqbh a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inse9 :ngeki1f8 d.p ,vm8c6farhhct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 11,h6 k9eh8f1pr.cgmdvf :i8n a85 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dat-dmr6 au4 q1sza, it is important to take multiple readings of the sausqza 16d- 4mrme factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingi y j7:bn8awsbi,gi *+


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W) ( *v g1:hqtx4izuhshhjy :j;illow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample, - fq+d.t8zn*c h/9nptk (mes* wzvqxd in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiv*w,n+e0 l ywhje for sampling motile (moving) specime hjw*wenl+,0yns.