What is the best definition for a -8(nb tk ;hzjb3kb lzq5.aevqx1(w5n species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, laxy w,oj )u5t,7w9s bItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What isgzx*x4h4t6 ky9wfvd ) Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factofk4gv 69) y4x*dx wzhtr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popb*; zfr0p -k(fel0at w8n3dsgi *ijr:ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist5t8iuyz l3e k,osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hsd q.n55tkr5has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Repud55 k h5rns.qtblic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gl 7p7mw*9e3zu h6u,w puzve- jroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nxc((navl5j k+e0m 5ksdg2 *y vorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wollm yevk5jg5d*0k2 x (s cavn(+f population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over 34jownyyy v;2js,kl 2 time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails ms ikjxq3n;.+t 0jj6c feed on the remains of dead plants and animalj;nj +k36it mxsq0 j.cs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinya-jb. wwe3c 0s in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other*1(ui9,ftkp vieur3 t organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters ek,viuf3* t9iu(1rtp of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemsh2oo(8he jcbxf *u.ozvxrymf;* 9 uzo );:sz/.

  Rainforests are known to have tall rzas. 14 lh :0i*s50cqjkkv zqtrees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. Theq5aqszj: 1.v*04k0iclrs k zhse species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a c*m*sf2lio +qporrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes intukykf-if)8 g 3 k9e1zf.eh*v7a9wngz+xqu( uo their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fun+y. xfuiwkkznvfgq) (k h1ueg-7e98a3f *9 zugi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio d0mz,)pycj 9jbwh8)an system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of eneska -d9.ap(r ku3o+cnrgy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Ffq 9d tg(ux/m-actor 2g mtxdf/uq9-( and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthh(kb(wjv;/p.w 4ux xoesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricek05m3 u7u(: xzuq;vm d/cvxj h cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesx+w(d -rnt:we that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Ok rw+t- w(ned:xapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enezgs,8z-9pf6 pvfdo. lrgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wb/7qq g0 6ncyveb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cor nn cf8+fd 7umnj;gi;+als feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon ding;+ 7nmdic j f;n+fu8oxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followinglu wl:0bys0ksw rqa;*3f:j ;u chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carb jah0s*uf;;. c- slzo d3g6gmgon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like ea-crvgr2b2)9 7uv xji arthworms that ingest and tvc 27g9i 2b)vjxrr-a uhen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nujtg +-5.ndyyqbfo :d f:*pge.mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densix z x hiiy.9mer:*aw8b8/i c4dties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT2yc3qy;4b jt2tykp- h):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially avai. 1ark h91j7ye *otyrmlable seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a7ek9*ay mrjoyt1 .h1 r window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following iou,qam ;+xt09vjl m5rj4el 0ns an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy co r k*-zzie.9q3xhmr, inversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainhwfr(-j vk2gz92 to *fs




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following staguq/29b appm0tements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma0mq 9 buap/p2gss.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy qu;i dgpc7 cu 3v.c bi9xqr1:+


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for +j6 b j2vhx:kprepresenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web jt;lscie4c2-


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecb8()ridzz(c wj /;s wlosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that q1qehlr7v32m/6uxv sqlj s29 does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exfe-k1-zy+dm4qiur 4akz dr. 8ist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lif-q1 .mke-d r+ yzz448kdrauike the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correc;l2 i 8ad.ateftly from the options below.What is Photosya. e; 8di2lftanthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an inse06u lk/(fh )aj b1if q.l0swxycticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosys,j)7 ( b rcg3vny9fj3/3 5hxvas bsdhstems.

  State the name of the pv0lbqs;r 4s :qrocess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrats0b:rsl ;4qvqes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmospher/yi gvo;,kuuhhc1*q 6)d;zbw lxw 4,ze to other carbon sinks.w*w xvhi;kq,hg 1oyzcbu, 6u ;/dl4)z
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle mn:j5e 0v( nlxn-iwy(that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ec) onxlt ;-vc.f3j4vdob 82c rk6 r)a qmi3ov1eosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. kxj 3k2a8 oa6x(hb)lu
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can ubnfew6-,b6p ig2k:m be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon 42q+ex.b,wvfxum +dk*att 4: aqvkm9cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbor;zro.)6t hq vn cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in k1-lkh(,jjc, /vqah- 7ye djzan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial hlnm2 i;79zasj ;x hh2ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that ) tdzcs p. xr5d.nmt3(is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a humag t0.xau9 hee8n-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.he xa8e t.g0u9

  Figure: Average per capita 8(tcmf j8g);w qg+s vxj o08mcgzhd5 0$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP a (ju:hg(x7fe qnd NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax c(ex u7 g(qf:jhommunity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is aniw8j e8iuw 6ok3m ag+(i +k(pb example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per caph)/m4p 1ph90etvi i.gsye( kdita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. q 1i:*fipnwl sds2r-;One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained ats;w:-i*np2 1dr lqsf i the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stora 6/eet4ymy m+bhcjl8n8g +*lages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriesqgj p).t8s4z jzk n0n( by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datakn5 4l.1f dqehocb(:k for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph otvhvj1w: g,q., oimh:f Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more 6nxud)l ;;pl :grw9aistatements from the follr:nxwg;6)u 9idlp a;lowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pate1ccq8cpdtaz0g85fl 1pk n z -04dt5vterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteriz5eg0kc 8 cp d a0tzplt1fvdz8n-14q c5e the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description o4k2lco ne2oi9f the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an eb;j r4+8rmo fjcosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, I0lqq x..ng csmj w-cc30e.p 7q-so.gftaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biwhtvap fhwe6 5)ac cy21s3284fynii+ omass of two herbivores in different biomes 3ehi 2h fa8 ccy n4t)a2iwvpwf5s61+y


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity5os .kkvl; b g59inomqb/ j44y, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer co54lk5 qg4b9 mj ;.nosvk/ obyimmunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not yb 3 h ,sejn vh4o kt1)et8xnij7)vq.2correct in describing the changes in productivity during prij134 8.tn , eq)eobj thhxvkni 27)vysmary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor tha 0vxurmcr;jq./fifpqf:dno,82 1 j(at can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate j:znuke4t,* wf:c )mbthe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis z* t j,4fnw:ubm)cek:



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field8 v.sdmp--q; v humhf0



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sedpavpn+;mm- ul7of ;2ries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this spo7 n p;pu2+amlm- vf;decies.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability .8iuiwbl t7fvoeax.5 ,ud 6+uof the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the .e+ v b.6xulai8w,ti 7f5 udousame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampliks+egd(7 (yk k-yz sc. d0mys)o*9qf+yob2ha ng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for t5xt1as27 .7t6w xhh bu0s luwywo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data forv3mxj aa+,8l k yj(+vk species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the foe0nq4fu xse --ti, )whllowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mov)x,0 if nwt-e4-suq ehing) specimens.