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习题练习：Physics Unit13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory
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 作者: admin    总分: 86分  得分: _____________

答题人: 匿名未登录  开始时间: 22年08月07日 11:04  切换到: 整卷模式

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1#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State the zeroth law of thermodywt 9pjphg.w;./hb 0usg38 thanamics.
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2#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bimetallic strip, consisting of metal G on the top and metal H on them:cp, ): egdwp/d nz(/dvh1ye bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the left. (See Fig. 13-1.) The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for metal G is greater(::)1pwdhg ,pe dye d//mvczn than that of metal H. If the strip is uniformly heated, it will


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3#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  When the engine of your carw*vn,e 9qlo5jyr k5 8w heats up, the spark plug gap will

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4#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider a flat steel p7xur f5+yt,axyi 8c0j bkj**t late with a hole through its center as shown in Fig. 13-2. When the pltuj50xfytkx*y,* i a bj 7+8rcate's temperature is increased, the hole will


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5#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The coefficient of linear expansion for alu9hoe ld-o2r2 7v. 5h:rstnb uhminum is $1.8 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. What is its coefficient of volume expansion?

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6#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The surface water temperature on a large, deep lakei /zxrxm)9y)dw80rxknqy4:t is $3 \; ^{\circ}C$. A sensitive temperature probe is lowered several meters into the lake. What temperature will the probe record?

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7#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which temperature scale never )msrn; eu)82pcb 6zeo gives negative temperatures?

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8#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which two temperature changes are eq9gcjy aij2zr)wfbb 5p4(u0 :duivalent?

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9#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature in your classroo ,d,xz4s ow2j)s pp2asm is approximately

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10#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Boyle's law.
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11#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Charles's law.kfx/+z9z;/s9 jx ,eatj* z4h jof .qzu
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12#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Gay-Lassac's lq(dsn::mw zs6aw.
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13#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container of an ideal gas at 1 atm is compressed to one-third itso;scqs; /j 4*kxnlh/upuuh 8: volume, with the temperature held constant. sh8pqu ju/ xu4s;;ochk/ln:*What is its final pressure?

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14#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the pressure acting on an ideal gas at constant temperature is trwyf8p 8s5lvc5 ) 0txh qi/e5bmipled, its volume isx5m5sq08eh cyl) t8 wvibp f/5

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15#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  According to the ideal gas Lawcd-p .fh01qgk, PV = constant for a given temperature. As a resuq.hg 0-cp1fkd lt, an increase in volume corresponds to a decrease in pressure. This happens because the molecules

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16#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The number of molecules in one mole of a substanc 1d ix)6*ieq ira:)wgae

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17#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container holds N ;v 9owrut/*qnnv+pzh :9ex q7molecules of an ideal gas at a given temperature. If the number of molecules in the container is increased to 2N with no change in temperature or volume, the press z*;/r h vx99qq +pwntu:7nevoure in the container

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18#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Both the pressure and volume of a given sample :d ltzt47ix*4dzhbw4 of an ideal gas double. This means that its temperatu4tld *xt7 4 zihbzd:4wre in Kelvin must

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19#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature of an ideal gas increas1xp9fwa l mf2;1m6ho ues from $2 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $4 \; ^{\circ}C$ while remaining at constant pressure. What happens to the volume of the gas?

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20#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mole of diatomic oxygen molecuj(k3 l*ff :ooj/wqy 1yles and a mole of diatomic nitrogen molecules at STPlkfjjow 13y(:y /qf o* have

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21#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider two equal volumes of gas at a given temperature andl/ 1us,qwt4yom 4tl )v pressure. One gas, oxygen, has a molecular mass of 32. The other gas, nitrogen, has a m l/w1m ytqtsu4olv4), olecular mass of 28. What is the ratio of the number of oxygen molecules to the number of nitrogen molecules?

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22#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The average molecular kinetic energy of a gas cacix /(xf-r ,qsn be determined by knowing only

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23#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-halvwhq:f ega70 *f its original volume with no change in temperature. What happens to the average speed of the molecga7qhef 0:w*vules in the sample?

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24#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is heated and its Kelvin temperature doubles. What)49o lb.1fijs wl1px g happens to the average speed of the molecules in the sample?94)xg1fj ps1wbll .oi

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25#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The absolute tempera gxvr4qdy *(3hture of an ideal gas is directly proportional to which of the xqvg4hr(*3 y dfollowing?

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26#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  In order to double the average jz y 6/eoz,f f*iq3(oespeed of the molecules in a given sample of gas, qf , /jze(efo*6z 3iyothe temperature (measured in Kelvin) must

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27#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules. At a sqz0dl:ojh)t h9a5v* given temperature, the average molecular 5 qvzahd: tls)*o9 hj0kinetic energy of oxygen, compared to hydrogen

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28#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules. At a giv2wq.ftgzk un 7(r njurxf1)3,en temperature, how do their average molecular speeds compare? 27q3n(wffxur.uzkg) 1tnjr, The oxygen molecules are moving

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29#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A fixed container holds oxyg6en.6f7jnbjbc niui5 *hb5f;en and helium gases at the same temperature. Which one of the following statements u66 n;b* nh7ibjicff5ne .5j bis correct?

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30#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and/nh e)uz w:dk4 oxygen gases. A thermometer in the container indicates that/kzeh w:nu )d4 the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average kinetic energy?

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31#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with e p4-vck9 4qbomte73m a mixture of helium and oxygen gases. A thermometer in the container tm344pbemo cev-qk97 indicates that the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average speed?

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32#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The three phases of mat /mi hp6vzydx bdh::0-ter can exist together in equilibrium at the

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33#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Supersaturation occu9-ch4*x 2gfwwlcvq/ma g (z; vrs in air when the

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34#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express your body temperature ( az4cqnn 84+p2 3f twy0aj;cxh$98.6 \; ^{\circ}F$) in Celsius degrees.

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35#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $68 \; ^{\circ}F$ in $^{\circ}C$.

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36#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $-40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in $^{\circ}F$.

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37#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature changes from 35eF during the night tz0.;x2bb)+o(cm s gfh 0jj ,.hd rkaemo $75 \; ^{\circ}F$ during the day. What is the temperature change on the Celsius scale?

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38#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A temperature changeu) -vdem cnq bh12.s7z of $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ corresponds to a temperature change of

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39#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature are the nuywu-g.nc .(-zg zekk2merical readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scak.z(ne c2- yu-k.wzg gles the same?

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40#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A steel bridge is 1000 mjpwd ec3wk, ccko /502qt(nb4 long at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ in winter. What is the change in length when the temperature rises to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in summer? (The average coefficient of linear expansion of steel is $11 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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41#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An aluminum rod 17.4 i c8xyfv;p ) lhz:4n)u1 ojw0kcm long at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its new length? Aluminum has a linear expansion coefficient of $25 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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42#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  By how much will a slab of concrete 18 m long contract when the temperature dropwb5 pa:/j:7 hqjszrbpb64 h5 bs 6:h5w b b rb7 p/q:4b5pjjhazsfrom $24 \; ^{\circ}C$ to -$16 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for concrete is $10^{-5} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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43#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bolt hole in a brass plate has a diametcb-w- prf4t3 ser of 1.200 cm at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the diameter of the hole when the plate is heated to $220 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for brass is $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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44#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  20.00 cm of space is availrb r8axo2qveqd),mu k ;9* e5eable. How long a piece of brass at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ can be put there and still fit at $200 ^{\circ}C$? Brass has a linear expansion coefficient of $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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45#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 5.0-cm diameter steelc14+8 6 pbxhr/nzz yyk shaft has 0.10 mm clearance all around its bushing at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the bushing temperature remains constant, at what temperature will the shaft begin to bind? Steel has a linear expansion coefficient of $12 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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46#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $400 \; cm^{3}$ of mercury at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ will expand to what volume at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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47#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  1 L of water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ will occupy what volume at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$? Water has a volume expansion coefficient of $210 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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48#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The volume coefficient of thermal expans 08k)djidj z-mion for gasoline is $950 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. By how much does the volume of 1.0 L of gasoline change when the temperature rises from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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49#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 500-mL glass beaker of water is filled to the rim at a temperattgh7p-+b;nuay 9: srhure of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much water will overflow if the water is heated to a temperature of $95 \; ^{\circ}C$? (Ignore the expansion of the glass and the coefficient of volume expansion of water is $2.1 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.)

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50#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  For mercury to expand frt;um wfe srzc6ol6b+rk61*agz2 (tp5 om $4.0 \; cm^{3}$ to $4.1 \; cm^{3}$, what change in temperature is necessary? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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51#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mercury thermometer xvj)986sw-/mrjea l xhas a bulb of volume 0.100 $cm^{3}$ at $10 ^{\circ}C$. The capillary tube above the bulb has a cross-sectional area of 0.012 $mm^{2}$. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is $1.8 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. How much will the mercury rise when the temperature rises by $30 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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52#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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53#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}F$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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54#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}C$.

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55#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}F$.

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56#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen condenses into a liquid at approximately 90 K. What temjm/nr xo/wc /-perature, in degrees Fahrenheit, -ox/mr w/ n/cjdoes this correspond to?

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57#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 300 L gx- 2j9u ym tw8owyl(6at an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Find the absolute pressure if the volume changes to 850 L and the temperature remains consta9jyuxo ywg w-l(t 28m6nt.

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58#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfecs6.jnm f/je 4hvfmi- y,fcu09t gas are at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of moles.

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59#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas arvndc+6z2 ,n,qz. yl4gxo;aule at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of molecules.

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60#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfpesgq/j9kwv7 9r.em dd v 8:3xect gas are at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the mass of the gas.

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61#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many water molecules ar+iswpv7od bx,plabo wr6(+7 -e there in 36 g of water? Express your answer as a multiple of Avogadro's number NA. (The molr7v-xolb7pw io6wab+,s +( pdecular structure of a water molecule is $H_2 O$.)

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62#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many mol are there in 2.00 kg o-2xdwm-0ho yt f copper? (The atomic weight of copper is 63.5 and its specific grahwomx- -0ytd2 vity is 8.90)

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63#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of a diatomic ideal gas occupies :-y e bi(gtz 6d-*jg(ajpa;) m5risor33.6 L under standard conditions. How many mol of gz:(yti)gge5 r* b-i;d 6ajpo-a(rsjm as are in the sample?

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64#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a pressure of 2.5 atm, a volum rd/-4oessjw( *i-j5 9jojttx e of 1.0 L at a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many molecules are there in the gas?

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65#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas in a contail5 o5blh.3)cxjnvy q(bnho/) ner of volume $100 cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ has a pressure of $100 \; N/m^2$. Determine the number of gas molecules in the container.

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66#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of helium (He) occupies 44.8 L at STPkypt)pj b6*ms1:5x d1gwf l,c. What is the mass of the sample?pft*6m5l1y)wd c1 sjp,:bxgk

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67#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 25-L container holds hydrogen gas at a gauge pressure of ct.uah9rt)gx /zj ))i0.25 atm and a temperature tguxihz.9 /) r)cjat)of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What mass of hydrogen is in this container?

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68#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A $100-cm^{3}$ container has 4 g of ideal gas in it at 250 kPa. If the volume is changed to $50 \; cm^{3}$ and the temperature remains constant, what is its new density?

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69#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupiesy4*s ma*.1x)em1 h qie3nedfzb56qes $600 \; cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. At what temperature will it occupy $1200 \; cm^{3}$ if the pressure remains constant?

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70#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A constant pressure gas thermomeo 4wmfj bk962wter is initially at $28 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the volume of gas increases by 10%, what is the final Celsius temperature?

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71#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 4.0 8qg(4uvzwsk:jv4 p a:L at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What volume will it occupy at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the pressure remains constant?

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72#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A balloon has a volume nhz) 2e+5q0 yqvh*lor of $1.0 \; m^{3}$. As it rises in the Earth's atmosphere, its volume expands. What will be its new volume if its original temperature and pressure are $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1.0 atm, and its final temperature and pressure are -$40 ^{\circ}C$ and 0.10 atm?

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73#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A given sample of carb8vpmb dtpbc76,/ p.rton dioxide ($CO_2$) contains $3.01 \times 10^{23} \; molecules$ at STP. What volume does this sample occupy?

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74#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 200 kPa (absolute) is compressed to $250 \; cm^{3}$ and cooled to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$

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75#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $1500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at STP is cooled to -$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and put into a $1000 \; cm^{3}$ container. What is the final gauge pressure?

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76#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a density0r ufp(vne cy9)mg /:m of $1.75 \; kg/m^{3}$ at a gauge pressure of 160 kPa. What must be the gauge pressure if a density of $1.0 \; kg/m^{3}$ is desired at the same temperature?

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77#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a volu872i8/ uwchabyl5ds()feyjf me of $0.20 \; m^{3}$, a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$, and a pressure of 1.0 atm. It is heated to $60 \; ^{\circ}C$ and compressed to a volume of $0.15 \; m^{3}$. What is the new pressure?

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78#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mixture of gases contains 15 g w(jqg:mc*e z9of $H_2$, 14 g of $N_2$, and 44 g of $CO_2$. The mixture is in a 40 L sealed container which is at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the pressure in the container?

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79#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  What is the average separation between air molecules at STP to5p6uko n+qw-1h6 ssyui-)t ?

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80#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature is the average kinetic energy of an a1d4/t4af e asrtom in helium gas equal to a a/ 4dr1ste4f$6.21 \times
10^{-21} \; J$?

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81#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature would the rms speed 35i r+f.ssang of $H_2$ molecules equal 11,200 m/s (the Earth's escape speed)?

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82#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A cylinder contains 16 g of heli*5tnt now+mr (um gas at STP. How much energy is needed to raise the temperature of this gas to*ntwotm+r5(n $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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83#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the temperature of a g b 1chj,r4gea3as is increased from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$, by what factor does the speed of the molecules increase?

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84#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A molecule has a speed of 50dzplu+ ,z6b6or vt22b 0 m/s at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its speed at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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85#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of oxygen molecules is 32, vwe k7pvdz2odb 2djo8 7e,m46*ru3gg and the molecular mass of nitrogen molecules is 28. If these two gases are at thm 7zd 2woe4g8v 7 *2kbg3rup6d,vdeoj e same temperature, the ratio of nitrogen's rms speed to that of oxygen is .

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86#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of nitrogen is 14 times greater than that of hydrogen. If tclf.q x z)u)jgttk*8wh:+ 1r mhe molecules in these two gases have the same rms speed, the ratio of hydrogen's absthgq:f kl1ux.) +*c8wjm )tz rolute temperature to that of nitrogen is .

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