What is the best definition forgdlm f/7yq h,k, bww/-f0 slqhvts- 7. a species?

  igure: Climate graph ofe(ydowpbi cmy kz9m3ob y++ 6se9 -k:7 Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sp1 lc i7;f vi+9h.jwxpu8knwd;ecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?fuv;p1id+xn.97w 8iclj; w kh

  Figure: Growth curve of a popns(powx.-( xhulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S bdvk/8*l+wzq qoz lbj0,p .w*chistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has st 1df , .t 40v1hs/mfm;oawdw(wh3 qnlhripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can bre .w/m,wlhdhw q4tv o01fsd 3nam1h;(fed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a populaq(8w t5j0n w9f hxe0a n)z;2.k4ujq2ortfkr ation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis 8 c/ 7 ;r,ktufcb;:zmyw8aega lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 2 u8k m7ayz b:g8,crwt; ca;/ef0% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that 4: ay7n3 5lhcl5 ekebvbest reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead*vo( e4xp3e/nkbr61b zsf043ordh or plants and animalre*b3eo hfv6 rrn41od0spxo 3b( /4zks.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food jp/bn c q3:t:-)bl1( oijciuwchains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kdo1h w fnp28ziz9q)g7d lkn25iller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocelo g85nf1d2d9pkqw2z)hi7nzan.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form eg39pw-:bv7jkup :,t n pi na5g3;a //ain pgeqnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large 41waaz4 nqll fr.k7v 8biomass with high productivity, despite infq4a.1alrz 7lwkf v48nertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a corrj8 xl7(2zoei ject description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrien9ls 8r*,tcs:*mftf5td.u f q cts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb thdmt*rsusclq5cf,8.tf f: 9 *t e products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cta:t21yz9 ssfqm 8p6d wz*l*imw*x9wultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of /t9oem,c7qkb hq1.i- ud l; nbenergy.

  List three factors that could describe dyoo;xfks kjkf.b+f,*: 7hn3 a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and : yf,fhxfd.k 7 nb;*joksk3o+Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of apee4q9bgcg*8afk.3i zj62 f photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated riurpv,b+lu8:w ce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hask 6w fw0d*as8av80nwt stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives inkvw 860 naatf 8w0sdw* the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptio*zy3dv +datu7 x.vb i9n of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we xl* ur1q hr1vgnne4,.b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside corawl6 m 1ek0aw;csh* b.al. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produc0.* wwb61;makealsch ed by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactb5ib un78 sl/hion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea 0wqe.zxz eh86sk l1b4n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwcs p0 b7f7qi,, eejsp8xf u4.korms that ingest and th ,87 iu7 c0exf. pq,ejf4kbpssen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers 2l0,d0,r .vxfl2k.a wtpqbbm. + tmvh


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a-p. 3r7jnshp mnd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that a -)9hdhvzka u4re true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocz4,rt/ 9pznly8*j8h xe5s - ed fusz/iosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glasu- 4srl jnde9piszhf5 ezt/yx/z 8*, 8s orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of t)b a7eho kp7l/ransformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convermeg 0hkl24t um :zku8g;j3oj/ccz9j*sion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinb :t5 s)uz*b 6 .6pra0ef;rwbh kz 9zf-hj5krts in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of ,/-zray:1f0 txidpto biomaszod/-art1x pi f0:,yts.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy unmk q*jb58w/s s-rh+


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fk v fkg d+u*s; )hihr3fk u.*vx79j+sior representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marined0v-bzv 4vgla3dxn/( food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a n qp*z 6f n3ys6-kd9gysoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thaypbq phko//rt 6,.ea1e b 4u3at does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system witt*ia,e9abqpn aus-0vr u 9(g +h parasites on a consumer like the l(90viu, -uba+*9q tpensag ra ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the opt-,d6 e-3mtwjd (p,xb fyjtv b2ions below.What is Photosynthesit23j d -tebj-m (bwfv,ydpx,6s and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT ah5y5x. i a.j )dvo6wfqs an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecxtt,mxry1e+y0ik5 i2p .f +omosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dio8a8xx6g9sz 05khjw7ni*u vcdxide in the air to carbohydratec6v9 zdi8xjsg5knaw *xu87h0s.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from 4mqtdqlx11fbj;p : 7x j,phu1the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. q;xbjtf41xj,ld711qmp:p uh
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that db,ihvph lb o.*;;vk 8requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energ ab5sj*ah8,ugi3ts7 vy in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t,ona57eh3z7t n; syw). cb nduhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calwk/d.de: )z, l3 wzow7;xglp mculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl+kyt 3ml zaesz94r:n d apb:n6)d9 p6le



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbt rw*y; 6/bcp0s h,qnnon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem61 j2b/x5af vwsbjxv 0


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem vnju2f emy*q3r 97-a7nr1 vbk in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true ofk1h-p)wui+ /f luozz *87qidzcy. e2f denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followin)5y jwe*4ej 7 oq9bcsmg is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyws7 4ebj*y9je) o 5qmccle.

  Figure: Average per capi;p dak wjc1mve4wrng+y3ow* (q-t6s i.z q*;qta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, Gv0krxu 1+w gk)PP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxkvrg u)w0 k1x+ community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following9dr-xg+.g 7u 9yfoku o is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capvnt0a7:kk.(zo.w:8fs ctwsx ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One rz *m76c yv8 z*686 ,zsfjz(hntqa twzwas kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtainedhsncv 8 zmzz8,atj* t(z6y7z*6rwf6q at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storep*u :lqyb9c q.hc4:pml5o q*ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisherycn:m .5.r dafies by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for 3mbzek ql,44k40npan a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ie2l c4r- * 7h-ofpxb;dcnsd.r)6yrwutaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the conceptgsyfuk tclq-eb; -1 3lyr/om8cc -cy+1bs,3i of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followisgcol-1tb-r cc-e ,ukml3 b1/s3y+yi cyqf ;8ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. Lis:tbpdmu obuxg.9i vh)9;w. . kt pb .vw9..ho k ;:ibm9guxd)utthe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforexs x5ltu381ej st biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eeh spn5e)icq hgl *)3u :gol,0cosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of u+g4q2 xo a2jeRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomagx-b5 c0 u2ndk1kdej7ss of two herbivores in different biomgd bu0 -17e2cxkj5ndk es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and+k0g/uza.eb 8cp7si jiunb39 NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaii8a/3j+7 9npuskeu .zbbgc0x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chan5 +k.pktpu kw5ogyxkj 8:3w+ages in poky8 pga5k:3+5jx kkuww.+tproductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor th +)p k:ad ja;1jgm 3,a3fvg0cguzfyy9at can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the raq -:xrtg 4up.ste of photosynt sx-tqu.p: 4grhesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fies 8luuxjsi sso psm/35p5/d:2 ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insectp(/:h hxb v 15b1yf afv,8, bb+lwhkgo traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this spep,hhfk vyw/b(8bgb lh1,xb :1+5 oa fvcies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilits tp(;m l phf/d ult274xbf1t5y of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fac5ltpdh(sbl7xf t u4pmf2 / t;1tor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicnz( j r(xp dte+xz68 sswcb7c+d(it 3/al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofsu3 q( xidm- 7*fl-rmktf7am: Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species i3et yf/ 8ic3osampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective, 52zagnm.8caz4 i aakxk c/n: for sampling motile (moving)g. c/ mkc5xz4az ka2an,: a8in specimens.