What is the best definition for a specimc/gsyg j )eo d9u53l,q(og m7es?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, It )32pqghvq.xhaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto4jje.b pjicrf 2r6:,z r 1 ;Factor 2zjp r.rjc4b6e, 2jfi:;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population tv 1xy )(ty*sr


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of y uzxa enb*:;+6hwk7 m,v2rtya Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resebvbv m u vghm/316)u w+,nmsjz8*-i vzmble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of mu8u1wm6)sbvz+, gin3j*mzb vv -h v/ the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g/95w /ql4:oq 9b(qid rgi bcgqroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur v 2d6 7-mua7ndigue;9g. ra itnaturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now 7 mi9 -gad2t7gu.aeu 6;nvidr protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growtm,o bb72vn)q9 ijo,s wh of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains4bkio zg6 ,;hw of dead plants and animals. k6 ib;z g,oh4w
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chaim)5l o5wdkkgzww*b.ym0 o k;m k7p;l*1k -cnvns


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kts,0-bp um ys2umqd)8iller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact withsuqub8) 0m2y, msdt p- each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco 4,h(w uxceipot; s84lsystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees aw7* / ll8ch ftpqey-5ind a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabi*f7qlcw pt ye8-/l5h it.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptr b72 ;uiua1;nsp7gfkion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into thef8s a /wyj o7(xs.xwud)g*s2y ir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the o72ya8x (f/x ss) wyg*usw jd.fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culvn.jd3o*fq 3 2 bl9sodtivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid,olf1 p)v.zg.z zl ek+s of energy.

  List three factors that could d ku6ox5me:1/p cr hcw7escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?7r6p1wh5m/ ec cx kuo:

  Figure: Graph of the rate 5be m3-ci2trkof photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti/cx jw3*(lklq oeh/h 2vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes ppnr2; m g6y-fthat resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forep6 frp-;gmn2 yst in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy 4 mvecvdse2 ,+flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food ( (csjfd ch7c0cq5trrz, 74hv web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that + ayuc1j)t7xnlive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxiu)t71jy+nxac de, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemdggi/ ga 54-paical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of tas 5n99r kl3rbhe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best de-b,5g+ bs ned op+tcinbgij cq 11:;;nscribes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and dbbbi-,e qicjgtd p+nn :o5 n+; gc1;1sigest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pjev; 9g(m p/uuyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densct89r9b4uc-wwc+ qh na4 (vclities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlodavn()es;kl(o (ks:lroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commv:tt 2 cf k4oun-:pg1 4haw2ssercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to4s: -psf 4o g2w12hutatkcvn: provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the ou 2 (3;eexric h,:dhy/rz2my following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi ft+no-y bfjm1 .apc9,on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup oftbdpr62(y m )gca- o;m toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is fals,w6pgw x/ kt3ue when discussing a pyramid of bioma/wtg3 ,uwp6kx ss.

  Figure: A pyramid of q(g et2 yo-nq1f6g n*cenergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing pr,f1an4v y 8bo w8eik58gn;/ ut 2hinlcoductivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine.jpzp4b6 tp 7b1b7yjjf.v 2nr food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in az;7x-5v.png u :+camozsn :ps soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thato)9 ix6c*p1 iltl i-eb does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could en)i t;+6 mugnwxist in a savannah system with parasites o i; ntn)6+guwmn a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and q u5j v*jo-veg/,lly* respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photos yuv 5l* ,lq/-eovjj*gynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thatzo z+2gk,bb,of4rhv 0( m2ru p describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco)c9yn58 oye0aa td zv;systems.

  State the name of the process that cof6icolh7 o 9z;nverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesh ic;oo697l fz.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinkscxw n t w18gp)ljcxx18y3.h d,.t8c,hyxp.ldx 8x)c w1wj n31 g
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the* djn :x*sjny8 carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem 9xpi9 dssmt389ssv82wt x9 bcw:hj5m / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tm34ld4:dbaa o) 1v elsrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivit vyk 4,jdbhcu9r5m ujs)a1 -6rjyk4n7 y (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagd;4fj y+ uwk q/d */44hiz-sihv(rrl xram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thegc ))s3co 0zxi92 jrqc carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow t4a2.nydrp+ m:j g89)h uo fygin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ed9jy u:j. tu9wcosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not trubpv vo.h9- nr0./ct lkn),g2p1m yptq.yrq z+e of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not*3jk:w l vrfg9 a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl*lfrwjkv 9:3g e.

  Figure: Average per capita eng*6d am0 bjva(vm 34$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP an8rb,8f7 dzatgli kp 4z.x40. hq,eqrs primary succession progresses from a pio7df,q .q8p8kz ibxrtzahn0 .g 4el,r4neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followhz h/go0fy(s 3ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitat51-ucrluxlq 3 mc:;o $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out u2gkeypk 2 ju8ho )j6z*kb h6aqm:8 *zqsing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values wzo 2pgbj2 ah 8qj yk8uk6em6:kz*h q*)ere obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & a x 3ufl6cz8r;,7b1wxkwv -bjn nnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesn(v7 fo 3z 7kr7dzrxu7 by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a b/ h-irz+a+w gj t-/keiiome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph m:u5-yqdm;bwmj jx2+ of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from thev 1gvav:,11oo ;by7ek6 w gxy wy6o)qj fgo kvo61a 1ye)qvvx;g1,yowy6j w :b7ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variaksjo teb uk1lc14 5:7sbles. List the main factorsktk7seub 1o41l5sj :c that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b,c mbt*7dn2(-jkw u+f p6ld iliome.

  Identify the correct statvy-rri(lm m 1 wrdpab7z .74 xv*ru*l3ement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome0s r4 +oiw7stl, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and*cy)9hb tn5 zey1a+i l biomass of two herbivores in different biomesc)a *te+i9ylyn1hz b 5


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pri3rvf lxu. 8 g;,qiqlz/mary succession progresses from a pioneer communi/lu l ,gqq3.z;8fvir xty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha7jxwwb1ix t-;th ;j 0gnges in productivity dijbgh wt7-t;j x0w1; xuring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured trgso( a);v,o using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigadibz/a-b1r c4zrj.i 6te the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthez61r.zb -4ir bi/ acdjsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 9 7e39vgoegz +7bwzi x



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ov* .c.8yd.)h5o*js(g tp.xr hdm tjx rf beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the )hr8so t*pmx dj5j. xdg.vct.h(y .*rtraps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takb(mrby+s hxmh0/c /c p3 wnn3(e multiple readings of the same 0sprm3(hb x3/+/hmby cwn n(c factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic.d+t+ixf llcj/ 1 d)igal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampdpg6s ffj)mty rne: :q )jnr:)x1x9r;les of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data fop0mehjm9,4f4xh w6q v r species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling 1: /q7eeu d feky+o2hdtechniques is not effective for sampling mot /o dduyqeh71kfe2: e+ile (moving) specimens.