What is the best definitio,q)wxsx:; g692 l we4ngzqagxn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of R96wtcpdp jh* 1ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe q z-4nb2n n7-vply:ata species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factorl bt-a-n7p n2qn vz:y4 3?

  Figure: Growth curve )7l gd 0 /air qam;yqhhw4s7nfx/75gd of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma sth,sep p, kl.) 4rh,k2) wkmojpecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that re9 yip 0t9ajz) 99k:pfecz,qy osemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees p9q),9 9tjy 9:ezk 0yafpozc ithey can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of kw8jj/32gt fh organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturallydl vxylxy /+snn,11:t in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern Europe/:xny1n+d vtyx1sl l ,an country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflec 76nlqt wgws9 a98g8k6 w6g6tzec3kputs the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailya))zrr09i 8pcg4xn0d e/s jhs feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. ) )gps089x 0ch r4ajzer/diyn
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup co gd)m /qz r0i7m.x:aof toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms l./ut(ri f6r/( jbwomu ive and interact with each other in the cold watersutrrw bij.6 uf/om/( ( of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost nmxo6j: o pqcog 81g7(from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known t f8xu3qnve4 (cj,d5wto have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurturext 3, uc54devfqn(wj8 the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statementom*cox: d l(94trni q; that is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes int,n/ a2r)ez j plfld,* nac63hpvjwr:9o their surroundings. The enzymes break rn/hwaa*nf)lj v3:p, dej6rz9 pc2, l down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu6tts 3nukw 6w2ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ofdizi cjz17qfk s+,er 5f;7x5v energy.

  List three factors that could describe a j3+p;vwqxl1oye 5o e)species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor e3 x oe;l5pw)1 ovyj+q2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phoi l-9ljubr26x tosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system )fb8ndv vt ga40.;zq0nqeb *y


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has xt bub842wmb f28+a0 -nhv) cxc0kr ofstripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They 042n + wa8 rf8-cbcmf)2vx bub0oxhk talso graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of ener wvqva6md.ef )b(v6- ngy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wex95 nw,isus p;h 32wdnb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbo l*:wzv54l kp5mo gt2sn compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.pv z*4 5lkt:w2go5ms l
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin5jl4 (3gy:o oyn)lfo io2w2 fbg chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified syst7z nfp+yfdb+ 4ems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisvu*3feacgz* f dg;y /n7z*j/cms like earthworms that ingest and then;az7*v3u fgj//* ycz *efgndc break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological py ;as48t*+ h- kwfpzim y0zs-qlramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predat546ev m2u*o5 wjsdu kbor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlonevy5pg 9vc ,:mq:bw 4roethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawate6 6koede 2a9her-filled glass orbed6oa e69h2e k, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformativalc6e.4 drp3on.

  Figure: A natural energy xug: wy8)k8yr conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foo w sd2ndtz6xp)g0e*;w68ew qyd chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discusaabw -ae4se b/4w6jr/ sing a pyramid of biob6wb44e/j / aew-raasmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energywxyd8.vvsz7m d56u x2


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecoskbz xxkjq dj*f7na 92+wk4 u86ystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foog:i:,. 7pg hc:-iam ehrj, olid web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosys0gdd /c7k d+ojv9b/+.hmzu igtem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement th iisj5d1w4ahql8* z0f at does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist iw1 -si d) bofk5e2ztubia3).on a savannah system with parasites on a consumerok tbob . 2 3udfa1-zwie5)is) like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the op:sop+x)23 yc0 )y dlp 5zrfafptions below.What is Photosynthesis an+p x0f)ldy ryfao25 p 3)pcs:zd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that de :ybycd2)c.z2d qd2odscribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is cj)vi4) p7 ; e)llbus5fn ec(flost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts 5i, j *gj4wryecarbon dioxide in the air to carbohydraj,wr5 yjieg 4*tes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmos67 qj u: g .4m))(ffi3seaptkwhrsb1n phere to other carbon sinks. t7.mn ):4jebf13fi) hkurq6assp gw(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cai,45 p6bd6axqqbjcdzobl /*5rbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per cm;u6rfzev1 . area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trme6iz6f wo;j 2ue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be ;:e y;z:tz0ojbl9 kab calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of theie-2p ;xdw,r (xak i;v marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyc7a24d7ha bax dbll o-+le


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysvr.m9k*u z8uxtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri;j3an kc, nytbwug57(al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not44v sqif 3s arjc+s*)p true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fvopn+1 ce:j0t ollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyn1+ot:evpc0 j cle.

  Figure: Average per cd c ntfrjhe +r-ra*8ze6o9)b bitth/5e-:z +dapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successioqo/cf+so 3(8qcy2 r gtn progresses from a pione 2q3sg(rt/ocfo+cq8 y er community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the foll vyeu)kc/n6,l owing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita3q jv; kwlb9b-p s)-:nax/ isz $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant a +oy*bvp4ap7:eewa+in water. One was kept inaye4poa : v+e7+p *wab light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon sto.;7f enhdmr6ztw.wj)3( c m 6 lpghpc8rages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by r2elvg 4 +4f x/u50od+wxkbt f4msvq8eegion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data f 6iw).f0j+zvl2eha ss or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of R x7 .dky;+6shj ykcu2x cv+4bdome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosinn/cni33b 9obr g one or more statements from the fol rc/3b39onbn ilowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are character3od)9oi ab)z bized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizi3 oob)dab9z) e the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rain7n w/1owhq 7ggforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversityml;gnn5t6n4i5w sa dc9k / deuk+x/ h) in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of 1 84nu )ld.r ktdqemr4n *nk3gRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in t/z) ei p pznk8zd:)h.different biome8 /edptz i))kzzh.np:s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succeso( 3kqx hvj:c1smq1v29yt qu *sion progresses from aqj *k9 t1(o:x31quyv2vqc mhs pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describin mhs6ut(gkc)ju0 .*sig the changes in productivity during primary success jhu0ut(s 6im .ks)cg*ion.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic facw (g0 .(jrwsgftor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on5llo7ui (lehox9) gk)o0ek1u the rate of photosyntheio llk( e 1 )95ou0ekux7oglh)sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldw/8z,z.7 p2 uondhbbm



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of ins7 *sj w kl2sr; d*jf1cv ps.ji6lsv,0uect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps he 06* dfs7v;*rs ,sslc.kv lj2ju wpij1ld 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it jd5f0 wm1hxy189 nzg+ vuxfu+s 0l(ifis important to take multiple readings of fg0isu1f+5xhjy8nu w1v l zd0(mx+9 fthe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli1apw0y23lq i0l(uxo, g ie.ag ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowzht:qr 6vm .yq/v2e2p Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species samqfsvt.:mhk --vxid,r ki)b agr-g p bh- ,,y0(pled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sa3:hdlr l metr -mp39.kn pa)c+mpling motile (moving) specimena9mr:)n ek+ml h3-p3prct .l ds.